учебный год 2023 / (Encyclopedia of Law and Economics 5) Boudewijn Bouckaert-Property Law and Economics -Edward Elgar Publishing (2010)
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Index
abandonment of property and rights 107, 109, 119, 147
accessority, principle of 32, 47–8 acid rain program 243–7, 249 Ackerman, Bruce 54, 238
Adler, Barry 281, 286, 295–6, 299 administration 68, 71, 126, 171, 175–6,
234, 236, 243
adverse possession 2, 107–8, 118, 140, 183–9
bad faith possession 186–7 concept of 183
costs of 108, 184–9
economic foundations of 184–5 justifications for 184
optimal prescription period 187–8 requirements of 185–7
state of mind of adverse possessor 186–7
Africa 57, 61, 193, 198, 218, 258 slavery 205–6, 215, 218–19
Age of Reason 20, 21 agency costs, theory of 296–7 Aghion, Philippe 294–5
Akkermans, Bram 2, 32, 33, 35, 36, 42 Albon, Robert 135
alienation 59, 60, 61–2, 66–7, 69–71, 126, 129–33, 135, 140
American Civil War 208, 211, 217 American Law Institute 145–6, 162
Ancient Law (Maine) 53
Anderson, Terry 112–14, 130–31, 226, 250–52, 254–6, 259–60
Andrade, Gregor 294 anticommons 129 Aristotle 225, 232
Arrunada, Benito 196–7, 199, 200 Art Loss Register 191 Ashauer-Miller, Rena 137
Asia 193, 198, 205, 218–19 atmosphere
CFCs, and 129
civil aviation, and 228, 235 non-subtractible public good, as 227
open access, as 56 ownership 228, 235
pollution, and 227, 235–6, 243 publicly owned resource, as 235–6
privatization difficult 256 selling rights in 238, 250, 256
subtractible good, as 228, 258 see also pollution
auctions 111–12 Augustus 9, 203 Australia 193 Austria 198 Ayres, Ian 169, 295
Baden, John 253, 254
Baird, Douglas 195–6, 277, 293–5 Baker, Kenneth 200
Baldus de Ubaldis 20 banking 43–4
emissions 242–3
bankruptcy see security interests, creditors’ priorities and bankruptcy
Bankruptcy Code, US 273, 288, 290, 293–9
Banner, Stuart 132
Bartolus de Saxoferrato 19–20 Basu, Kaushik 135
Bebchuk, Lucian 281, 294 Belgium 119, 198 Benjamin, David 291 Bishop, Richard C. 56, 230 Blackstone, William 53, 231 Block, Walter 226, 250 bona fides 9, 13
Botswana 258 Bouckaert, B. 196
boundaries, costs of defending 64–5, 256
Bow, James de 214
Bowers, James W. 1, 3, 275, 277–8, 282, 287, 299
Bracton, Henry de 16 Bradley, Michael 295
319
320 Property law and economics
Brazil 205–6, 209
Bromley, Daniel 59, 230–31, 233, 257
Brumagin v Bradshaw (1985) 118–19 bureaucrats
behaviour 229, 257 decision-making 255, 257, 292 free market environmentalists, and
253–4, 259
management , environmental goods and government failure 252–4
motives 252–3
public property, controlling 229 see also pollution; public goods and
ownership; state Burrows, Paul 175
Calderon, J. 194
Calabresi, Guido 164–5, 166, 168, 170, 171, 175, 177
Canada 193, 243 Canon law 13, 14, 21
Cape Town Convention (2001) 43 capture, rules of see under original assignment of private property
Carlson, David 278, 281–2 Catholic Church 13 Charles I, King 205
Ciriacy-Wantrup, Siegfried V. 56, 230
civil law systems 32, 35 apartments 38–9, 45 leases 37, 45
pledges 3, 39–40, 46, 47, 49 property rights to use 37–8 property security rights, pledges and
hypothecs 39–40, 44, 47 right of ownership 33, 35–6 servitude, right of 38, 44–5 usufruct, right of 11, 18, 36–7
Clark, Colin 233
clean air, subtractible public good, as 256
Clean Air Act (1970) (US) 239–41, 247–9
acid rain program 243–7, 249 amended 241, 243, 245 National Ambient Air Quality
Standards 240–42, 248 sulfur dioxide allowance trading
programme 243–7
perceived problems and unresolved issues 246–7
program design 243–5 sulfur dioxide programme in
operation 245–6
climate change and global warming 249, 255
see also pollution
Coase, Ronald 107, 126, 130, 135, 232, 234, 261, 292
nuisance 163–4, 166, 169, 171, 175, 178
Cole, Daniel 3, 4, 261 collective landholding rights,
elimination of 54
Columbus-American Discovery Inc.v Atlantic Mutual Ins. Co. (1992) 120
commodification 3, 117 common law
courts and public choice pressures 259
creditors 284–5 development of 32
division of land under 127, 132–3, 134, 135, 141, 153
England, in see under English law environmental goods, ownership of
228, 235
first appropriation 109 leaseholds 135
remedies, pollution costs and 259 trusts 127
commons and common-pool resources see under private and common property rights
communal proprietorship see under private and common property rights
comparative view of property rights 31–49
basic principles of property law 31–2
constituent elements of Western property law frameworks 31–2
developments 42–9 accessority principle, less
importance of 47–8
changes in objects of property law 43–4
flexibilisation of publicity principle 45–6 flexibilisation of specificity
principle 45–6, 48–9 growing acceptance of general and
fluid security rights 48–9 increasing importance of
European and global integration 42–3, 49
party autonomy in property law (numerus clausus) 33, 44–5 nature of property rights 31, 33–42
common law and civil law concepts compared 36, 49
effect against whole world 33 other property rights 41–2 primary rights: ownership 33–6 property rights as security 39–41,
44, 47
property rights to use 36–9 retention of title/reservation of
ownership 36
transfer of ownership for security purposes 36
compliance costs 236, 237, 239, 242, 244
Congress, US 131, 243–6, 253, 296 Conrad, Alfred 212
Constantine the Great 13
contracts establishing property rights 112–14
copyright 63
Cortes, Hernando 207 costs
administration 68, 71, 126, 171, 175–6, 234, 236, 243
adverse possession 108, 184–9 agency, theory of 296–7 boundaries, defending 64–5, 256 compliance 236, 237, 239, 242, 244 evidence 184, 186
exclusion 114–15, 228, 234, 236, 256, 261
information 132, 167, 176, 178, 194 institutional 170–71, 178
litigation 119, 184, 186 monitoring 68, 184, 188, 279 opportunity 189, 210, 229
pollution, of, common law remedies and 259
Index 321
possession-based property and title systems compared 195–6
privatization, of 260 reliance 185
slavery 203, 206, 208, 215, 217, 219 substitution 228
transaction see transaction costs uncertainty 184, 187–8, 195 verification and search 112, 184,
195–7, 199–200, 281 covenants
real see real covenants
restrictive see equitable servitudes zoning law, and 4, 138–9, 175–6
Creative Commons licenses 63 Cuba 209, 210, 217
Dales, J.H. 226, 231, 238, 239 Dasgupta, Partha 225 Davis, Otto 251
De Geest, G. 196
de Soto, Hernando 194
Debate over Private Property, The
(Ellickson, Rose and Ackerman) 54
Declaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen 22–3
decomposition of property rights 2, 126–54
disadvantages of sub-division 127–8, 134
division requires rights and right to transfer interests 126–7
leaseholds 135–7
limited alienation of property – land tenure systems 129–33
land productivity, effect of tenure on 130–31
leaseholds 132–3 US, in 130–32
methods of dividing rights in land 127, 133–9
over-fractionalization, 128–9 personalty 153–4
‘takings’ doctrine 128
temporal division via estate system 133–5
trusts, division of benefits from management via 151–3
usage, division of land by 137–51
322 Property law and economics
easements, profits and licenses 137, 139–41
economic rationale for 137–8 equitable servitudes 137, 139,
140, 141, 147–51
law fettering sub-division of rights 138
real covenants 137, 139, 140, 141–7, 148–9
zoning law 4, 138–9 dematerialization of property 2, 43–4 Demsetz, Harold 130, 132, 231, 232,
255, 261
Denman, D.R. 225, 229, 231, 236 Denmark 214, 248
Depoorter, Ben 129 developing countries
culture and law, importance of relationship between 132
lack of recordation systems creating disadvantage 194
open access and common property in 56–7, 132
water resources, nationalizing 57 Dharmapala, Dhamikka 119 Dixon, Kathrine 132
dominium 5, 19–22, 27–8, 34, 236, 252
content 11–12 splitting 19–20
Donellus, Hugo 20, 21 Dudek, Daniel 239, 248, 249 dust bowls 113, 233
Dutch law 33 apartments 39
no transfer of ownership for security purposes 36
ownership or property, rights of 34 property security rights and pledges
40, 48
specificity principle, flexibilisation of 46
easements 4, 38, 137, 139–41 economic development, private
property in 54
economics of slavery 2, 203–19 African slave trade 205–6 ancient and antebellum slavery,
profitability of 211–12
labour-force transitions and profits from slavery 215
labour practices contributing to profitability 212–13
potential profits from reproduction 213–14
profitability and race 215–16 significance of Time on the Cross
211–12
society’s role in profitability of antebellum slavery 214
antebellum slavery, efficiency of 216–17
Atlantic slave trade, profitability of 206–7
costs 203, 206, 208, 215, 217, 219 history 3, 7, 11, 204–5
internal slave market 207–8 manumission rules 203, 204 modern times, slavery in 217–19 profitability and efficiency of non-
antebellum slavery 217 slave prices 208–11
individual characteristics 208–9 market conditions 210–11
validation and rights of slave ownership 203–4
economies of scale 65, 259, 274–5, 276 Eggertsson, Thrainn 230, 234
Egypt and Egyptian law
ancient Egyptian property law 5, 7, 8
recordation 191–2 slavery 204, 210
Elizabeth I, Queen 207
Ellenborough Park, Re [1956] 38 Ellickson, Robert 54, 138, 170, 171,
260 zoning 175–7
Eltis, David 207
emissions reduction credits 242–3 emissions trading see pollution enclosures 54, 64, 228, 254 endangered species and habitat 154,
229, 250
enforcement costs in common property regimes 55
Engerman, Stanley 208, 211–12, 216 England
law see English law
Norman Conquest 6, 14–15, 16, 35 Roman occupation 9
slavery 205–7, 208, 210, 215, 217 English law 33
Chancery, Court of 15 common law 15, 16, 17, 127
adverse possession 183
division of land 127, 128, 131–2, 133–4, 138
historical development and real actions 35, 138
recordation of transactions 192, 193
trusts 26, 37, 127, 151 see also common law
equity, law of 15, 16, 17–18, 37, 147–9, 192
feudal system in 6, 15, 17, 27–8, 35, 127, 130, 192
historical characteristics of 16–18 actiones in rem and in personam
16
law relating to land and other property 17
nuisance 161, 178 ownership rights of property
adverse possession 183 apartments 39 bailments 40
charges and mortgages 36, 40–41, 47, 49
commons 117–18
concept and nature of freeholds 17–18, 35–6
leaseholds 37
divided ownership 6, 27–8, 127, 128, 130, 131–2, 133–4
easements 4, 38, 139–40 equitable servitudes 147–9 history 14–18, 35
land law distinguished from personal property 35
options to purchase 41 personalty 153
profit a prendre 38, 141 property rights to use 37
property security rights 40–41, 49 real covenants 142
recordation of 192–3, 198 restrictive covenants 38
Index 323
specifically enforceable land contracts 34–5, 41
title 35–6 transformation of 14–18
trusts 15–16, 17, 26, 37, 127, 151–3
Supreme Court of Judicature, creation of 15
Environmental Protection Agency (US) 239–42, 245–9
environmental goods, property rights in 3, 4, 225–62
Clean Air Act’s sulfur dioxide allowance trading program 243–7
perceived problems and unresolved issues 246–7
program design 243–5
sulfur dioxide market in operation 245–6
concept of property 225
free market environmentalists 251–6 critique of 256–60, 261
meaning of ‘environmental good’ 226–9
other pollution ‘rights’ trading schemes 247–9
property-regime choice for environmental protection 260–61
property rights-based environmental regulation, development of 239–43
banking 242–3 bubbles 241–2 netting 240 offsets 241
property rights-based environmental regulation, theory of 3, 236–9
pollution control by rights trading 236–8
tax based pollution control regime 238
property rights solution see environmental problems, property rights solution to
rights trading schemes as method of environmental regulation 249–50
institutional guidelines 249
324 Property law and economics
tragedy of open access 232–4 privatization 232, 233, 235 regulatory solutions 234–6 typology of property regimes
229–32
conflation of ‘common property’ with ‘open access’ 230
nature of rights and duties 231 environmental problems, property
rights solution to 250–56
free market environmentalists 251–2 government failure in managing
public natural resources 254 privatization as solution to 254–6
privatization
conserving and producing environmental goods 256
constitution of 251
solution to government failures, as 254–6
public environmental goods, government and 252–4
symptoms of market failure, as 251 worldwide trend towards
privatization 250–51 environmental protection, propertyregime choice for 260–61 Environmental Protection Act (1991)
(Denmark) 248
Epstein, Richard 143, 150, 254 equitable servitudes 4, 137, 139, 140,
141, 147–51
changed conditions 148 homeowners associations 150–51 privity 148–9
Europe
common property, status of 54 feudal system 19–20, 22, 24, 192,
215
law see European law Middle Ages 18–20 privatization leading to
‘environmental tragedies’ 258 property ownership 6, 53 recordation 192
slavery 3, 207, 217, 219 European Commission 43, 48 European Convention on Human
Rights (ECHR) 25
European Court of Human Rights 25
European law
English law, distinguished from 16, 17, 18
feudal law 19–20
French law see French law Germanic law see Germanic law nuisance 24–5
property law, and 2 Roman law, and 18–20
European Union 3 consumer transactions and
protection 43
Draft Common frame of reference 43
Euro-mortgage 40, 48
property law, growing body of 42–3 property security rights 39, 40
evidence, costs of 184, 186
exclusion costs 114–15, 228, 234, 236, 256, 261
Feder, Gershon 70 Federal Agency Regulatory
Commission 247
Federal Bureau of Reclamation (US) 254
feudalism see under England; Europe; France; legal history, property rights in
Field, E. 194, 195
finders keepers rule for finds 108, 109, 111, 119–20
Finlay, Moses 204, 211
fiscal collection and taxation 150, 191, 196, 235, 238, 247, 251, 289, 296
Fischel, William 139, 150
fisheries 56–7, 59–62, 67, 69, 109, 117, 232
Fitzpatrick, Daniel 132 Flath, David 135
Fogel, Robert 208, 211–12, 216 Forestry Commission (UK) 258 forests 56–7, 58
Federal timber management policies, failures in 254, 255
good stewardship by private owners 256
poor management by private owners 257–8
privatizing 256, 258