Simple English for Security Specialists. Information Security of Automated Systems-4

GRAMMAR

9 Past Simple. Study the information.

Be in the Past Simple

Positive

We use the past simple for:

an action that occurred at a definite time in the past;

They spent their summer holidays in Italy last year.

actions that happened in the past, one immediately after the other;

She locked the door behind her and took off her shoes.

Habits or states which are now finished.

Mr Smith worked in a bank when he was younger.

Time expressions we use with the past simple include: yesterday, ago, last, in 2000.

I got home about an hour ago.

10 Complete the sentences with was, were, or did.

1I __________ ill. I __________ not go to work yesterday.

2Tom __________ not in his office yesterday. He __________ not go to work.

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3 A: __________Mr Smith in his office yesterday? B: Yes, he __________.

A: __________ you talk to him about your project?

B: Yes, I __________. He answered all my questions. He __________ very helpful.

4 A: __________ you at the meeting yesterday? B: What meeting?

A: __________ you forget about the meeting? B: Yes, I __________.

11 Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple form.

1Tina and I __________ (go) shopping last Monday. We __________ (go / not) shopping yesterday.

2Jane __________ (get up) at 8 o’clock. She __________ (get up / not) at seven o’clock.

3I __________ (go) to bed early last night. I __________ (finish / not) my homework.

4Sue __________ (read) a magazine yesterday evening. She __________ (watch / not) TV.

5The weather __________ (be / not) cold last week, but it __________ (be) cold yesterday.

6It __________ (rain / not) long last Sunday. The rain __________ (stop) after a few minutes.

7I __________ (stay) home last night. I __________ (go / not) to the cinema.

8I __________ (write) a message to my girlfriend yesterday, but she __________

(answer / not).

9Mike ... (come / not) to classes yesterday.

10I __________ (go) to the cinema last night, but I __________ (enjoy / not) the film. It __________ (be / not) very good.

12 Write questions. Give short answers.

Example: I walked yesterday. – Did you walk yesterday? – Yes, I did.

1I had a cup of tea this morning.

2Olga studied English at school.

3It didn't rain last week.

4I ate lunch at the cafeteria.

5Mike didn't go out last week.

6I saw Sam at dinner two days ago.

7Alex and I went to a party last night.

8We didn't do our homework last night.

9I didn't speak English when I was 5.

10I bought a new MP3 player three weeks ago.

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13 Ask questions to the words in bold. Use question words in brackets.

1I had an exam two days ago. (When)

2I went to the park yesterday afternoon. (Where)

3I watched an interesting film last night. (What)

4The film started at 7:20. (When)

5I bought my bag in the city centre. (Where)

6I came to London five weeks ago. (When)

7I had three entrance exams. (How many exams)

8I was absent from lessons because I was sick.

(Why)

9I lived in a hostel before I found a flat. (Where)

10I took the bus to the university. (How)

14 Correct a mistake in the sentence.

1She didn’t saw my grandma.

2The police catched them.

3Many people dieed in the earthquake.

4Did she walked alone?

5Sam and I was best friends.

6He losted his job.

7I goed to my friend yesterday.

8My father tryed to repair his car yesterday afternoon.

9Sarah weren’t happy last year.

10She didn’t sold her house.

15 Fill in the sentences with in, when, ago, or last.

1__________ Saturday evening we went out to the concert.

2__________ the afternoon, we went for a walk.

3__________ we got home, we listened to music.

4I bought a car a few weeks __________.

5I didn't go home __________ weekend because some friends came to stay.

6I found a flat on my own __________ year.

7I saw an accident __________ night.

8I left school three years __________.

9I was born in Tomsk __________2000.

10My parents moved back to Tomsk __________ I was five.

11We got up late __________ Sunday morning.

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MORE WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS TO KNOW

accident – несчастный случай

are linked by – соединены посредством (при помощи) are spread on the internet – распространены по attempt – попытка

be absent – отсутствовать building – здание

cannot be seen – не могут быть увиденными earthquake – землетрясение

helpful – полезный; готовый помочь

go for a walk – ходить; идти пешком; прогуливаться image – изображение

information space – информационное пространство interconnection – взаимосвязь

lead to a high risk of – вести к высокому риску markup language – язык разметки

military base – военная база on my own – один, одна radio wave – радиоволна resource – ресурс

Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee – сэр Тимоти Джон Бернерс-Либ британский учёный, создатель Всемирной паутины

software application – прикладное ПО specifically – особенно

system administrator – системный администратор target – направлять, предназначать

unavailable – недоступный usability – практичность weather – погода

web application – веб-приложение web browser – браузер

within a limited geographic area – в пределах ограниченной географической области

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2c COMMUNICATIONS SECURITY (COMSEC)

VOCABULARY

1 Read and learn the words and phrases.

2 Make 8 phrases from the words.

3 Match the terms with their definitions.

aan attempt to do something

ba company that advertises things

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ca business that provides a service

da particular situation or example of something

ethe sounds that you make when you speak or sing

fa switch that you press to control a piece of equipment

gwhen you are not certain about something, or do not trust someone or something

hprotection of a person, building, organization, or country against threats such as crime or attacks

ia set of ideas or a plan of what to do in particular situations that has been agreed by a government, business, etc

jthe different ways of sending information between people and places, such as post, telephones, computers, and radio

kto watch something

lto have a harmful effect on something

mto officially tell someone about something

nto make a situation or activity continue in the same way

oto behave towards or deal with someone in a particular way

pused to refer to a particular person or thing without naming or describing them exactly

4 Choose the correct word to complete the sentences.

1The army happened / maintained / notified order in the region.

2You should happen / maintain / notify the police if you are in a real accident.

3What happens / maintains / notifies if we can’t get enough tickets?

4Jessie has a beautiful singing treat / view / voice.

5They were able to treat / view / voice the city from a helicopter.

6They treat / views / voice her like one of their own children.

7An advertiser / agency / case is a person or company that advertises things.

8An advertisers / agency/ case is a business that provides a service.

9We usually ask for references, but in your advertiser / agency / case it will not be necessary.

10I have some certain / compromises / doubts about his ability to do the job.

11Sensational media coverage seriously certain / compromised / doubt the trial.

12The museum is only open at certain / compromise / doubt times of the day.

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READING

5 Read and translate the information about communications security.

Communications Security (COMSEC)

Communications security (or simply COMSEC) prevents unauthorized access to telecommunications. Its goal is to maintain the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information during transmission. This information is not for public use.

COMSEC protects classified and unclassified information on military communications network. It includes data, voice, and video. It is

used for both analogue and digital applications, and both wired and wireless links. COMSEC also involves some electronic communications such as email, text messages, posts on social media websites and using smartphones.

Email. When you hit the send button, nobody knows who may have access to the contents. If a person receives it, he/she may distribute it to any number of people. The service provider may scan the email contents. Advertisers can target you. Hackers and other people can intercept it as well.

Text message. Treat text messages, as you email. Once again think and double check before you hit the send button. When you hit the send button, any number of people can view the information. The wrong phone number can also get the information. Think before you send a text message. The information can compromise your personal, family, or business’s security. If there is any doubt, do not send.

Social media. Posting personal information online can be dangerous. Usually we want some information to be only accessible by our ‘friends’, but in some cases other people can view it. Who are your ‘friends’ by the way, do you know? Certain social media sites update their privacy policies from time to time. They do not make much of an effort to notify users. This can change who access your information.

Smartphones. Smartphones are not secure for the common user. You must know that every call is intercepted and the contents of the call are possibly stored somewhere. The agencies cannot listen to everyone,

because there are simply too many calls. However, the information is stored, and if something happens later, they may access some calls. Keep your smartphone password protected, so no one can access it.

Stop and think about Who, What, When, and Where, when you communicate with someone.

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6 Fill in the gaps. Use the information from the text if necessary.

1COMSEC is used for analogue and __________ applications.

2Smartphones are unsecure for the __________ user.

3COMSEC prevents __________ access to telecommunications.

4Sometimes certain sites __________ their privacy policies.

5COMSEC protects unclassified and __________ information.

6People can receive and distribute the email __________ of other people.

7COMSEC is used for wired and __________ links.

8The basic components of communications security are the confidentiality,

__________, and availability of information.

7 Are the statements TRUE or FALSE?

1COMSEC deals with unauthorized access to telecommunications.

2The CIA of information during transmission is the main aim of COMSEC.

3COMSEC protects only classified information.

4Information on military communications network can include voice, video, and data.

5People may distribute your email to other people.

6Advertisers and hackers cannot intercept your email.

7People should be careful when they send text messages.

8People can view your text message when you hit a send button.

9Posting personal information online is safe.

10Social media sites always notify their users about updates.

11Smartphones are secure for all people.

12Agencies listen to every call.

8 Use the text to write the synonyms instead the words in italics.

1The aim of COMSEC is to maintain the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information during transmission.

2COMSEC protects classified and unclassified information on martial communications network.

3COMSEC on military communications network involves data, voice, and video.

4COMSEC contains some electronic communications.

5Hackers and other people can get the email contents of other people.

6Posting personal information online can be risky.

7The agencies cannot listen to every call, but the information is stored.

8The contents of all our calls are possibly kept somewhere.

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GRAMMAR

9 Present Perfect. Study the information.

We form the Present Perfect with have/has and Participle II of the verb.

We use the present perfect for:

an action that happened at an unstated time in the past. The emphasis is on the action; when it occurred is unimportant or unknown.

I have washed the dishes. Natalie has been to France twice.

an action which started in the past and continuous up to the present, especially with stative verbs such as be, have, like, know, etc.

He has known me for six years.

a recently completed action.

Ihave (just/already) finished my essay.

Personal experiences or changes.

She has put on five kilos.

Time expressions we use with the present perfect are: just, already, yet, for, since, lately, recently, so far, ever, never.

Already is used in statements and questions (to suggest surprise).

I have already spoken to Ann. Have you finished cooking already?

Yet is used with the present perfect in questions and negations. Have you paid the bill yet? Steven hasn’t finished work yet.

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10 Open the brackets and put the verbs into the Present Perfect form.

1I __________ (see) this film twice. Let’s see another film.

2Pete __________ (lose) his keys. He is not able to come into his flat.

3John works hard. He__________ (write) three reports on Physics since Monday.

4Who is that lady? I __________ (never / see) her before.

5I don’t know Jake. I __________ (never / meet) him.

6__________ (you / phone) your mother yet? She asked me to remind you.

7How much of your course work __________ (you / do) yet?

8I’m looking for Sam. __________ (you / see) him?

9__________ (you / hear) about the new album of this rock band? – I ______

(hear) it’s very popular.

10[A]Excuse me. __________ (someone / leave) this bag here? [B]I don’t know. I

______ (not / notice) it until now.

11Choose the right variant to complete the sentence.

1I have known you for / since you were born.

2Our parents have known each other for / since 10 years.

3I have studied English for / since the second grade.

4We have been good friends for / since many years.

5I have played tennis for / since ten years. I have won many competitions.

6We’ve been awake for / since 6 o’clock this morning.

7Sam has lived in Tomsk for / since 2013.

12 Fill in the sentences with the right adverb just, already, or yet.

1[A]Do you know where Justin is? [B]He has __________ gone. (= a short period of time ago)

2[A]Do you know where Justin is? [B]He has __________ gone. (= a long period of time ago, before you expected)

3Emily and Jack haven’t come __________.

4[A]Are Karl and Sam here? [B]Yes, they have __________ come. (= a short period of time ago)

5[A]Have you read this book __________? [B]No, I’m still reading it.

6[A]What time is Jake coming? [B]He has __________ come. (= a long period of time, before you expected)

7[A]I haven’t read this book __________. [B]You should read it, it’s very interesting.

8[A]Where is Richard? [B]I’ve __________ seen him in the corridor. (= a short period of time ago)

9[A]Have you finished your project? [B]No, I haven’t. I haven’t even started it

__________.

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