Пособия / english-for-builders-and-architects

1) double-hung sash

a) ) a window (more usually a door-sized window) where

window

the

sash tilts

inwards at the

top and

then slides

horizontally behind the fixed pane

b) ) a window composed of pieces of colored glass,

2) casement window

transparent, translucent or opaque, frequently portraying

people or scenes

3) tilt and slide

c)

) also known

as a louvered

window, it

consists of

parallel slats of glass or acryl that open and close like a

window

Venetian blind, usually using a crank or a lever

4) transom window

d) ) a window big enough and low enough so that

occupants can escape through the opening in an

emergency, such as a fire

e) ) also known as a French door, it is really a type of

5) jalousie window

door, but one which has one or more panes of glass set

into the whole length of the door , meaning it also

functions as a window

the frame

7) fixed window

g) ) a window set in a roof structure or high in a wall,

used for daylighting

h) ) a window with a hinged sash that swings in or out

8) emergency exit/

like a door comprising either a slide-hung, top-hung, or

egress window

occasionally bottom-hung sash or a combination of these

types, sometimes with fixed panels on one or more slides

of the sash

9) stained glass

i) ) a window that cannot be opened, whose function is

window

limited to allowing light to enter

10) french window

j) ) a window above a door; it provides ventilation before

forced air heating and cooling

a)____________________

b)

_________________

1.с) ___________________

__

d)

_________________

Daylighting has the potential to significantly improve

PRODUCE

life-cycle cost, increase user 1) _____, reduce emissions,

and reduce operating costs:

Improved Life-Cycle Cost: At an 2)

_____

ESTIMATE

incremental first cost increase of from $0.50 to $0.75 per

square foot of occupied space for dimmable ballasts,

fixtures and controls, daylighting has been shown to save

ANNUAL

from $0.05 to $0.20 per square foot 3) _____.

Increased User Productivity: Daylight

enlivens

spaces and has been shown to increase user satisfaction and

4) _____ comfort leading to improved performance.

VISION

Reduced Emissions: By reducing the need for electric

CONSUME

electric 5) _____ for lighting and cooling, the use of

daylight reduces greenhouse gases and slows fossil fuel

depletion.

Reduced Operating Costs: Electric lighting accounts

for 35 to 50 percent of the total electrical energy

consumption in commercial buildings. By generating waste

EQUIP

heat, lighting also adds to the loads imposed on a building's

mechanical cooling

6) _____. The energy savings from

reduced electric lighting through the use of daylighting

strategies can directly reduce building cooling energy usage

COMMERCE

an additional 10 to 20 percent. Consequently, for many

institutional and

7) _____ buildings, total energy

costs can be reduced by as much as one third through the

optimal integration of daylighting strategies.

DESIGN

As with all energy-efficient design strategies, there are

some costs associated with the use of daylighting. 8) _____

PLACE

must be sure to avoid glare and overheating when 9) _____

windows. More windows do not automatically result in

more daylighting. That is, natural light has to be controlled

and distributed properly throughout the workspace. Also,

for cost savings to be realized, controls have to be in proper

functioning order. Poor 10) _____, commissioning, or

INSTALL

Operations and Maintenance (O&M) practices can all lead

to sub-optimum performance.

(by Gregg D. Ander, FAIA)

WRITING

CHANGE

MODELLING

Capacity for change leads to the

Modelling of a shape derives from its

infinite variety in appearance of the

physical form, whether round, square or

daylit interior. Change is at the heart

otherwise, coupled with the way in which

of daylighting, the human body has a

light plays on its surfaces. This is referred

capacity for adaptation, particularly in

to as its modelling and when this derives

vision, and the need to exercise this

from daylight or sunlight, giving light

response.

from a single direction,

this provides a

form which is perceived by the eye as

Perception

reacts

to

a

degree of

change; it is the natural order of

having meaning, unambiguous. This is a

different experience again from the form

things that the appearance of interior

of an object or space resulting from a

spaces alter with time; an entirely

room lit by artificial light, where the

different measure of experience to

overall light may be received from a

the static qualities of spaces lit

multitude of light sources. The most usual

entirely by artificial sources of light

daylight modelling is that derived from

during the day; or where there is no

vertical windows at the side of a room,

access to the daylight outside.

giving light from a single direction; this

There is a natural process of

may be helped by windows from an

renewal in

the

photochemical

adjacent wall which adds to the

processes of the eye as it adapts to

modelling; as the light will still be from

accommodate

changes

in

daylight.

the same overall direction, but adding to

First there is the natural change from

the total modelling.

Two examples

15

day to night, from first light until dark

might be used to emphasize this, the first,

and the need for artificial sources to

a Greek Doric column where the light of

take over when daylight fades. Then

day gives modelling to the entasis on the

there are the changes associated with

rounded surfaces of the column; light

changes of the weather; from bright

which emphasizes its particular rounded

sunny days to dark and cloudy or

quality together with its verticality. The

rainy days, there is little doubt that

second example is the original David

the human spirit soars when rising in

statue by Michelangelo seen in its setting

the morning on

a bright

day, an

in the art gallery in Florence, lit from

experience which is less likely to

daylight above, where the form changes

in time as the day goes by. Daylight by its

happen when it is dark and gloomy

nature gives meaning and aids our

outside.

Closely

associated with

understanding of a shape or space by its

changes in the weather are those of

directional flow. Interior spaces are

the changes of season, from the

judged to be pleasant, bright or gloomy as

winter snows to summer sunlight. The

a result of the effects of modelling and

world

outside,

as experienced

interiors are judged by the way in which

through

the

window,

provides

the spaces and the objects within them are

necessary information of the variety

seen during the day to be natural, or

of the exterior world; whilst leading

accord to our experience of the natural

to subtle changes in the appearance

world.

of the interior.

Material

Thermal

Durability

Mainte-

Cost

Recycled

Comment

resistance

nance

content

shrinks and

wood

very good

variable

high

high

low

swells with

humidity

change

vinyl or pvc

very good

good*

low

low

very low

bad**

typically

used in most

aluminum

good

very low

low

large

>95% %

structures

typically

steel

medium

superior

very low

high

>98% %

welded at

corner joints

fiberglass

very good

very good*

very low

high

medium

slit window

щелевое окно

fortification, n

крепость

porthole, n

небольшое отверстие

pane, n

оконное стекло

dwelling, n

жилище

sophisticated, adj

утонченный, изысканный

vehicle, n

средство передачи

ultimately, adv

в конечном счете, в конце концов

mediaeval cathedral

средневековый кафедральный собор

infill, n

заполнение

external climate

внешняя окружающая среда

a slab of marble

пластина/кусок мрамора

sheets of mica

листы слюды

oiled paper

промасленная бумага

crude, adj

необработанный

domestic building

жилое здание

appearance, n

внешний вид, наружность

20