Simple English for Security Specialists. Information Security of Automated Systems-4

17 Choose the right word.

Example: This is an interesting book. Is it your/ yours? yours is right

1Is this wallet your/ yours?

2Are those your/ yours things?

3Which children are their/ theirs?

4Americans love their/ theirs country.

5The idea is not my/ mine. It’s her/ hers.

6 ‘Where is Chicago?’ ‘Its/ It’s in the US.’

7Can we use your car? Our/ ours is in the repair shop.

8Our/ ours parents are on holiday in Miami all this week.

9 ‘Whose mobile phone is this?’ ‘It’s your/ yours. My/ Mine is in my handbag.’

10Los Angeles is a big city in the state of California. Its/ It’s nickname is City of Angels.

11The largest city in the United States is the city of New York. It’s / Its total area is over 1,200 km2.

18 Put in the correct pronoun (I/ me/ my/ mine etc.).

3Please give _______ some more time. We are not ready yet.

4Tell _______ about the meeting. I want to know all the details.

5Jane wants to study languages at university. She likes _______ very much.

6Brad Pitt is an actor and producer. _______ wife is also a famous actress.

7Oprah Winfrey is famous for _______ talk show The Oprah Winfrey Show on American television.

8Las Vegas is famous for _______ casinos.

9New Yorkers love _______ city.

10The New York Times is an American daily newspaper.

_______ is well known around the world.

11_______ call 911 for an ambulance in the United States.

12Hollywood is located in Los Angeles, California. _______ actors and actresses are popular all around the world.

13McDonald’s is the world’s largest chain of hamburger fast food restaurants.

_______ serves around 68 million customers daily in 119 countries.

14The City of Chicago has many nicknames. _______ include the Windy City and the Second City.

132

3f REVISION

VOCABULARY AND READING

1 Match the following English words with their Russian equivalents.

2 Match the words to make 16 phrases.

133

3 Write the missing words instead of the numbers in brackets.

eBefore the internet, criminals dug (1) people’s trash or intercept their mail to steal their personal information.

fNowadays criminals also use the internet to steal people’s identities, hack (2) their accounts, trick them into revealing the information, or infect their devices (3) malware.

gLarge organized crime groups also take advantage (4) the internet.

hIt’s very difficult to crack (5) on cyber criminals because the internet makes it easier for people to do things anonymously and (6) any location (7) the globe.

iFast Flux is moving data quickly among the computers in a botnet to make it difficult to trace the source (8) malware or phishing websites.

jSkimmers are devices that steal credit card information when the card is swiped (9) them. This can happen in stores or restaurants when the card is (10) (11) the owner’s view, and frequently the credit card information is then sold online through a criminal community.

kMost cyber criminals will target home computers rather than trying to break (12) a big institution’s network because it’s much easier.

lPunishments range from paying a large fine to going to jail for up to 20 years, depending (13) the seriousness of the crime and how much damage the hacker has done.

mIt’s important that you report cyber crimes, like spam, so that the criminals behind them can be prosecuted and fined (14) the law.

nA computer virus attaches itself (15) a programme or file.

oA Trojan horse is full of as much trickery as the mythological Trojan Horse it was named (16).

SPEAKING

4 Read and translate the following topics. Discuss them in small groups.

10Criminals use the internet to commit a cyber crime.

11Cyber crimes and the punishment go hand in hand.

12The words Trojan horse, worm and virus are often used interchangeably, but they are not exactly the same thing.

13There are different types of software.

WRITING

5 Write an essay (10-15 sentences) about one of the threats a security specialist deals with.

134

GRAMMAR

6The following sentences are in the active voice. Change them into the passive voice.

1My mother will punish me.

2The children are studying grammar.

3I had finished my homework.

4They called off the match.

5Mrs Smith teaches us English.

6You must switch off the lights.

7I must finish this assignment.

8The children ate the ice cream.

9The painter created a beautiful painting.

10Mr Johnson has filed the papers properly.

7Change the following sentences into the active or the passive voice as appropriate.

1The poet wrote a nice poem.

2My camera has been stolen.

3My dress is ruined!

4Trespassers will be prosecuted.

5No smoking.

6Keep your city clean.

7The milk has soured.

8Please switch on the lights.

8 The following passage has not been edited. There is an error in each of the

9 Put the verb in bracket in the correct active/passive voice & tense.

1The watch ______ I’ll take it to the watchmaker (break).

2Someone ______ at you. Do you know him? (look)

3The stain on my coat ______ (remove).

4The criminal ______ (catch) yesterday.

5REM ______ a compilation album (release)

6This castle ______ in 1639 (build).

7Mary ______ a nice birthday present (give).

8These laptops ______ in China (make).

9The plane ______ (just/ land).

135

10 Underline the best option:

1The book was published/published in 2010.

2My parents will lend/will be lent me some money to buy a new car.

3It is said/says that some sports involve serious risks.

4Lots of workers have been made/have made redundant as a result of the crisis.

5My father was bought/ bought me a CD.

6Fewer letters are written/write nowadays.

7The TV presenter has been made/has made lots of mistakes today.

8Where are you being lived/are you living?

9My children are liked/like pasta.

10Emails are sent/send more and more.

11Rewrite the sentences in the active. When you don’t have a subject use they.

1A lot of souvenirs are bought by tourists.

2He has been hit by a car.

3He has been taken away by the police.

4I have been woken up by a strange noise.

5«Romeo and Juliet» was written by Shakespeare.

6Their house won’t be sold.

7We weren’t told that there was a strike.

12All the sentences are in the passive. Read them and correct any verb forms that are incorrect. Tick the correct answers.

1Our passports were taking by a woman in uniform.

2Three men were arrested last night when they tried to break into the Museum.

3Stamps can be buying at the post office.

4Simon´s car has be stolen from the car park.

5We have been invited to Helen´s party.

6The new library won´t be building in the town centre.

13Rephrase the sentences in two ways. Omit unimportant agents.

Example: The teacher asked them a question.

a)The question was asked by the teacher.

b)They were asked a question.

1Their mother read them another story.

2Someone handed the judge a document.

3He has served us a wonderful meal.

4They haven’t sent me the message.

5I will give him a birthday present.

6They are showing her the photos.

136

4a CRYPTOGRAPHY

VOCABULARY

3 Match the terms and definitions.

infringement / conversion / nonsense / recipient

1a person who receives something

2an action that breaks a rule, law, etc

3the process of converting something from one thing to another

4language that cannot be understood because it does not mean anything

prior to / apparent / eavesdrop / carry out

5seeming to exist or be true

6before a particular time or event

7to listen to someone’s private conversation without them knowing

8to do or complete something, especially that you have said you would do or that you have been told to do

cryptography / ATM / DRT / copyright

9a machine that you get money from using a plastic card

10the use of special codes to keep information safe in computer networks

11the legal right to control the production and selling of a book, play, film, photograph, or piece of music

12the way that a company controls how users pay for music, films, books, etc. that are available on the internet or on electronic equipment in a digital form

Dr Carter is (1) out research on early Christian art.

There are one or two (2) discrepancies between the two reports.

The translation of the instructions was so poor they were just (3).

The letter was written in (4). (four letters)

The fireworks begin at eight o’clock (5).

Solar power is the (6) of the sun’s energy into heat and electricity.

The (7) of the lines on the graph marks the point where we start to make a profit.

Is there an (8) on this street? I need to get some money out.

Who owns the (9) on this article?

Even minor (10) of the law will be severely punished.

Your financial information is fully (11) and cannot be accessed.

Former Nobel Peace Prize (12) include Jimmy Carter and Barack Obama.

He was (13) on our conversation.

He saw her as his main (14) within the company.

The message was written in (15). (six letters)

(16) can ensure that programs distributed by internet are legal copies for which the copyright holder is being paid a fee.

Messages encrypted using the public (17) can be (18) only by someone with the private key.

138

READING

5 Read and translate the information about cryptography.

Cryptography

When Julius Caesar sent messages to his generals, he didn’t trust his messengers. So he replaced every A in his messages with a D, every B with an E, and so on through the alphabet.

Only someone who knew the ‘shift by 3’ rule could decipher his messages.

The word ‘cryptography’ comes from the two

Greek words. The first one means ‘hidden, secret’ and the second one has the meaning of ‘writing’. Cryptography is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication. Various aspects in information security such as confidentiality, integrity, availability, authentication, nonrepudiation, accountability, and reliability are central to modern cryptography.

Modern cryptography exists at the intersection of the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, and electrical engineering. Applications of cryptography include ATM cards, computer passwords, and shopping on the internet. Cryptography also plays a major role in DRM and copyright infringement of digital media.

Cryptography prior to the modern age was effectively synonymous with encryption, the conversion of information from a readable state to apparent nonsense. The originator of an encrypted message (Alice) shared the decoding technique needed to recover the original information only with intended recipients (Bob), thereby precluding unwanted persons (Eve) from doing the same. The cryptography literature often uses Alice (‘A’) for the sender,

Bob (‘B’) for the intended recipient, and Eve (‘eavesdropper’) for the adversary. Nowadays the methods used to carry out cryptology are increasingly complex and its application is more widespread.

When a message (a ‘plaintext’) is sent using cryptography, it is changed (or encrypted) before it is sent. The method of changing text is called a ‘code’ or, more precisely, a ‘cipher’. Ciphers use a ‘key’ which is a secret that hides the secret messages. The changed text is called ‘ciphertext’. The change makes the message hard to read. Someone who wants to read it must change it back (or decrypt it). How to change it back is a secret. Both the person that sends the message and the one that gets it should know the secret way to change it, but other people should not be able to. Studying the cyphertext to discover the secret is called ‘cryptanalysis’ or ‘cracking’ or sometimes ‘code breaking’.

139

6 Match the terms and the definitions.

7 Answer the questions about cryptography.

1What is cryptography?

2What does the word ‘cryptography’ mean?

3What does modern cryptography include?

4Where is cryptography used?

5When does a person encrypt his message: before or after sending it?

6What is a ‘cipher’?

7Can all people read an encrypted message?

8Is a cryprographic key secret?

9What do you know about the Caesar cipher?

10Does only one cipher exist?

8 Explain what the terms at the picture mean.

140