Пособия / Techical English Basics. Основы технического английского
.pdfRunner blade, turbine runner, turbine shaft, water level, water head, large capacity power plant, magnitude of the water head, daily inflow of water, turbine runner shaft.
II. (Text 1) Complete the sentences using the correct variant.
1. Hydroelectric power plants are built ........
a.on rivers b. on waterfalls
2.Large-capacity power plants are located ........
a.at a short distance from consumers of power b
b.at a considerable distance from consumers of power
3.The production process at the plants ........
a.is very complex b. is rather simple
4.The power capacity of a plant ........
a.remain constant b. changes considerably
c.is influenced by the difference in the water level
5.The daily inflow of water ........
a.fluctuates according to the consumption
b.fluctuates according to the season
6.The production process ........
a.depends upon the construction of the plant
b.is the same at power plants of different constructions
III. (Text 1) Answer the following questions.
1. On what sites are hydroelectric power plants built?
2.Are large-capacity plants located far from consumers of power?
3.Is the production process at the plants simple or is it complex?
4.What influences the power capacity of a plant?
5.According to what factors does the daily inflow of water fluctuate?
6.Does the production process at the plant depend on its construction?
7.Do you know that a thermal power plant seldom has an efficiency more than 40 %?
IV. (Text 1) Dictation-translation.
1. Гидроэлектростанции строятся на реках.
2.Гидроэлектростанции огромных мощностей обычно расположены на значительном расстоянии от потребителей электроэнергии.
3.Процесс производства на этих электростанциях достаточно
прост.
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4.Вал генератора соединен с турбинным ротарным валом.
5.Процесс производства электростанций отличается в зависимости от различных конструкций и разных видов.
V. (Text 2) Answer the following questions.
1. When did the telephone become an indispensable machine in our lives?
2.What makes it possible to communicate over a mobile phone from a great distance?
3.What time does the invention of the cell phone or mobile phone date back to?
4.When and where did the first commercial cellular phone system start working?
5.Why do many ‘successful’ people not use the public payphones?
6.In what way will mobile phones continue to develop?
Grammar Exercises
I. Проанализируйте функции, в которых употребляются слова ‘one, ones’.
Функции слов ‘one, ones’.
1. He has given me one of his English books.
2.One must always observe traffic rules.
3.He hasn’t got a radio-set, he wants to buy one.
4.Those texts are too long, we need shorter ones.
II. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значения слов ‘one, ones’.
1. I shall have to buy a new coat for myself and another one for my sister.
2.One thing is clear to everybody: one must study hard if one wants to pass one’s examinations.
3.This TV set is very expensive, show me another one.
4.One never knows what may happen.
5.The more one studies, the more one knows.
6.These trucks are too small; they will need bigger ones.
7.He is one of the most experienced drivers.
8.This article is much more difficult than the one we translated yesterday.
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III. Проанализируйте случаи употребления слов ‘that, those’.
Функции слов ‘that, those’.
1. Give me that textbook, please. (Give me those textbooks.)
2.That was a hard day. (Those were hard days.)
3.He thought that they would arrive the next day.
4.I will show you the engine that we must test.
5.The year on the Earth is twice as short as that on Mars.
IV. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значения слов ‘that, those’.
1. I am afraid that he has fallen ill.
2.She said that she would come back in ten minutes.
3.The book that you gave me is very interesting.
4.The question that was discussed at the meeting yesterday is very important.
5.Those children are always very noisy.
6.That was the thing that he wanted.
7.He thought that all those things were not important.
V. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на значения слов ‘one (ones), that (those)’.
1. This dictionary is very large, show me a smaller one.
2.One should be very attentive when taking notes at the lecture.
3.The trouble is that they haven’t calculated the exact speed of the car.
4.This device is an ordinary one.
5.He said that the question should be discussed at once.
6.This advanced method allows one to get good results.
7.The properties of gold are different from those of iron.
8.This was one of the reasons for extending the bus route.
UNIT 22
Grammar Review: 1. Условные предложения 2. Многозначность слов
Texts: 1. ‘Transmission Lines’ 2. ‘Tsunami’
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Text 1. Transmission Lines
A power system is an interconnection of electric power stations by high voltage power transmission lines. Nowadays the electricity is transmitted over long distances and the length of transmitting power lines varies from area to area.
A wire system is termed a power line in case it has no parallel branches and a power network in case it has parallel branches. According to their functions, power lines and networks are subdivided into transmission and distribution lines. Transmission lines serve to deliver power from a station to distribution centres. Distribution lines deliver power from distribution centres to the loads.
Lines are also classed into: 1) overhead; 2) indoor; 3) cable (underground). Overhead lines include line conductors, insulators, and supports. The conductors are connected to the insulators, and these are connected to the supports. The greater the resistance, the higher are the heating losses in the conducting wires. In order to reduce the losses, a step-down transformer can be used.
Indoor lines include conductors, cords, and buses. The conductor may include one wire or a combination of wires not insulated from one another. They deliver electric current to the consumers. As to underground lines, they are used in city areas. Accordingly, they are used in cities and towns, and in the areas of industrial enterprises.
Words and expressions to be remembered:
distance |
length area |
to term |
network |
to subdivide |
to distribute distribution |
centre |
support |
cord bus |
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as to |
accordingly enterprise |
power consumption |
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Text 2. Tsunami
You’ve probably never seen a tsunami, and you can count among your blessings the fact that you have not. The tsunami, or tidal wave, is one of nature’s most destructive forces. The devastating force of a tidal wave can match in fury just about any other catastrophe caused by nature.
The term ‘tidal wave’ is actually a misleading one because tsunami are not caused by the tides. These enormous waves are caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea. They may also originate as a result of hurricane storms that occur far from land.
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Tidal waves can travel thousands of miles, at speeds between 400 and 500 miles per hour. They move not only with great speed, but with great power. When a tsunami strikes land, successive waves pile up on the shore. As a result, waves develop to an extremely great height. These waves have been known to reach a height of 100 feet or more.
It’s difficult for a person to comprehend the speed, size, and potential for destruction and violence that the tidal wave brings with it. To get an idea of what one would be like, think of a tsunami as an express train as high as an apartment house travelling with the speed of a jet airliner.
Words and expressions to be remembered:
to count |
blessing a tidal wave destructive |
devastating fury |
|
to cause |
an earthquake to originate to strike |
to reach |
violence |
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Vocabulary and Comprehension Exercises
I. (Text 1) Read the following word combinations and put down their Russian equivalents.
Interdependent city areas, interacting underground lines, interconnected overhead lines, transmitting power lines, transmission and distribution lines, overhead lines, step-down transformer, indoor lines, underground lines.
II. (Text 1) Find English equivalents.
Высоковольтные линии передачи, силовые линии; линии электропередачи; распределительные линии; распределительные центры (подстанции); воздушные линии; проводники, изоляторы, опоры; пошаговый передатчик; провода и шины; поставлять электрический ток потребителям.
III. (Text 1) Complete the sentences using the correct variant.
1. Electric power is transmitted |
........ |
a. by electric lines |
b. by power network |
2. Lines are divided into ........ |
|
a. overhead and underground |
b.overhead,indoorandunderground |
3.An overhead line includes ........
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a.conductors and supports b. conductors, insulators and supports
4.The insulators are connected ........
a. to the buses |
b. to the supports |
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5. Conductors consist of ........ |
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a. bare wire |
b. insulated wire |
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6. Underground lines are used ........ |
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a. in cities |
b. in areas of enterprises |
c. in agricul- |
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tural areas |
IV. (Text 1) Answer the following questions.
1. By what means is electric power system transmitted?
2.Which system has no parallel branches?
3.Into what grounds are all the transmitting lines classed?
4.What components does an overhead line have?
5.What elements do conductors consist of?
6.In what areas are overhead (underground) lines used?
V. (Text 2) Answer the following questions.
1. What is one of nature’s most destructive forces?
2.What are tsunami caused by?
3.Why is the term ‘tidal wave’ misleading?
4.At what speed can tidal waves travel?
5.Does tsunami move in one wave or in a series of waves?
6.What height can the waves reach?
7.Is it difficult or easy for a person to understand the speed, size and power of such waves?
Grammar Exercises
I. Проанализируйте, какие формы времен используются в условных предложениях.
Условные предложения
I. If you leave before ten, you’ll catch the train.
II. a) If you washed your hair with my shampoo, it would look much better.
b)If I hadn’t been ill, I would have gone a week ago.
II. Прочтите диалог, найдите в нем условные предложения
иобъясните, почему в них следует употребить именно эти формы.
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SAILOR: My father and grandfather had all died at sea. FARMER: Then, if I were you, I would never go to sea. SAILOR: And where did your father and grandfather die? FARMER: Why, in their beds, of course.
SAILOR: In their beds? If I were you, I would never go to bed.
III. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на условные придаточные предложения.
1. If I come early, I’ll be able to write my report today.
2.If he were at the university now, he would help us to translate the
article.
3.If you had come to the meeting yesterday, you would have met with a well-known English writer.
4.You will get good results if you apply this method of calculation.
5.If he had taken a taxi, he would have come on time.
6.If the air were composed only of nitrogen, burning would be impossible.
7.If you pass the button, the device will start working.
IV. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на союзы условных придаточных предложений ‘if, unless, provided.’
1. If they needed the equipment urgently, we could transport it by plane.
2.The sputnik will keep to its orbit provided it travels at the uniform speed of 8 kilometres per second.
3.It would have been impossible to send up sputniks unless the laws governing the motion of planets had been studied.
UNIT 23
Grammar Review: 1. Способы выражения подлежащего и сказуемого. 2. Многозначность слов
Texts: 1. ‘Atomic Power Plant’
2. ‘Ancient Steel-Making Secret’
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Text 1. Atomic Power Plant
Atomic power plants are modern installations. They consist of several main units and a great number of auxiliary ones. In a nuclear reactor uranium is utilized as a fuel. During operation process powerful heat and radioactive radiation are produced. The nuclear reactor is cooled by water circulation. Cooling water circulates through a system of rubes, in which the water is heated to a temperature of 250-300 °C. In order to prevent boiling of water, it passes into the reactor at a pressure up to 15 atmospheres.
A steam generator includes a series of heat exchangers comprising tubes. The water heated in the reactor is delivered into the heat exchanger tubes. The water to be converted into steam flows outside these tubes. The steam produced is fed into the turbogenerator. Besides, an atomic power plant comprises a common turbogenerator, a steam condenser with circulating water and a switchboard.
Atomic power plants have their advantages as well as disadvantages. The reactors and steam generators operate in them noiselessly; the atmosphere is not polluted by dust and smoke. As to the fuel consumption, it is of no special importance and there is no problem of fuel transportation.
The disadvantage of power plants utilizing nuclear fuel is their radiation. Radioactive radiation produced in the reactors is dangerous for attending personnel. Therefore, the reactors and steam generators are installed underground. They are also shielded by thick (up to 1.5 m) concrete walls. All their controls are operated by means of automatic devices. These measures serve to protect people from radioactive radiation.
Words and expressions to be remembered:
an installation to utilize to cool |
to prevent steam |
exchanger |
to deliver a tube to pollute dust |
attending personnel |
to shield |
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Text 2. Ancient Steel-Making Secret
When two metallurgists at Standford University were trying to produce a ‘superplastic’ metal they became interested in the secret of Damascus steel, the legendary material used by numerous warriors of the past, including Crusaders. Its formula had been lost for generations.
The remarkable characteristics of Damascus steel became known to Europe in the 11th century. They discovered that swords of the metal
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could split (рассечь) a feather in air at the same time retain their edge sharp through many battles. For eight centuries the Arab sword makers kept the secret about their techniques and methods. And with the invention of firearms, the secret was lost and it was never fully rediscovered.
The two metallurgists carried out a lot of researches. When they realized that they might be close to the discovery of a new material, a sword fancier (знаток), at one of their demonstrations, pointed out that Damascus steel, like their own product, was very rich in carbon. This led them to conduct a comparative analysis of their steel and those of the ancient weapons. As a result, it was found that a basic requirement was a high carbon content. The two metallurgists believed it had to be from 1 per cent, compared to only a part of 1 per cent in ordinary steel. Their research showed how to make steel of even greater hardness than Damascus steel.
Notes:
a warrior – воин
Crusaders – крестоносцы a sword – меч
a feather – перо
firearms – огнестрельное оружие
Words and expressions to be remembered:
a metallurgist |
steel to retain |
an edge |
sharp carbon |
to conduct |
content |
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Vocabulary and Comprehension Exercises
I. (Text 1) Read the following word combinations and put down their Russian equivalents.
Auxiliary units, steam generator, heat exchanger, fuel consumption, water to be heated in the reactor, water to be converted into steam, steam to be fed into the turbogenerator, the polluted atmosphere, utilized nuclear fuel, shielded concrete walls.
II. (Text 1) Find English equivalents.
Современные сооружения; несколько главных блоков; ядерный реактор; используется как топливо; радиоактивное излучение; охлаждается водным циркулятором; охлажденная вода; под
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давлением; паровой генератор; теплообменные трубы; что касается расхода топлива; установлены под землей; защищены толстыми бетонными стенами.
III. (Text 1) Complete the sentences using the correct variant.
1. A nuclear reactor is used in ........ |
|
|
a. wind-power plants |
b. atomic power plants |
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2. |
A nuclear reactor is cooled by ........ |
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a. water circulating in tubes |
b. oil circulating in tubes |
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3. |
Water is passed into the reactor ........ |
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a. at a low pressure |
b. at a high pressure |
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4. |
High pressure ........ |
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a. activates boiling of water |
b. prevents boiling of water |
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5.Atomic power plants ........
a.pollute the air with dust and smoke
b.do not pollute the air with dust and smoke
6.Circulating water flows ........
a. inside the heat exchangers |
b. outside the heat exchangers |
7. Attending personnel is shielded by ........ |
|
a. thick concrete walls |
b. thick metal walls |
IV. (Text 1) Answer the following questions.
1. What are the main units of an atomic power plant?
2.By what means is the nuclear reactor cooled?
3.At what pressure does the water pass into the reactor?
4.What types of power plants pollute the air with dust and smoke?
5.Why is it necessary to protect attending personnel?
6.By what means is it done?
V. (Text 2) Answer the following questions.
1. What is Damascus steel?
2.When did Damascus steel become known to Europe?
3.For how long did the Arab sword makers keep the secret about their techniques and methods?
4.When was the secret lost?
5.What did the comparative analysis of the new steel and Damascus steel show?
6.What was the basic requirement?
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