Simple English for Security Specialists. Information Security of Automated Systems-4

5 Read and translate the information about economic security.

Economic Security

Economics is the social science. It studies economic activity: how people make choices to get what they want. Economics is defined as ‘the study of scarcity and choice’. It is basically about individual choice. Economics also studies what changes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services in an economy.

Economic security is the condition of having stable income and/or other resources to support a standard of living now and in the future. It includes:

probable continued solvency;

predictability of the future cash flow of a person or other economic entity, such as a country;

employment security or job security.

Economic security consists of basic social security. It is defined by access to basic needs’ infrastructure. It relates to information and education, dwelling and health, social protection and work-related security. The creation and protection of jobs that supply military and other needs are important to national security. Third world countries are less secure because of scarcity of employment for their citizens.

Economic security differs from financial security. Economic security includes the broader effect of a society’s production levels and monetary support for nonworking citizens. Financial security more often refers to individual and family savings and money management.

We can also speak about economic security in the context of politics and international relations. It is the ability of a state to follow its choice of policies to develop the national economy in the desired manner. Today economic security probably forms as an important part of national security as military security, political security, environmental security, energy and natural resources security and others.

Historically, conquerors were rich through stealing and access to new resources. They enlarged trade through controlling of the conquered nations’ economy.

Today, there is a complex system of international trade of the world. Multinational agreements, interdependence, and availability of natural resources characterize it.

In Canada, threats to the country’s economic security are economic espionage. Economic espionage is illegal, secret and/or forced activity by a foreign government. Such government tries to gain unauthorized access to private information or technology of other countries for economic advantage.

242

6 Find the paragraphs in the text that tell about these things.

ABasic needs’ infrastructure

BEconomic espionage

CTrade: historically and today

DEconomic security and financial security

EKey concepts of stable income

FEconomics and its study

GPolitics and international relations

7 Are the statements TRUE or FALSE?

1Economics studies only money.

2An example of economic entity can be any country.

3Employment doesn’t influence economic security.

4Economic security and financial security are different concepts.

5Economic security is a vital part of national security.

6There are no international agreements in the modern world at all.

7Economic espionage is a threat to economic security.

8 Match the beginnings (1 – 5), the continuations (6 – 10), and the endings (11 – 15) to make 5 sentences. Use the information from the text.

The beginnings

1Economics studies what changes

2Information and education, dwelling and health,

3Financial security refers to

4Economic security is the ability of a state

5Economic espionage is

The continuations

6individual and family

7to follow its choice of policies

8social protection and work security

9illegal, secret and/or forced activity by

10the production, distribution, and consumption of

The endings

11a foreign government.

12savings and money management.

13goods and services in an economy.

14are important to economic security.

15to develop the national economy in the desired manner.

243

GRAMMAR

Question tags

9 Write the correct question tags.

1He can play golf well, …?

2You are the new secretary, …?

3Mr. Evans is speaking over the phone, …?

4You like black coffee, …?

5I’m busy, …?

6You aren’t well enough. You should stay with either me or your son, …?

7I’m not ill, …?

8It’s a nice day, …?

9There isn’t a cloud in the sky, …?

10We haven’t got much time, …?

11Sam doesn’t work hard, …?

12Oh, there are a lot of photos in the album, …?

13There was nobody there, …?

14Your son didn’t help you much, ..?

15They sent a letter the day before yesterday, …?

16My Dad hasn’t read the newspaper yet, …?

17There will be a nice film on TV tonight, …?

18Neither your parents nor mine can lend us some money, …?

19He never uses his car except when it’s necessary, …?

20There’s little point in doing anything about it, …?

244

6e EDUCATION CLIP:

HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE USA

VOCABULARY

1 Read and learn the words and phrases.

1 Can you guess what words and phrases are here?

2 Match the words to make 8 phrases.

READING

246

4 Read and translate the information about the higher education in the USA.

Higher Education in the USA

The United States has many public and private institutions of higher education. There are public universities, private universities, liberal arts colleges, and community colleges in the USA.

Liberal arts institutions offer courses in the arts, humanities, languages, and social and physical sciences.

Most liberal arts institutions are private. Private colleges and universities are usually smaller than public institutions.

Community colleges are often two-year colleges. They are cheaper than other institutions. Graduates get an associate’s degree such as an Associate of Arts (A.A.).

State colleges and universities provide a low-cost education to residents of the US.

People also call them “public universities”. These universities are very large. Universities are research-oriented education institutions. They provide both undergraduate and postgraduate programs.

In most undergraduate programs you obtain a bachelor’s degree in four academic years. Postgraduate programs usually last two years. They grant a master’s degree (like the Master of Arts (M.A.), Master of Science (M.S.) or Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.)) or a doctorate such as the Ph.D.

In the United States, students usually earn credits for courses they take. A credit is a unit of study. The US academic year usually is from September to May and consists of two academic terms (semesters) of 16-18 weeks.

Harvard University and the other seven Universities of the Ivy League, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Stanford University are among the top higher education institutions in the world.

Students do not pay all tuition out of pocket. They often get scholarships, student loans, or grants.

Notes

liberal arts college – колледж гуманитарных наук (в США) community college – местный, «общинный» колледж associate’s degree – степень ассоциата

Associate of Arts (A.A.) – ассоциат искусств, ассоциат гуманитарных наук credit – «кредит» (= зачётная единица в ВУЗе)

the Ivy League – Лига плюща (ассоциация восьми частных американских университетов, расположенных в семи штатах на северо-востоке США, отличающихся высоким качеством образования)

247

GRAMMAR

9 Articles. Study the information. Write a or an.

10 Study the information. What are their jobs? Make sentences with the words from the box.

We use a/an … when we say what a person or a thing is.

A/an = ‘one’. With plural nouns we use no article.

A/an also means ‘any example of something’. In the plural we use no article or

We don’t normally use a/an with uncountable nouns. (NOT a rain)

A B C D E

249

F G H I J

11 What are these things and people? Make sentences with the words from the boxes. Use a/an where necessary

Example: A pigeon is a bird.

12 Study the information. Put a/an, the or – (no article).

We use the when it is clear which thing or person we mean.

I live far from the centre. (= the centre of my town)

Compare:

I have a leather jacket. The jacket is very expensive.

There is a kitchen in the flat. The kitchen is quite small.

We normally use no article with proper nouns (people’s names, days and months, names of places such as countries, cities/ towns, streets, squares, universities, etc.).

A lot of tourists visit Trafalgar Square in London.

But we use the +:

names with ‘kingdom’, ‘states’, ‘federation’:

the United Kingdom (the UK), the United States of America (the USA), the Russian Federation

names of rivers, seas, oceans:

the Tom (River), the North Sea, the Pacific (Ocean)

Example: ‘Where’s Alex?’ ‘He is in the kitchen.’

1Please turn off ____ light. I think I’ll go to bed.

2It is ____ fine weather: ____ sky is blue and ____ sun is bright.

3Open ____ window, please. It is very hot in here.

4I have got ____ car. ____ car is ____ black Toyota.

250