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STL Algorithms and Member	A PPENDI X
Functions	F
Functions

IN THIS APPENDIX

• Algorithms 896

• Member Functions 907

• Iterators 909

Appendix F

896

This appendix contains charts showing the algorithms and container member functions available in the Standard Template Library (STL). This information is based on The Standard Template Library by Alexander Stepanov and Ming Lee (1995), but we have extensively condensed and revised it, taking many liberties with their original formulation in the interest of quick understanding.

Algorithms

Table F.1 shows the algorithms available in the STL. The descriptions in this table offer a quick and condensed explanation of what the algorithms do; they are not intended to be serious mathematical definitions. For more information, including the exact data types to use for arguments and return values, consult one of the books listed in Appendix H, “Bibliography.”

The first column gives the function name, the second explains the purpose of the algorithm, and the third specifies the arguments. Return values are not systematically specified. Some are mentioned in the Purpose column and many are either obvious or not vital to using the algorithm.

In the Arguments column, the names first, last, first1, last1, first2, last2, first3, and middle represent iterators to specific places in a container. Names with numbers (like first1) are used to distinguish multiple containers. The name first1, last1 delimits range 1, and first2, last2 delimits range 2. The arguments function, predicate, op, and comp are function objects. The arguments value, old, new, a, b, and init are values of the objects stored in a container. These values are ordered or compared based on the < or == operators or the comp function object. The argument n is an integer.

In the Purpose column, moveable iterators are indicated by iter, iter1, and iter2. When iter1 and iter2 are used together, they are assumed to move together step by step through their respective containers (or possibly two different ranges in the same container).

TABLE F.1	Algorithms
Name	Purpose	Arguments

	Non-mutating Sequence Operations
for_each	Applies function to each	first, last, function
	object.
find	Returns iterator to first	first, last, value
	object equal to value.
find_if	Returns iterator to first
	object for which predicate	first, last, predicate
	is true.

		STL Algorithms and Member Functions
TABLE F.1 Continued
TABLE F.1 Continued

Name	Purpose	Arguments

adjacent_find	Returns iterator to first	first, last
	adjacent pair of objects
	that are equal.
adjacent_find	Returns iterator to first	first, last, predicate
	adjacent pair of objects
	that satisfy predicate.
count	Adds to n the number of	first, last, value, n
	objects equal to value.
count_if	Adds to n the number of	first, last, predicate, n
	objects satisfying predicate.
mismatch	Returns first non-equal pair	first1, last1, first2
	of corresponding objects in
	two ranges.
mismatch	Returns first pair of	first1, last1, first2,
	corresponding objects in	predicate
	two ranges that don’t
	satisfy predicate.
equal	Returns true if corresponding	first1, last1, first2
	objects in two ranges are all
	equal.
equal	Returns true if corresponding	first1, last1, first2,
	objects in two ranges all	predicate
	satisfy predicate.
search	Checks whether second range is	first1, last1, first2,
	contained within the first.	last2
	Returns start of match, or
	last1 if no match.
search	Checks whether second range is	first1, last1, first2,
	contained within the first,	last2, predicate
	where equality is determined
	by predicate. Returns start
	of match, or last1 if no match.
	Mutating Sequence Operations
copy	Copies objects from range 1	first1, last1, first2
	to range 2.

897

F AND STL

UNCTIONS A M LGORITHMS EMBER

898	Appendix F

TABLE F.1 Continued

Name	Purpose	Arguments
copy_backward	Copies objects from range 1	first1, last1, first2
	to range 2, inserting them
	backwards, from last2 to
	first2.
swap	Interchanges two objects.	a, b
iter_swap	Interchanges objects pointed	iter1, iter2
	to by two iterators.
swap_ranges	Interchanges corresponding	first1, last1, first2
	elements in two ranges.
transform	Transforms objects in range	first1, last1, first2,
	1 into new objects in range	operator
	2 by applying operator.
transform	Combines objects in range 1	first1, last1, first2,
	and range 2 into new objects	first3, operator
	in range 3 by applying
	operator.
replace	Replaces all objects equal	first, last, old, new
	to old with objects equal
	to new.
replace_if	Replaces all objects that	first, last, predicate,
	satisfy predicate with	new
	objects equal to new.
replace_copy	Copies from range 1 to	first1, last1, first2,
	range 2, replacing all	old, new
	objects equal to old with
	objects equal to new.
replace_copy_if	Copies from range 1 to range	first1, last1, first2,
	2, replacing all objects that	predicate, new
	satisfy predicate with
	objects equal to new.
fill	Assigns value to all	first, last, value
	objects in range.
fill_n	Assigns value to all	first, n, value
	objects from first to
	first+n.

		STL Algorithms and Member Functions
TABLE F.1 Continued
TABLE F.1 Continued

Name	Purpose	Arguments

generate	Fills range with values	first, last, gen
	generated by successive
	calls to function gen.
generate_n	Fills from first to first+n	first, n, gen
	with values generated by
	successive calls to
	function gen.
remove	Removes from range any	first, last, value
	objects equal to value.
remove_if	Removes from range any	first, last, predicate
	objects that satisfy
	predicate.
remove_copy	Copies objects, excepting	first1, last1, first2,
	those equal to value,	value
	from range 1 to range 2.
remove_copy_if	Copies objects, excepting	first1, last1, first2,
	those satisfying pred,	pred
	from range 1 to range 2.
unique	Eliminates all but the first	first, last
	object from any consecutive
	sequence of equal objects.
unique	Eliminates all but the first	first, last, predicate
	object from any consecutive
	sequence of objects satisfying
	predicate.
unique_copy	Copies objects from range 1	first1, last1, first2
	to range 2, except only the
	first object from any
	consecutive sequence of
	equal objects is copied.
unique_copy	Copies objects from range 1	first1, last1, first2,
	to range 2, except only the	predicate
	first object from any
	consecutive sequence of
	objects satisfying
	predicate is copied.

899

F AND STL

UNCTIONS A M LGORITHMS EMBER

Appendix F

900

TABLE F.1 Continued

Name

Purpose

Arguments

reverse

reverse_copy

Reverses the sequence of	first, last
objects in range.
Copies range 1 to range 2,	first1, last1, first2
reversing the sequence of
objects.

rotate	Rotates sequence of	first, last, middle
	objects around iterator
	middle.
rotate_copy	Copies objects from range 1	first1, middle1, last1,
	to range 2, rotating the	first2
	sequence around iterator
	middle1.
random_shuffle	Randomly shuffles objects	first, last
	in range.
random_shuffle	Randomly shuffles objects	first, last, rand
	in range, using random-
	number function rand.
partition	Moves all objects that	first, last, predicate
	satisfy predicate so they
	precede those that do not
	satisfy it.
stable_partition	Moves all objects that	first, last, predicate
	satisfy predicate so
	they precede those that do
	not, and also preserves
	relative ordering in the
	two groups.
	Sorting and Related Operations
sort	Sorts objects in range.	first, last
sort	Sorts elements in range, using	first, last, comp
	comp as comparison function.

stable_sort

Sorts objects in range,	first, last
maintains order of equal
elements.

stable_sort	Sorts elements in range,	first, last, comp
	using comp as comparison
	function, maintains order of
	equal elements.

		STL Algorithms and Member Functions
TABLE F.1 Continued
TABLE F.1 Continued

Name	Purpose	Arguments

partial_sort	Sorts all objects in range,	first, middle, last
	places as many sorted values
	as will fit between first
	and middle. Order of objects
	between middle and last is
	undefined.
partial_sort	Sorts all objects in range,	first, middle, last,
	places as many sorted values	predicate
	as will fit between first
	and middle. Order of objects
	between middle and last is
	undefined. Uses predicate
	to define ordering.
partial_sort_copy Same as partial_sort (first,		first1, last1, first2,
	middle, last), but places	last2
	resulting sequence in
	range 2.
partial_sort_copy Same as partial_sort (first,		first1, last1, first2,
	middle, last, predicate),	last2, comp
	but places resulting
	sequence in range 2.
nth_element	Places the nth object in	first, nth, last
	the position it would
	occupy if the whole range
	were sorted.
nth_element	Places the nth object in the	first, nth, last, comp
	position it would occupy if
	the whole range were sorted
	using comp for comparisons.
lower_bound	Returns iterator to first	first, last, value
	position into which value
	could be inserted without
	violating the ordering.
lower_bound	Returns iterator to first	first, last, value, comp
	position into which value
	could be inserted without
	violating an ordering based
	on comp.

901

F AND STL

UNCTIONS A M LGORITHMS EMBER

902	Appendix F

TABLE F.1 Continued

Name	Purpose	Arguments
upper_bound	Returns iterator to last	first, last, value
	position into which value
	could be inserted without
	violating the ordering.
upper_bound	Returns iterator to last	first, last, value, comp
	position into which value
	could be inserted without
	violating an ordering based
	on comp.
equal_range	Returns a pair containing the	first, last, value
	lower bound and upper bound
	between which value could
	be inserted without violating
	the ordering.
equal_range	Returns a pair containing	first, last, value, comp
	the lower bound and upper
	bound between which value
	could be inserted without
	violating an ordering based
	on comp.
binary_search	Returns true if value is in	first, last, value
	the range.
binary_search	Returns true if value is	first, last, value, comp
	in the range, where the
	ordering is determined by
	comp.
merge	Merges sorted ranges 1 and	first1, last1, first2,
	2 into sorted range 3.	last2, first3
merge	Merges sorted ranges 1 and 2	first1, last1, first2,
	into sorted range 3, where	last2, first3, comp
	the ordering is determined
	by comp.
inplace_merge	Merges two consecutive	first, middle, last
	sorted ranges, first,
	middle and middle, last
	into first, last.

		STL Algorithms and Member Functions
TABLE F.1 Continued
TABLE F.1 Continued

Name	Purpose	Arguments

inplace_merge	Merges two consecutive	first, middle, last, comp
	sorted ranges, first,
	middle and middle, last
	into first, last, where the
	ordering is based on comp.
includes	Returns true if every object	first1, last1, first2,
	in the range first2, last2	last2
	is also in the range first1,
	last1. (Sets and multisets
	only.)
includes	Returns true if every object	first1, last1, first2,
	in the range first2, last2	last2, comp
	is also in the range first1,
	last1, where ordering is
	based on comp. (Sets and
	multisets only.)
set_union	Constructs sorted union of	first1, last1, first2,
	elements of ranges 1 and 2.	last2, first3
	(Sets and multisets only.)
set_union	Constructs sorted union of	first1, last1, first2,
	elements of ranges 1 and 2,	last2, first3, comp
	where the ordering is based
	on comp. (Sets and
	multisets only.)
set_intersection	Constructs sorted	first1, last1, first2,
	intersection of elements	last2, first3
	of ranges 1 and 2. (Sets
	and multisets only.)
set_intersection	Constructs sorted	first1, last1, first2,
	intersection of elements	last2, first3, comp
	of ranges 1 and 2, where
	the ordering is based on
	comp. (Sets and
	multisets only.)
set_difference	Constructs sorted difference	first1, last1, first2,
	of elements of ranges 1 and	last2, first3
	2. (Sets and multisets only.)

903

F AND STL

UNCTIONS A M LGORITHMS EMBER

904	Appendix F

TABLE F.1 Continued

Name	Purpose	Arguments
set_difference	Constructs sorted difference	first1, last1, first2,
	of elements of ranges 1 and	last2, first3, comp
	2, where the ordering is
	based on comp. (Sets and
	multisets only.)

set_symmetric_ difference

Constructs sorted symmetric	first1, last1, first2,
difference of elements of	last2, first3
ranges 1 and 2. (Sets and
multisets only.)

set_ symmetric_	Constructs sorted difference	first1, last1, first2,
difference	of elements of ranges 1 and	last2, first3, comp
	2, where the ordering is
	based on comp. (Sets and
	multisets only.)
push_heap	Places value from last-1 into	first, last
	resulting heap in range first,
	last.
push_heap	Places value from last-1	first, last, comp
	into resulting heap in range
	first, last, based on
	ordering determined by comp.
pop_heap	Swaps the values in first	first, last
	and last-1; makes range
	first, last-1 into a heap.
pop_heap	Swaps the values in first	first, last, comp
	and last-1; makes range
	first, last-1 into a heap,
	based on ordering
	determined by comp.
make_heap	Constructs a heap out of the	first, last
	range first, last.
make_heap	Constructs a heap out of the	first, last, comp
	range first, last, based on
	the ordering determined by
	comp.
sort_heap	Sorts the elements in the	first, last
	heap first, last.

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