Лекции и пособия / Proizvodstvo_kamennyh_rabot

ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ (ɝɥɢɧɵ, ɬɨɧɤɨɦɨɥɨɬɨɝɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɚ).

Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɦɚɪɨɤ ɝɨɬɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɬɥɚɧɞɰɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɫ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ (ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɨɟ ɬɟɫɬɨ, ɝɥɢɧɚ) ɢɥɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ: ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɧɨ-ɫɩɢɪɬɨɜɚɹ ɛɚɪɞɚ, ɦɵɥɨɧɚɮɬ ɢ ɞɪ.

ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɋɌȻ EN 998-2-2008 [4] ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɚɬɢɢ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɛɭɤɜɨɣ Ɇ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɡɚ ɧɟɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɚɬɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɇ/ɦɦ2 (ɬɚɛɥ. 2.2)

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.2 – Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ (ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɋɌȻ EN 998-2-2008)

d – ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɚɬɢɢ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɟɦ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 25 ɇ/ɦɦ2

ɇɨɪɦɚɦɢ EN [4] ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɟɜɲɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚ ɫɠɚɬɢɟ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ:

–ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɛɥɨɤɨɦ

(ɚɞɝɟɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɫɞɜɢɝɟ);

–ɜɨɞɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ (ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ);

–ɩɚɪɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ (ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨ ɫɫɵɥɤɨɣ ɧɚ ȿN 1745:2002 [6]);

–ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɫɭɯɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ (ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɟɜɲɟɝɨ ɪɚɫ-

ɬɜɨɪɚ). Ɉɬɛɨɪ ɩɪɨɛ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ȿN 1015- 2 [7], ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ȿN 1015-10 [8];

–ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ (ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɨ ɫɫɵɥɤɨɣ ɧɚ ȿN 1745:2002 [6], ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ Ⱥ.12, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨ-

ɪɚ.);

–ɞɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ. Ⱦɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɦɨɪɨɡɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ.

ɋɨɫɬɚɜɵ ɤɥɚɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɨɜɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ – ɜɹɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ (ɝɥɢɧɵ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ) ɢ ɦɟɥɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹ (ɩɟɫɤɚ).

ɋɨɫɬɚɜɵ ɤɥɚɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:

–ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ: 1:0,3:4;

20

–ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɹɠɭɳɟɝɨ (ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɵɣ ɢ ɞɪ.) –

1:0:4.

ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ – ɩɨ ɜɟɫɭ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɨ ɜɟɫɭ.

Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ 1ɦ3 ɜ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ:

–ɜ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨ-ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ – 75… 100 ɤɝ;

–ɜ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨ-ɝɥɢɧɹɧɵɯ – 100…125 ɤɝ.

Ɋɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɞɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦɢ: ɧɢɬɪɢɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɬɚɲ. ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 5…10% ɦɚɫɫɵ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ.

Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɜ ɞɟɥɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ:

–ɞɨ –10° ɋ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ +5°ɋ;

–ɞɨ –20° ɋ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ +10°ɋ;

–ɧɢɠɟ –20° ɋ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ +15°ɋ.

ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ.

Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ȽɈɋɌ 28013 ɩɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ. Ƚɨɬɨɜɹɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɊȻɍ (ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɨ-ɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɟ ɭɡɥɵ) ɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. ɉɪɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɫɚɦɨɫɜɚɥɚɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɭ. Ɂɚɜɨɞ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ ɫɭɯɭɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɭɸ ɫɦɟɫɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɟ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɜɨɞɟ, ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɞɟɲɟɜɥɟ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɟ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦɟɲɚɥɤɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɨɣ – ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧ, ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɥ ɫ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɹɦɢ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦɟɲɚɥɤɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ, ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬ 50…1500 ɥ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ 150…175 ɥ.

Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɤɥɚɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ Ȼ) ɩɨɞɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦɟɲɚɥɤɚ:

– ɨɱɢɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɝɪɹɡɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜɚɥ ɫ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɹɦɢ;

21

–ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜɚɥ ɫ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɫɭɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɟ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦɟɲɚɥɤɢ;

–ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦɟɲɚɥɤɭ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɸɬ ɰɟɦɟɧɬ ɢ ɩɟɫɨɤ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɣ (ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨɣ) ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɜ ɫɭɯɭɸ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɡɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɞɭ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ.

§2.3. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ

Ʉɢɪɩɢɱ ɢ ɤɚɦɟɧɶ (ɪɢɫ. 2.1ɚ) ɦɟɥɤɨɲɬɭɱɧɵɣ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɝɪɚɧɟɣ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɧɢ (2), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɦɧɢ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɟɥɹɦɢ (ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ); ɞɥɢɧɧɵɟ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɟ ɝɪɚɧɢ (3) ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ (ɤɚɦɧɹ) – ɥɨɠɤɚɦɢ; ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ (1) – ɬɵɱɤɚɦɢ.

Ʉɥɚɞɤɚ ɫɬɟɧ (ɪɢɫ. 2.1,ɛ) ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ, ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɹ ɤɚɦɧɢ ɩɥɚɲɦɹ, ɬ. ɟ. ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɟɥɶ. ɉɪɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɤɚɪɧɢɡɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɨɤ ɜ 1/4 ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɤɢɪɩɢɱ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɪɟɛɪɨ, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɚ ɛɨɤɨɜɭɸ ɥɨɠɤɨɜɭɸ ɝɪɚɧɶ.

Ʉɪɚɣɧɢɟ ɪɹɞɵ (4, 5) ɤɢɪɩɢɱɟɣ ɜ ɪɹɞɭ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɟɪɫɬɚɦɢ. ȼɟɪɫɬɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɮɚɫɚɞɚ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ – ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ.

Ɋɹɞ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɤ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɞɥɢɧɧɨɣ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɶɸ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɥɨɠɤɨɜɵɦ ɪɹɞɨɦ (14), ɚ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɶɸ – ɬɵɱɤɨɜɵɦ ɪɹɞɨɦ (13). Ʉɢɪɩɢɱɢ, ɭɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɜɟɪɫɬɚɦɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɡɚɛɭɬɨɜɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɛɭɬɨɜɤɨɣ (ɡɚɛɭɬɤɨɣ) (6).

ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɤɚɦɧɟɣ (ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ) ɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɲɜɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɲɜɨɜ:

–ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ – 10 ɦɦ;

–ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ – 8 ɦɦ.

ɂɡ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɨɞɢɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 65 ɦɦ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɦɟɬɪ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ 13 ɪɹɞɨɜ, ɚ ɢɡ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɭɬɨɥɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 88 ɦɦ – 10 ɪɹɞɨɜ.

ɒɢɪɢɧɭ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɫɬɟɧ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɵ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɤɪɚɬɧɨɣ ½ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧ: ɜ 1 ɤɢɪɩɢɱ –

250 ɦɦ; ɜ 11/2 – 380 ɦɦ; ɜ 2 – 510 ɦɦ, ɜ 21/2 ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ – 640 ɦɦ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɉɟɪɟ-

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ɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ ɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ½ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɢɥɢ ɜ ¼ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 120 ɦɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ – 65 ɦɦ ɢɥɢ 88 ɦɦ.

ɜ)

ɚ, ɛ – ɝɪɚɧɢ ɤɚɦɧɹ ɢ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ; ɜ – ɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɫɬɟɧɵ 1 – ɬɵɱɨɤ; 2 – ɩɨɫɬɟɥɶ; 3 – ɥɨɠɨɤ; 4 – ɧɚɪɭɠɧɚɹ ɜɟɪɫɬɚ;

5 – ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɜɟɪɫɬɚ; 6 – ɡɚɛɭɬɤɚ; 7, 12, 14 – ɥɨɠɤɨɜɵɣ ɪɹɞ; 8, 13 – ɬɵɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɪɹɞ; 9 – ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɲɨɜ (ɩɨɫɬɟɥɶ); 10 – ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ

ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɲɨɜ; 11 – ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɣ ɲɨɜ

Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.1 – ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ

Ʉɢɪɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɟɦɚɦɢ. ɋɩɥɨɲɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɦɢ. Ʉɥɚɞɤɭ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɟɦɚɦɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɧɤɨɦ. ɉɪɨɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɨɤɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ. ɑɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɹ ɢɡ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ, ɥɨɠɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɟɪɫɬɵ ɧɚ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɤɢ ɢ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɹ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɤɢ ɜ ɬɵɱɤɨɜɵɯ ɜɟɪɫɬɚɯ.

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ɜ)

ɞ)

ɝ)

ɚ– ɭɛɟɠɧɚɹ; ɛ – ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɹɦɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ

1– ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɤɚ; ɜ – ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɧ;

ɝ– ɭɛɟɠɧɚɹ ɭɝɥɨɜɚɹ (ɦɚɹɤ); ɞ – ɭɛɟɠɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɜ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɟ (ɦɚɹɤ)

Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.2 – ɒɬɪɚɛɵ

Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɲɬɪɚɛɵ, ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɵɜɚ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ. ȼɵɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɲɬɪɚɛɵ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɭ ɜɨɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɫ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ. ɒɬɪɚɛɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ (ɪɢɫ. 2.2ɚ) ɢ ɜɟɪɬɢ-

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ɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ (ɪɢɫ. 2.2ɛ, ɜ). ɍɛɟɠɧɚɹ (ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɚɹ) ɲɬɪɚɛɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɥɭɱɲɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɫɬɟɧ. ȼ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɲɬɪɚɛɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɭɬɶɟɜ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 8 ɦɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ 2 ɦ ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɜ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ. ɍɛɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɲɬɪɚɛɚɦɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɫɬɟɧ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɞɨ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɫɬɟ ɦɚɹɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɱɚɥɨɤ. Ɇɚɹɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨ ɭɝɥɚɦ (ɪɢɫ. 2.2ɝ), ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɫɬɟɧ (ɪɢɫ. 2.2ɞ) ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ 10…12 ɦ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ.

§2.4. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ – ɷɬɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɟɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ.

Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɭ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɲɜɨɜ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɯ.

ɉɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɲɜɨɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɨ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ (ɬɨɥɳɢɧɟ) ɫɬɟɧɵ. Ɉɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɧɚ – ɬɵɱɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ.

ɉɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɲɜɨɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ (ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ) ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ. ɉɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɲɜɨɜ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɨɠɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɢ ɬɵɱɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɫɬɟɧ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɨɞɧɨɪɹɞɧɚɹ (ɰɟɩɧɚɹ),

ɦɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɚɹ ɢ ɬɪɟɯɪɹɞɧɚɹ.

ɉɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɪɹɞɧɨɣ (ɰɟɩɧɨɣ) ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɟ (ɪɢɫ. 2.3ɚ) ɥɨɠɤɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɬɵɱɤɨɜɵɟ ɪɹɞɵ ɜ ɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɱɟɪɟɞɭɸɬɫɹ. ɉɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɟ ɲɜɵ ɜ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɫɞɜɢɧɭɬɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɶ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ, ɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ – ɧɚ ɩɨɥɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ. ȼɫɟ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɲɜɵ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚɦɢ ɜɵɲɟɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ. ɐɟɩɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɫɬɟɧ. ɉɪɢ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɟɧ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɥɢɰɟɜɨɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɨɛɥɢɰɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ, ɰɟɩɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ.

ɉɪɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɟ (ɪɢɫ 2.3ɛ) ɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 1/2 ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ (120 ɦɦ), ɫɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɥɨɠɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ, ɬɵɱɤɨɜɵɦ ɪɹɞɨɦ.

ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɥɨɠɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɵɱɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ

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ɤɥɚɞɤɢ: ɢɡ ɨɞɢɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 65 ɦɦ – ɨɞɢɧ ɬɵɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɧɚ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ; ɢɡ ɭɬɨɥɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 88 ɦɦ – ɨɞɢɧ ɬɵɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɧɚ ɩɹɬɶ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɬɵɱɤɨɜɵɟ ɪɹɞɵ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɪɢ ɥɨɠɤɨɜɵɯ ɪɹɞɚ.

ɚ– ɨɞɧɨɪɹɞɧɚɹ (ɰɟɩɧɚɹ) ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɚ; ɛ – ɦɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɚ 1 – ɬɵɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɪɹɞ; 2,3,4,5,6 – ɥɨɠɤɨɜɵɟ ɪɹɞɵ; 7 – ɡɚɛɭɬɤɚ

Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.3 – ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɫɬɟɧ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 2 ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ

ɉɪɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɬɶɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɤɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ.

ɉɪɢ ɬɪɟɯɪɹɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ (ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ Ⱥ.Ɇ. Ɉɧɢɳɢɤɨɦ), ɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɨɤ. ɗɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɲɜɨɜ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɬɵɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɪɢ ɥɨɠɤɨɜɵɯ ɪɹɞɚ.

ɉɨ ɬɪɟɯɪɹɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɨɥɛɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɫɬɨɥɛɨɜ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ 2×2 ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ (ɪɢɫ. 2.4, ɚ) ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɭ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɰɟɥɵɦɢ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚɦɢ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɫɬɨɥɛɨɜ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ 11/2 ×2 ɢɥɢ 2×21/2 ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ (ɪɢɫ. 2.4ɛ, ɜ) ɜ ɤɚɠɞɵɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɪɹɞɚ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɜɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɤɢ.

Ʉɥɚɞɤɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɜɟɪɫɬ – ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɚɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɜ ɜɟɪɫɬɚɯ ɢ ɡɚɛɭɬɤɟ, ɬ. ɟ. ɨɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɩɹɬɢɪɹɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɟ ɫɬɟɧ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɜ ɞɜɚ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ, ɜ ɜɟɪɫɬɵ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ 1,3 ɪɚɡɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɰɟɩɧɨɣ (ɨɞɧɨɪɹɞɧɨɣ) ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɟ. ɗɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɬɪɭɞɨɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɥɨɠɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɟɣ ɩɨ ɲɧɭɪɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢ-

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ɬɟɥɶɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɬɵɱɤɨɜɵɯ; ɩɪɨɳɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɲɜɨɜ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ.

ɚ) ɛ) ɜ)

ɚ – 2×2 ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ; ɛ – 11/2 ×2 ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ; ɜ – 2×21/2 ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ

Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.4 – Ɍɪɟɯɪɹɞɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɫɬɨɥɛɨɜ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ

ɉɪɢ ɰɟɩɧɨɣ (ɨɞɧɨɪɹɞɧɨɣ) ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɪɟɯɱɟɬɜɟɪɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɪɰɨɜ ɫɬɟɧ, ɭɝɥɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɨɥɛɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ 1 ɦ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɭɝɥɚ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɜ ɞɜɚ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɩɪɢ ɰɟɩɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɟ ɫɬɟɧ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ 14 ɬɪɟɯɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɤ ɢ 42 ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɤɢ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɨɣ – ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɬɪɟɯɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɤɢ ɢ 12 ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɤ. Ɉɛɪɭɛɤɚ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɟɯɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɢ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɟɪɟ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɦɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ.

Ɇɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɟɧ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɫɬɟɧ, ɨɛɥɢɰɨɜɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɥɢɰɟɜɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ. Ɇɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ-

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ɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɫɬɨɥɛɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɲɜɨɜ ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɦɢ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɭ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ.

§ 2.5. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ

Ʉɥɚɞɤɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɫɬɟɧ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɪɹɞɧɨɣ (ɰɟɩɧɨɣ) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɲɜɨɜ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɧɨ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ. ȼɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɬɵɱɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɟɪɫɬɵ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɬɵɱɤɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɥɨɠɤɨɜɵɟ (ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɫɬɟɧɵ) ɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɡɚɛɭɬɤɢ (ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ) ɜɨɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɵ. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɹɞ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɫ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɫɬ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɛɭɬɤɢ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɦɟɧɳɢɤ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɵɱɤɨɜɭɸ ɜɟɪɫɬɭ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɥɨɠɤɨɜɭɸ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɭɸ ɜɟɪɫɬɭ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɜɟɪɫɬɵ ɢ ɡɚɛɭɬɤɭ.

Ʉɥɚɞɤɭ ɜɟɪɫɬ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ: ɜɩɪɢɠɢɦ, ɜɩɪɢɫɵɤ ɢ ɜɩɪɢɫɵɤ ɫ ɩɨɞɪɟɡɤɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɚ ɡɚɛɭɬɤɢ – ɜɩɨɥɭɩɪɢɫɵɤ. ȼɵɛɨɪ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ (ɫɭɯɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɣ), ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɤ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɟ ɥɢɰɟɜɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ.

ɋɩɨɫɨɛ ɜɩɪɢɠɢɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɢɣ, ɧɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɥɢɰɟɜɭɸ ɤɥɚɞɤɭ ɩɨɞ ɪɚɫɲɢɜɤɭ ɫ ɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɲɜɨɜ. ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ: ɤɚɦɟɧɳɢɤ ɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɤɟɥɶɦɭ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɪɭɤɟ, ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɟɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɩɪɢɠɢɦɚɟɬ ɤɟɥɶɦɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɤ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɭ, ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɤɢɪɩɢɱ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɢɬ ɜɩɥɨɬɧɭɸ ɤ ɤɟɥɶɦɟ ɢ ɪɟɡɤɢɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɵɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɟɥɶɦɭ, ɬɭɬ ɠɟ ɩɨɞɪɟɡɚɹ ɤɟɥɶɦɨɣ ɢɡɥɢɲɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ

(ɪɢɫ. 2.5).

ɋɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɜɩɪɢɫɵɤ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɤɥɚɞɤɭ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜɩɭɫɬɨɲɨɜɤɭ, ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɟɥɶɦɵ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɟɥɢ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɧɶɸ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɠɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɦɭ (ɪɢɫ.2.6). ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɧɨ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɲɜɨɜ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɢ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ ɫɟɣɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ, ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɟɪɫɬɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ.

ɉɪɢ ɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɜɩɪɢɫɵɤ ɫ ɩɨɞɪɟɡɤɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɥɸɛɭɸ ɤɥɚɞɤɭ. Ʉɥɚɞɤɚ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɜɩɪɢɫɵɤ, ɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɟɥɶɦɵ (ɪɢɫ.2.7ɚ, ɛ).

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Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.5 – ɋɩɨɫɨɛ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ – ɜɩɪɢɠɢɦ

Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.6 – ɋɩɨɫɨɛ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ – ɜɩɪɢɫɵɤ

ɚ)

ɛ)

ɚ – ɥɨɠɤɨɜɵɣ ɪɹɞ; ɛ – ɬɵɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɪɹɞ

Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.7 – ɋɩɨɫɨɛ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ – ɜɩɪɢɫɵɤ ɫ ɩɨɞɪɟɡɤɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ

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