Index

Abuse of power EN 48; US 9, 16–19, 23–24, 28

accident

traffic ~ D 15; EA 14; F 17; I 11, 18; US 66, 69–71

workplace ~ E 8, 26–27, 29–30, 32, 34

adequacy ~ AD 12; CR 13–14, 38, 42, 63, 73; D 8, 12, 63; E 26, 40; EN 36, 50, 79, 84, 96, 106; EU 17–20, 23–26, 32; F 23, 43; H 13, 33; PIL 25–27, 30; S 22; US 78

adultery SA 10–11

agent E 12; EN 19, 103; F 19; US 17, 53 aggravated damages see damages, ag-

gravated

aggravating circumstances EN 50, 61, 63; H 4; SA 9, 15

antitrust see unfair competition assault AD 8–9, 17; EN 9, 30, 62,

104–105, 107–108; S 13; SA 11; US 6, 10, 16, 33

sexual ~ CR 3; D 3; EN 54; S 13; US 33, 83

astreinte F 9–10, 43

Battery AD 8; EN 30; US 6, 10 blameworthiness AD 6–7, 12, 26, 28,

43–44; CR 8, 18, 63, 75, 93; D 4; E 12, 34, 36; EA 6, 39, 42–43, 54; EN 3, 45, 47, 94, 97–98, 108; F 19,

22, 27–28, 31–32; H 4–5; I 2–3; Insur 5; PIL 1; S 2, 12, 17, 20, 24; SA 5, 7–9, 15; US 21, 39, 44, 62, 66, 90, 96

degree of ~ AD 25, 28; CR 75; E 6, 12; EA 39–40, 54, 56; EN 92, 105; S 14, 20, 24, 28, 31, 108; SA 5, 19; US 25, 37, 42

bodily injury see personal injury breach of

duty E 8; EN 20, 41, 91; F 18, 36; US 44, 62, 70

wedding vow I 28–29; US 10 burden of proof see proof, burden of ~

Carelessness see negligence causation D 14–16, 18; E 6; EA 9, 44;

S 12 claimant

conduct of ~ EN 61–62, 96, 108; SA 16

means of ~ D 10; EN 47, 62; I 8, 14; SA 15; US 7

multiple ~ CR 73–75; EA 10; EN 59, 95–96; US 50

class action F 46; US 83 compensation see damages, compensa-

tory ~

company AD 18–19; CR 72; E 12; EN 10, 28, 109; F 28; US 3, 16, 19, 23, 26, 28, 53, 79, 87

conduct

arbitrary CR 18; EN 5–9 gravity of ~ AD 29, 35; E 12, 34,

H 12, 33, 35; S 12, 17, 24, 31, 34; SA 4

oppressive ~ AD 11; CR 18;

EN 5–9, 45, 72–73; US 1, 8, 10 outrageous ~ AD 7, 19, 26, 28;

CR 18, 73; EN 1, 34, 50, 55, 75; I 3, 34; SA 20; US 1, 62, 90, 92

repetitious ~ E 13; US 81 unconstitutional ~ EN 5–9; CR 18 unlawful/wrongful ~ AD 43; D 7,

15; E 12; EA 6, 48; EN 16, 52,

81, 118; H 12–13, 19, 23, 26,

28, 32; I 4, 22; S 15, 21, 23–24, 30–31, 34; US 16, 58

confiscation CR 30; E 6, 12; EN 56–57; F 12; H 23–24, 26, 37

constitutional

principles D 3; F 23–24; H 32–36; PIL 2, 25

rights CR 26; D 2–3; E 6, 12; EN 8, 43; F 20; I 16, 28; US 100

consumer D 17; EU 19; I 31; US 16, 23, 26–27

contract EN 113; F 7; PIL 28 breach of ~ AD 8, 14, 24; E 6;

EN 36–37, 116; F 6, 10; H 20–21, 24; SA 25

freedom of ~ CR 50; F 9; Insur 4 invalid ~ H 23, 24

costs

administrative ~ EA 36, 38 litigation ~ CR 43, 80, 92; EA 16,

53; EN 93; H 6; PIL 11; US 16, 48

precautionary ~ EA 2, 12; H 28 socially illicit ~ EA 42–43, 55 transaction ~ EA 24–26, 28

criminal

function of ~ CR 3, 26, 54–55, 63, 65, 72, 76–77; D 2–3; E 2, 5; EA 31, 36, 55; EN 66, 69; F 35, 42; H 7, 34; PIL 28; SA 20–22

law CR 13; EA 32–36; H 7 offence AD 27; EN 55, 81, 97; H

33; I 16; US 38

reform CR 54–55, 72, 89; E 41; PIL 28

Damage

actual ~ CR 30, 36, 38; D 12–13; H 28; I 13

assessment of ~ AD 27; CR 31; D 8, 13; E 16, 36; EA 17, 25, 52; F 22–24; H 28; I 23, 35; SA 5

non-pecunary ~ AD 3–7, 15, 17, 19, 22, 24–25, 27–29, 35, 43; CR 8, 15–16, 20, 35, 62, 82–83, 87, 92; D 1, 6–8, 19; E 6, 9–10, 35– 36, 39; EA 17, 57; F 25–26, 28, 31; H 3, 6, 11; I 6–10, 16–17; PIL 28; S 1, 6, 11–12, 18–19, 23, 26, 28–29, 33; SA 1–2, 15; US 12, 29, 30, 33, 42, 52, 82

pecuniary ~ AD 5, 42; CR 34, 92; D 1, 7, 10, 13, 19, 21; E 36; EA 44; EN 8–9, 12, 81; F 28; H 6, 10–11; I 6, S 1–2, 23, 36; SA 2, 25; US 6, 9, 27, 44, 64, 67, 91

severity of ~ E 10, 12; I 21; S 21–24; US 1

damages

additional ~ EN 25–27, 122; SA 26; US 56

aggravated ~ AD 1–44; CR 8, 15–16, 62; D 9; EN 1–2, 4, 9, 24–25, 27–28, 32, 42, 51, 71, 73, 80, 84–85, 91, 100; H 3; PIL 1; SA 1, 13, 23, 26

assessment of ~ AD 12, 14, 27; CR 31–32, 34–35, 43, 85–86; D 8, 10–13; E 8–34,

41; EA 19–20, 22, 26–27, 56;

EN 47, 80; F 13–14; 23–24, 29, 31–33; H 3, 5, 10, 28; I 4, 8, 9, 21–23, 25, 35; PIL 26; S 2, 4, 8–9, 14–17, 19, 21, 23, 31–34; SA 4–6, 10–12, 14–16, 20, 22, 25; US 31, 39–40

compensatory ~ AD 1, 9, 11, 32–44; CR 13, 15–16, 23, 26, 30, 34, 36, 39, 43, 47, 66–71, 86–87, 92; D 1–5, 11, 16, 20–21; E 4–5, 7, 12, 28–29, 31, 36, 41; EA 1–2, 7, 13–15, 17–18, 26–27, 37, 42, 44, 46, 57; EN 1, 4, 11, 27, 37, 50, 59, 63, 69, 72–73, 76, 84, 90, 92, 122; EU 20, 24, 36; F 1, 6, 17, 29–30, 35, 39, 42; H 3–4, 10,

28; I 15; Insur 1, 6, 8–9; PIL 1, 3–4, 6, 18, 26, 42; S 1; SA 1–2, 5, 13, 20, 22, 24–25; US 4, 7, 12–15, 23, 29, 32, 34, 36–40, 47, 51, 81, 83–84, 96, 99

disgorgement ~ CR 30, 52, 58, 68, 79; EA 54; EN 21, 69, 116–120; F 12, 36, 39; I 4; US 93

excessive ~ AD 28; CR 2, 3, 18, 22, 30, 63–64; D 2; E 6, 28; EA 7, 20; EU 9, 35, 37; F 2, 4, 6, 12, 14, 27, 32, 37, 39, 42; H 3, 28; I 3; PIL 27, 43–44; US 51, 77, 81, 85–86

non-compensatory AD 1, 32–44; CR 41; D 3; EU 3, 5–9, 11, 14, 38, 41; H 3; PIL 25, 41, 43–44

exemplary ~ see punitive ~ gain-based see damages, disgorge-

ment ~

multiple ~ EA 13; EU 33; F 17; H 4–5, 37; PIL 31

nominal ~ EN 8, 69; H 3 non-pecuniary AD 19, 23, 27;

CR 36, 87; D 8, 10–11, 20; E

10; EA 33, 36, 38, 47–48; EN 1; F 26, 28; H 3, 6, 11, 17, 19, 35; I 5, 13–14, 16–19; PIL 28; S 11, 18–19, 26–27, 29; SA 2, 20

pecuniary ~ EA 33–36; F 18–21; H 10–12; S 21

preventative ~ CR 43–47, 50–51, 71–72

punitive ~ see punitive damages purpose of ~ D 9; EU 37 restitutionary ~ AD 16, 18; EN 21,

25, 27–28, 116; H 3 standardised ~ AD 27; CR 35; D

18; F 24; I 8, 21; S 14–17, 19, 25–27, 33

death AD 38–39; CR 49; EN 98–100; S 6, 12, 15, 18, 28, 31; SA 19; US 49, 80, 83, 94

deceit see fraud

defamation AD 8, 25; EN 11–16, 30, 36, 78, 89–90; Insur 1, 8; S 13; SA 4, 6–9, 14–16; US 6, 10, 37, 39

default interest D 17–18 defendant

conduct of ~ AD 3–5, 14–15, 19, 35; CR 48, 71; D 16; E 4–6, 12,

39; EN 14–15, 63, 71, 90, 94,

114, 118; F 12, 22, 26, 31–32;

H 10, 19; I 4, 16, 21, 26–29; PIL 11; S 2, 32; SA 7–8, 11, 15; 19; US 1, 42, 44, 48, 77

good faith of ~ E 6; EN 63–64, 94; SA 7

means of ~ E 12; EA 40, 45;

EN 47–49, 90, 114; I 14, 16, 18, 21; PIL 11; US 1, 7, 57, 77–81, 84

multiple ~ EN 60, 92–94; S 10 deterrence AD 4, 43; CR 3, 7, 11–12,

18, 22, 25, 32, 34, 38, 43–58, 65, 71–72, 78, 83–85, 87–89, 91; D 4, 11, 19, 21; E 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12–13, 26, 35, 37–38, 40; EA 2, 5–6, 8–33, 37, 39, 41–56; EN 1, 35, 37, 46, 50, 52, 58, 66, 77, 89, 95, 97–98, 110, 117, 121–122; EU 17–20, 23–25, 39; F 1, 4, 31–32, 35–36, 40; H 2–9, 12, 19, 20, 23–24, 27–28, 31, 33, 35, 37; I 2, 4, 9, 26, 34, 36; Insur 4–5; PIL 1, 4–5, 11, 25–26, 28, 31, 38;

S 3–4, 21; SA 22, 35; US 1, 20, 24, 26–27, 35, 40, 52–58, 78; 81, 87–88, 92

dignitary injury see honour disciplinary proceedings EN 52, 54, 58,

64, 108

discrimination AD 8; CR 34; D 19–21; EN 31, 41; EU 20, 24, 30; Insur 2, 8; US 83

disgorgement CR 53, 58, 68, 78–79, 83; D 5, 12; E 12; EA 19, 30, 50, 52, 54; EN 116–121; F 12; H 6, 18, 23, 28

double jeopardy AD 26; CR 26, 60; D 2; E 6, 32; EN 53, 55, 57; F 45; H 32, 36; PIL 25; US 30, 38, 46

due process E 6, 12; US 86–92, 100, 103

Economic analysis of law E 1, 3, 35, 37; EA 1–57; US 25

employment AD 24, 35; CR 34; D 19– 20; E 26–27, 30, 32–34; EA 9, 39; EN 68; 93, 103–104, 107, 109–110; EU 20, 25; 2, 7; Insur 2, 7; US 1, 6, 9, 16–17, 19, 27, 53, 66

European Court of Justice CR 42;

D 19–20; EN 40; EU 15, 22, 24–28, 30–32; PIL 14, 33

exemplary damages see punitive damages

Fault AD 28; CR 39, 52, 62–63, 78, 92–93; E 5–6, 12, 18, 32, 34; EN 62, 106, 108; F 25, 27, 39, 43, 46; H 18, 24; I 27; US 58, 62–71

degree of ~ CR 36, 62; E 26; EN 92–94; F 29, 32, 45;

H 12–14; I 2–3; S 2, 4, 8–12, 14, 16–17, 22, 24, 31–32; SA 10; US 1, 81

fine CR 33, 57, 60; E 4–6; EA 36, 48; EN 54–55, 67, 76, 89; EU 26–27; F 18–21, 45; H 12–17, 33, 35; S 21; US 45, 86, 88, 91

foreseeability E 6; EN 22, 35; H 34–35; Insur 12

fraud AD 8; CR 2; EN 31, 36, 53, 78; H 6, 24; US 6, 18–19, 23, 66, 73

Gain see profit

Harassment EN 55; Insur 2 harm see damage homicide S 15, 18, 31

honour AD 5, 7, 15, 23, 25, 41, 43; CR 8–9, 15–16, 31; D 6; E 10–13; F 27; H 6, 19; I 7; SA 6, 12; US 10, 13, 30, 39, 41, 82

human rights AD 8, 19; EN 39, 42–43, 89; F 20, 45

humiliation AD 11, 25, 29, 42–43; S 12, 24, 30; SA 9, 12; US 8–19, 23–24, 28, 56

Imprisonment

false ~ AD 8, 10–13, 37; EN 6–7, 11, 30, 53, 61, 63, 68, 78, 83–88, 104–105, 108; I 24; US 8–10

information

false ~ EN 13, 26; F 27; I 30 injury to feelings AD 4–5, 7, 9, 19, 22,

26, 28 42; CR 8, 15, 87; H 3; SA 5, 11–12, 14, 18–19, 24; US 13, 37–38, 41, 44, 56, 82

insult AD 5, 11, 30, 35, 37, 42, 44; CR 8, 16, 62, 87; SA 9, 11–12, 15, 18; US 8–19, 23–24, 28, 37–38, 41–44, 56

intellectual property AD 18; CR 30–31, 34, 37, 55, 57, 72, 83–86; D 12–13, 21; E 8, 16, 17, 21–24, 36; EA 20, 27; F 4, 11–15; H 18; Insur 8; SA 26 infringement of ~ D 12–14; E,

8, 19, 25; EA 27; EN 25, 31;

F 11–15, 21; Insur 8; SA 26 intent AD 5, 25, 28–29, 38, 40–41;

CR 16, 32, 44, 62, 87, 93; E 5–6, 12, 18; EA 11, 14, 23, 57; Insur 1–2, 7; S 2, 12–13, 16, 18–19, 31; SA 3, 5, 16, 19, 24; US 1, 6, 9, 13, 37, 44, 53, 61, 63–64, 66–68, 77, 81

Judgement proof EA 33, 38, 45, 47–48 jury AD 11, 34, 38, 40; CR 2, 13, 75;

D 9; EN 1, 6, 7, 13–15, 45, 48, 51, 58, 61, 63, 89–90, 95; S 8; SA 22; US 1, 9, 11, 14, 22, 30, 37–38, 44, 51, 56–57, 87–88, 90, 92–94, 99–100, 102–103

discretion of ~ CR 62; US 75–77 instructions to ~ AD 11–13; EN 83–

86; US 59–85, 102–105

Legal

certainity CR 76; D 2, 18; EA 46; F 43; H 33–35; PIL 25; US 7, 98 persons see company

liability

civil ~ E 5, 26, 36–37, 39–41; F 4, 15, 35–37, 39, 42, 44; H 1, 9, 27; PIL 44

criminal E 5; F 42; H 34

insurance ~ CR 72; EA 46; EN 114; Insur 1–12

joint and several ~ E 12; EN 92, 94 limits to ~ E 32–33; EN 113; H 10 no-fault ~ see liability, strict ~ probability EA 12–14, 16, 28, 32,

37, 42–46, 55

strict ~ CR 71, 93; D 7, 14–16; E 5, 32–33; EA 4; F 25; H 18; US 21

vicarious see vicarious liability loss see also damage

of amenities AD 9; S 26, 29; SA 5 of income E 14, 36; US 29

of profits see profits, lost ~

lump sum CR 87, 90–91; E 27; F 13; H 20; SA 14

Malice AD 7–8, 19, 25; CR 40; EN 36, 73; H 5; SA 6–7, 15–16; US 1, 9, 13, 30, 43–44, 55, 62, 65–67, 81, 84

malicious prosecution see prosecution mass media E 10; EN 13–14, 25, 38,

48, 59, 75, 89–90, 95, 109; F 27, 32; H 33; I 24; SA 7, 9, 26; US 8

medical malpractice AD 36; I 19; Insur 2, 6; US 6, 49

mental distress AD 6, 15, 17, 25, 35; CR 8; H 3; US 29, 52

misfeasance in public office EN 8–10, 33, 64, 71, 72; I 31; US 8–9

moral hazard EA 46, 48; Insur 5, 10 multiple

claimants see claimant damages see damages defendants see defendant

mutual

justification CR 64–65, 68, 91 recognition PIL 34

Negligence AD 8, 14, 35, 38; CR 62; E 5–6, 32, 34–35; EA 4, 9; EN 13, 31, 34–35; I 27, 29, 31–32; S 2, 9, 13, 16, 31; US 1, 6, 24, 62, 66–69 advertent ~ US 68–69 contributory ~ S 10

gross ~ AD 29; CR 32; E 34; EN 35; H 4; I 27, 30–32; Insur 2–4, 7; S 9, 12, 16, 31; US 6, 81

proof of ~ EA 9; US 21, 67 slight ~ S 2; CR 36

nuisance AD 17; EN 30–31

Ordre public CR 3, 29, 63; D 3; EU 5–7, 9–11, 34; I 10, 12, 33;

Insur 7; PIL 6, 15–22, 24–25, 27–29, 31–32, 34–36, 41, 43–44

Pain and suffering AD 4, 9, 28–30; CR 34; D 6–9, 21; E 6; I 6–9, 13–14, 22, 29; S 6, 12, 18, 19, 27–29, 31; SA 2, 5; US 12, 14– 15, 29–31

penalty clause CR 50; E 29; F 6–8; H 7, 20–26; SA 5

personal injury CR 35; D 1, 6; EN 9, 96, 121; F 24; I 5–10, 14, 21, 34; S 23, 26, 32–33; SA 2; US 6, 13, 37, 42, 49, 83, 94–99

personality right CR 20, 33–34; D 10– 11, 20–21; E 8, 10–13, 36; F 27, 36; H 3; 6, 11–19, 33; S 23; SA 2–3, 5, 12, 15, 18, 20, 24

presumption of innocence E 6; EN 67 privacy CR 31, 34; D 10; E 10–13; EN 38–39, 89; F 27, 32; S 13 private wrong CR 10, 13–16, 34, 61;

US 14, 29, 38, 45

procedural safeguards CR 12, 14, 76, 91–92; D 3; EA 36; EN 67, 68, 81; F 41; US 47

products liability Insur 2–4; US 6, 20–26, 48, 58

profit

calculated ~ CR 18, 39, 43–44; D 11; EA 19, 23; EN 4, 11–21, 27, 73–74; F 27, 36, 39–40; US 23

illegal ~ CR 30–31, 53, 68; E 6, 10, 12, 21; EA 19–23, 27, 42–43, 55; EN 116; F 12–14, 26, 29, 32, 45; H 18, 23, 26, 28; I 4, 22; SA 26; US 84

lost ~ CR 31, 36, 68, 78–79; D 12; E 16–22, 25; F 13–14; H 28; I 22

surcharge of ~ E 8, 26–34, 41 proof

burden of ~ CR 92; E 20, 25; EA 12; EN 14; EU 20; H 19; I 25; US 66, 79

of damage AD 5; CR 31, 84, 86, 87; E 22, 25; EN 8, 81; F 1, 27; US 21, 29

of negligence E 21; EA 9, US 21 standard of ~ EN 67; US 61, 67,

72–74 prosecution

malicious ~ AD 10–13; EN 30, 61, 78, 81–88, 104–105, 108; US 10

private ~ CR 90, 92; EN 102 public ~ D 3; EN 102

public

policy see ordre public

wrong CR 10, 14, 15, 61; EN 3, 75, 97; H 3; US 28–29, 38, 47

punishment AD 3–4, 12, 15, 26, 30, 43; CR 3, 7, 10, 13–16, 18, 22, 24, 26, 30, 32, 34, 43, 46, 52, 54, 56, 60–65, 71–77, 86, 88–89, 91–92; D 2–9, 20;

E 2, 5–6, 12, 34–35; EA 5–6, 31–54, 56–57; EN 1, 45–46, 50, 52–55, 58, 63, 67, 73, 97, 110, 119; EU 23–24; F 1, 4, 6, 20, 22, 25, 28–29, 35,

37, 43–44; H 3–7, 32–34; I 1, 13, 25, 34–35; Insur 5; PIL 11, 25–27, 30–31, 34–35; S 8, 15; SA 4–5, 13–15, 18–22, 24–25; US 1, 6, 7, 10–11, 14–15, 30, 32, 34–35, 38–41, 44–51, 57–58, 78, 81–84, 92, 94, 103; see also sanction

excessive ~ CR 73; EN 56, 79, 81–91; F 42

vicarious ~ EN 104 punitive damages

assessment of ~ CR 2, 12–13, 30, 73–75, 91–92; EA 13–16, 18, 40, 50–54; EN 44–64, 69,

83–91, 93–94, 96, 119; F 45; S 17; US 57, 75–85, 86–100

classification PIL 7–14, 30 covert award AD 27; CR 30–36;

D 4; F 22–33; I 26;

dedication CR 61, 65; EN 77; F 39, 41, 43

excessiveness of ~ EN 79–82; EU 9; PIL 44; US 86, 94 insurability of ~ CR 39, 72; E 5,

28; EA 45–49, 56; EN 110–115; F 39–40; I 20; Insur 1–12; 4–11 preconditions CR 71; EN 4–30, 98,

101–102

purpose of ~ AD 26, 40, 43;

CR 7–16, 18, 27–28, 43–53, 60–

62, 78, 81–82; E 35; EA 5–54;

EN 1–3, 50, 52–53, 55, 58, 63, 66, 69–70, 73, 76–77, 110, 112, 121–122; F 41, 45; H 3–4, 6–9, 30; I 1, 13; PIL 7–12, 25, 28; US 1, 11–12, 24, 29–58, 78, 82

restrictions AD 4, 36; CR 5, 12, 30; EN 34–43, 75; US 2, 59, 76–77, 83–85

separate awards EN 94

punitive function AD 30, 36, 42; CR 22, 32, 34; D 13, 21; E 2–3, 6–7, 10, 26, 28; EU 12, 22; F 1, 4, 20, 25, 27, 28, 35; H 3; I 13, 19–20, 25, 35; PIL 28; S 3, 6, 8, 14, 21; SA 4–5, 8–10, 13–14, 19, 21–25; US 81

Rape S 13, 15–16; SA 6 rational apathy EA 10, 15, 35

recklessness CR 16, 62, 73, 87, 93;

EN 13, 15–16, 35, 118, 120; Insur 5; SA 15; US 1, 55, 64–71, 84

redress CR 8, 58; EN 36; H 19; US 36–43

restitution CR 34, 80; D 1, 5, 11, 13, 18, 21; EN 119; H 6, 18, 23–25, 28; I 24; SA 18; see also damages, restitutionary ~

Safety measures E 30, 32; EN 121; US 22

sanction AD 38; CR 9, 16, 24–25, 28, 34, 42, 60, 65, 72, 86; D 5, 20; E 12, 25, 28–29, 32, 40; EA 6, 14, 28, 30, 32–36, 39, 51–35; EN 52–58, 89; EU 14–23, 26–27, 39; F 9–10, 12; H 2, 7, 12–20, 24, 26–27, 30, 32–33, 35, 37; SA 4–6, 10; US 41; see also punish

administrative ~ E 28, 32, 40; EA 6; EU 16, 18, 27; F 43

civil ~ AD 37–38; E 6, 11–12, 37, 41; US 45, 73, 91

criminal ~ CR 12, 15, 60; D 9; E 6, 35; EA 6, 36–38, 47–49; EN 52, 55, 76, 89, 102; EU 27; F 12, 20, 43, 45; H 32, 37; S 4; US 29, 32, 45–47, 88

public H 12–18, 30, 33, 35–37 satisfaction AD 30, 41; CR 20, 34;

D 9–10; EN 42; S 8; SA 2–3, 5, 11, 14, 18–21, 23–24

seduction AD 44; US 10, 56 service of claim PIL 5–21, 46 refusal PIL 16–18, 20–21

single digit rule US 91, 94, 96–98, 105 slander see defamation

social

engeneering CR 25; H 6–7, 9, 22, 37

security CR 31, 81; E 8, 26–27, 32, 34

welfare CR 54; EA 19, 23, 26–27, 31, 46

split-recovery CR 8, 10; EN 77; US 49–51; PIL 11

standard of care EA 3–5; I 26–32, 36

Test

categories ~ AD 5; CR 17, 19; EN 2, 4–29, 44, 75, 122 cause of action ~ CR 19; EN 3,

30–43, 105, 122

‘if, but only if’ ~ EN 50–51, 69

trespass AD 8, 17; EN 9, 30; US 9–10, 42, 56

Unfair competition CR 42, 57; EA 15, 20, 44; EU 31, 33, 35, 41; F 19, 29, 32, 41; H 37; PIL 31

unjust enrichment CR 31, 52–53, 55, 58, 64–65, 68, 78–79, 84, 87, 91; D 2, 13, 21; E 6, 9, 12–14, 17–18, 23,

36, 39; EA 19, 31; EN 35, 116–117; EU 31, 35; F 41; H 8, 18, 23–24, 28–31; Insur 5; S 21

Vicarious liability EN 49, 64, 76, 103–111, 115; Insur 7; US 1 voluntary transfer EA 24–30, 55

Windfall CR 8, 52, 59–60, 64, 74, 91; EN 45, 76–77, 84, 94, 120; US 48, 50

wrongful

arrest see imprisonment, false ~ eviction EN 11, 16–18, 36, 55, 91,

101

wrongfulness see blameworthiness

Publications

Principles of European Tort Law

Volume 1: The Limits of Liability: Keeping the Floodgates Shut.

Edited by Jaap Spier.

Kluwer Law International, The Hague. Hardbound.

ISBN 90-411-0169-1. 1996, 162 pp.

Volume 2: The Limits of Expanding Liability. Eight Fundamental Cases in a Comparative Perspective.

Edited by Jaap Spier.

Kluwer Law International, The Hague. Hardbound.

ISBN 90-411-0581-6. 1998, 244 pp.

Volume 3: Unification of Tort Law: Wrongfulness.

Edited by Helmut Koziol. Kluwer Law International, The Hague. Hardbound.

ISBN 90-411-1019-4. 1998, 144 pp.

Volume 4: Unification of Tort Law: Causation.

Edited by Jaap Spier.

Kluwer Law International, The Hague. Hardbound.

ISBN 90-411-1325-8. 2000, 161 pp.

Volume 5: Unification of Tort Law: Damages.

Edited by Ulrich Magnus. Kluwer Law International, The Hague. Hardbound.

ISBN 90-411-1481-5. 2001, 225 pp.

Volume 6: Unification of Tort Law: Strict Liability.

Edited by Bernhard A. Koch and Helmut Koziol.

Kluwer Law International, The Hague. Hardbound.

ISBN 90-411-1705-9. 2002, 444 pp.

Volume 7: Unification of Tort Law: Liability for Damage Caused by Others.

Edited by Jaap Spier.

Kluwer Law International, The Hague. Hardbound.

ISBN 90-411-2185-4. 2003, 335 pp.

Volume 8: Unification of Tort Law: Contributory Negligence.

Edited by Ulrich Magnus and Miquel Martín-Casals. Kluwer Law International, The Hague. Hardbound.

ISBN 90-411-2220-6. 2004, 300 pp.

Volume 9: Unification of Tort Law: Multiple Tortfeasors.

Edited by W.V. Horton Rogers. Kluwer Law International, The Hague. Hardbound.

ISBN 90-411-2319-9. 2004, 313 pp.

Tort and Insurance Law

Volume 1: Cases on Medical Malpractice in a Comparative Perspective.

Edited by Michael Faure and Helmut Koziol.

Springer, Vienna/New York. Softcover. ISBN 3-211-83595-4. 2001, 331 pp.

Volume 2: Damages for NonPecuniary Loss in a Comparative Perspective.

Edited by W.V. Horton Rogers. Springer, Vienna/New York. Softcover. ISBN 3-211-83602-0. 2001, 318 pp.

Volume 3: The Impact of Social Security on Tort Law.

Edited by Ulrich Magnus. Springer, Vienna/New York. Softcover. ISBN 3-211-83795-7. 2003, 312 pp.

Volume 4: Compensation for Personal Injury in a Comparative Perspective.

Edited by Bernhard A. Koch and Helmut Koziol.

Springer, Vienna/New York. Softcover. ISBN 3-211-83791-4. 2003, 501 pp.

Volume 10: Unification of Tort Law: Fault.

Edited by Pierre Widmer. Kluwer Law International, The Hague. Hardbound.

ISBN 90-411-2098-X. 2005, 393 pp.

Volume 5: Deterrence, Insurability and Compensation in Environmental Liability. Future Developments in the European Union.

Edited by Michael Faure. Springer, Vienna/New York. Softcover. ISBN 3-211-83863-5. 2003, 405 pp.

Volume 6: Der Ersatz frustrierter Aufwendungen. Vermögensund Nichtvermögensschaden im österreichischen und deutschen Recht.

By Thomas Schobel. Springer, Vienna/New York.

Softcover. ISBN 3-211-83877-5. 2003, 342 pp.

Volume 7: Liability for and Insurability of Biomedical Research with Human Subjects in a Comparative Perspective.

Edited by Jos Dute, Michael G. Faure and Helmut Koziol. Springer, Vienna/New York. Softcover. ISBN 3-211-20098-3. 2004, 445 pp.

Volume 8: No-Fault Compensation in the Health Care Sector.

Edited by Jos Dute, Michael G. Faure, Helmut Koziol. Springer, Vienna/New York. Softcover. ISBN 3-211-20799-6. 2004, 492 pp.

Volume 9: Pure Economic Loss.

Edited by Willem H. van Boom, Helmut Koziol and Christian A. Witting.

Springer, Vienna/New York. Softcover. ISBN 3-211-00514-5. 2003, 214 pp.

Volume 10: Liber Amicorum Pierre Widmer.

Edited by Helmut Koziol and Jaap Spier.

Springer, Vienna/New York. Softcover. ISBN 3-211-00522-6. 2003, 376 pp.

Volume 11: Terrorism, Tort Law and Insurance. A Comparative Survey.

Edited by Bernhard A. Koch. Springer, Vienna/New York. Softcover. ISBN 3-211-01867-0. 2004, 313 pp.

Volume 12: Abschlussprüfer. Haftung und Versicherung.

Edited by Helmut Koziol and Walter Doralt.

Springer, Vienna/New York. Softcover. ISBN 3-211-20800-3. 2004, 180 pp.

Volume 13: Persönlichkeitsschutz gegenüber Massenmedien/The Protection of Personality Rights against Invasions by Mass Media.

Edited by Helmut Koziol and Alexander Warzilek. Springer, Vienna/New York.

Softcover. ISBN 3-211-23835-2. 2005, 713 pp.

Volume 14: Financial Compensation for Victims of Catastrophes.

Edited by Michael Faure and Ton Hartlief.

Springer, Vienna/New York. Softcover. ISBN 3-211-24481-6. 2006, 466 pp.

Volume 15: Entwurf eines neuen österreichischen Schadenersatzrechts.

Edited by Irmgard Griss, Georg Kathrein and Helmut Koziol. Springer, Vienna/New York. Softcover. ISBN 3-211-30827-X. 2006, 146 pp.

Volume 16: Tort Law and Liability Insurance.

Edited by Gerhard Wagner. Springer, Vienna/New York. Softcover. ISBN 3-211-24482-4. 2005, 361 pp.

Volume 17: Children in Tort Law. Part I: Children as Tortfeasors.

Edited by Miquel Martín-Casals. Springer, Vienna/New York. Softcover. ISBN 3-211-24480-8. 2006, 476 pp.

Volume 18: Children in Tort Law. Part II: Children as Victims.

Edited by Miquel Martín-Casals. Springer, Vienna/New York. Softcover. ISBN 3-211-31130-0. 2007, 320 pp.

Volume 20: Shifts in Compensating Work-Related Injuries and Diseases.

Edited by Saskia Klosse and Ton Hartlief.

Springer, Vienna/New York. Hardcover. ISBN 978-3-211-71555- 0. 2007, 236 pp.

Volume 21: Shifts in Compensation for Environmental Damage.

Edited by Michael Faure and Albert Verheij.

Springer, Vienna/New York. Hardcover. ISBN 978-3-211-71551- 2. 2007, 338 pp.

Volume 22: Shifts in Compensation between Private and Public Systems.

Edited by Willem H. van Boom and Michael Faure.

Springer, Vienna/New York. Hardcover. ISBN 978-3-211-71553- 6. 2007, 246 pp.

Volume 23: Tort Law of the European Community.

Edited by Helmut Koziol and Reiner Schulze.

Springer, Vienna/New York. Hardcover. ISBN 978-3-211-77585- 1. 2008, 693 pp.

European Tort Law Yearbook

European Tort Law 2001.

Edited by Helmut Koziol and Barbara C. Steininger. Springer, Vienna/New York. Softcover. ISBN 3-211-83824-4. 2002, 571 pp.

European Tort Law 2002.

Edited by Helmut Koziol and Barbara C. Steininger. Springer, Vienna/New York. Softcover. ISBN 3-211-00486-6. 2003, 596 pp.

European Tort Law 2003.

Edited by Helmut Koziol and Barbara C. Steininger. Springer, Vienna/New York. Softcover. ISBN 3-211-21033-4. 2004, 493 pp.

Volume 24: Economic Loss Caused by Genetically Modified Organisms.

Edited by Bernhard A. Koch. Springer, Vienna/New York. Hardcover. ISBN 978-3-211-77987- 3. 2008, 747 pp.

Volume 26: Aggregation and Divisibility of Damage.

Edited by Ken Oliphant. Springer, Vienna/New York. Hardcover. ISBN 978-3-211- 92208-8. 2009, approx. 600 pp. forthcoming

European Tort Law 2004.

Edited by Helmut Koziol and Barbara C. Steininger. Springer, Vienna/New York. Softcover. ISBN 3-211-24479-4. 2005, 674 pp.

European Tort Law 2005.

Edited by Helmut Koziol and Barbara C. Steininger. Springer, Vienna/New York. Softcover. ISBN 3-211-31135-1. 2006, 711 pp.

European Tort Law 2006.

Edited by Helmut Koziol and Barbara C. Steininger. Springer, Vienna/New York.

Hardcover. ISBN 978-3-211-70937- 5. 2008, 576 pp.