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Jan Sramek Verlag KG ©			Table of Contents
	A. The deterrent function in general ..............................................................			78
	B. The notion of continuation of a right
	( Rechtsfortsetzungsgedanke ) ......................................................................			80
III.	Penalty function .....................................................................................................			83
IV.	Economic optimisation ? .....................................................................................			84
Chapter 4
The area between tort and breach of an obligation
I.	Tort, breach of contract and the interim area ...............................................			93
II.	Groups of cases in the interim area ..................................................................			97
III.	The problem of concurrent claims ...................................................................			102
	A. Concurrent claims, concurrent bases for claims or uniform
	basis of claims ..................................................................................................			102
	B. Individual questions .......................................................................................			104
Chapter 5
The basic criteria for a compensation claim
I.	Damage ......................................................................................................................			109
	A. Introduction ......................................................................................................			109
	B. Recoverable damage .......................................................................................			110
	C. Natural, legal or economic definition of damage ? ...............................			112
	D. Pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage .....................................................			112
	1.	In general .....................................................................................................		112
	2. The special nature of non-pecuniary damage ..................................			113
	3. Non-pecuniary harm to legal entities .................................................			117
	4. Problems when it comes to distinguishing between
		pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage ...............................................		118
	E. Real and calculable damage .........................................................................			123
	F. Positive damage and loss of profits ...........................................................			125
	G. Damage in the case of unwanted birth ? ..................................................			125
	1.	The various approaches ..........................................................................		125
	2.	The methodological justification ........................................................		127
	3. Compensation of non-pecuniary damage due to
		frustration of family planning ? .............................................................		131
II.	Causation ..................................................................................................................			132
	A. The normative imprint of the notion of causation within tort law ...			132
	B. Cause as a necessary condition ..................................................................			133
Helmut Koziol		Basic Questions of Tort Law from a Germanic Perspective


XII	Helmut Koziol			Basic Questions of Tort Law from a Germanic Perspective
		C. Causation through someone’s sphere ......................................................			135
		D. Omissions as cause .........................................................................................			136
		E. Exceptions from the requirement of causation ? ...................................			138
		F.	The attenuation of the causation requirement ......................................		139
			1. Liability of several tortfeasors ................................................................		139
			2. Alternative causation ...............................................................................		140
			a. The problem .........................................................................................		140
			b. Joint and several liability under Austrian
			and German law ..................................................................................		141
			c. Freedom from liability under Swiss law ......................................		145
			d. The partial liability solution of the
			European Group on Tort Law ..........................................................		145
			e. Event which would trigger liability and » coincidence «
			as competing causes ..........................................................................		146
			f. Excursus: the doctrine of loss of a chance as the better
			means to a solution ? ..........................................................................		152
			g. Alternative perpetrators and alternative victims ......................		159
			3. Cumulative causation ...............................................................................		162
			4. Superseding causation ............................................................................		163
	III.	Summary ...................................................................................................................			168
	Chapter 6
	The elements of liability
	I.	Wrongfulness ...........................................................................................................			171
		A. Introduction ......................................................................................................			171
		B. The different concepts of wrongfulness ..................................................			172
		C. The search for a comprehensive concept ................................................			174
		D. Delimitation of protected interest .............................................................			177
		E.	Protection against insignificant infringements ? ..................................		179
			1. Recognition today of the de minimis rule .........................................		179
			2. Reasons for a de minimis threshold ...................................................		181
			3. A general de minimis threshold for
			non-pecuniary damage ? ..........................................................................		183
			4. A general de minimis threshold for pecuniary damage ? .............		184
			5. The dogmatic status of significance thresholds .............................		187
		F.	The objective conduct standards ...............................................................		188
			1. Establishing the required standard of conduct ...............................		188
			2. The general significance of breach of duties of care
			in relation to liability for misconduct .................................................		189
¶	Jan Sramek Verlag KG ©			Table of Contents

Jan Sramek Verlag KG ©				Table of Contents		XIII
	G. Special aspects of the wrongfulness of omissions ................................				191
	H. Protection of pure economic interests .....................................................				193
		1.	Introduction ................................................................................................		193
		2.	Reasons for limiting protection ............................................................		194
		3.	Examples for the recognition of duties of care ................................		195
		4.	The 10 commandments of liability for economic loss ..................		198
II.	Fault		............................................................................................................................		200
	A. Concept, ........................................................prerequisites and meaning				200
		1. .........................................................................................................	Concept		200
		2. ...............................................................................................	Prerequisites		200
		3. .........................................................................	Reference point for fault		201
		4. .........................................................................................Meaning of fault			202
	B.	Subjective ..........................................or objective assessment of fault ?			202
		1. .............................................	The principle of subjective assessment		202
		2. .........................................	Objective standard for breach of contract		205
		3. ..............................................................	Objective standard for experts		207
		4. ....................	Objective standard when dangerous things are used		208
		5. ..................................................................................................	Conclusion		208
		6. ...............................................................	Wrongfulness and negligence		208
III. Other defects in the damaging party’s own sphere .....................................					210
	A. Misconduct ..................................................................................of persons				210
		1. ................................................................................................	Introduction		210
		2. .................................................................	Auxiliaries’ personal liability		212
		3. .................	Liability for performance agents ( Erfüllungsgehilfen )		213
		4. ......................	Liability for vicarious agents ( Besorgungsgehilfen )		219
		5. ...............................................................	Directors and officers liability		224
	B. Defective ...............................................................................................things				226
	C. Technical ....................................................equipment replacing people				228
IV.	Dangerousness ........................................................................................................				230
	A. Introduction ......................................................................................................				230
	B. An ....................................................................informative look at Europe				233
	C. Dangerousness ..................................................as a ground for liability				234
	D. Defences .............................................................................................................				235
	E. The ............................regulation of liability based on dangerousness				236
		1. ..................................................................	Introductory considerations		236
		2. ..................................................................	Approaches to general rules		237
V.	Permitted .........................................................................................interference				238
	A. Liability ......................................in the case of permitted interference				238
	B. Difference between liability based on dangerousness
		and ...................................................liability for permitted interference			238
VI.	Economic ............................................................capacity to bear the burden				239

Helmut Koziol

Basic Questions of Tort Law from a Germanic Perspective


XIV	Helmut Koziol			Basic Questions of Tort Law from a Germanic Perspective
	VII.	Realisation of profit ...............................................................................................			240
		A.	The abstract possibility of realising profit ..............................................		240
		B. Concrete gain of an advantage ....................................................................			242
	VIII. Insurability and having insurance cover ........................................................				243
		A.	Feasibility of insurance .................................................................................		243
		B. Actual insurance cover ..................................................................................			244
	IX.	The notion of a risk community ........................................................................			246
	X.	The interplay of liability criteria ........................................................................			247
		A. In general		...........................................................................................................	247
		B. The interplay of misconduct and dangerousness .................................			249
		C. Enterprise liability ..........................................................................................			251
			1. International trends .................................................................................		251
			2. The decisive grounds for making liability stricter ..........................		252
		D. The example of product liability ................................................................			255
	XI.	Contributory responsibility of the victim ......................................................			256
		A. Introduction ......................................................................................................			256
		B. The equal treatment theory ( Gleichbehandlungsthese ) .....................			257
		C. The theory of differentiation ( Differenzierungsthese ) ........................			259
		D. A mediatory approach ....................................................................................			260
		E. Liabilty for auxiliaries’ conduct in particular .........................................			265
	Chapter 7
	Limitations of liability
	I.	The basic problem of excessive liability .........................................................			269
	II.	Interruption of the causal link ? ........................................................................			271
	III.	Adequacy ...................................................................................................................			272
	IV.	The protective purpose of the rule ...................................................................			276
		A. The theory of protective purpose in general ...........................................			276
		B. The special problem of lawful alternative conduct ..............................			279
	V.	Intervening wilful act by a third party .............................................................			286
	VI.	Limits of liability ....................................................................................................			289
	Chapter 8
	The compensation of the damage
	I.	Extent of compensation .......................................................................................			293
		A. Comprehensive compensation as a basic principle ? ...........................			293
		B. The objective value as minimum compensation ..................................			296
¶	Jan Sramek Verlag KG ©				Table of Contents

Jan Sramek Verlag KG ©		Table of Contents
II.	Types of compensation ........................................................................................		297
	A. Restitution in kind ..........................................................................................		297
	B. Damages .............................................................................................................		299
III.	Periodic or lump sum ...........................................................................................		300
IV.	Reduction of the duty to compensate ..............................................................		303
Chapter 9
Prescription of compensation claims
I.	The basic principles of the law on prescription ...........................................		307
	A. The basic problem regarding the concept of prescription .................		307
	B. Protection against unfounded claims .......................................................		308
	C. Protection against unexpected suits .........................................................		309
	D. Protection of uninvolved parties against being burdened .................		310
	E. The notion of laches .......................................................................................		311
II.	The present legal position and two problematic issues ............................		312
	A. The prescription period ................................................................................		312
	1. Austrian law .................................................................................................		312
	2. German law ..................................................................................................		314
	3. Swiss law .......................................................................................................		314
	B. Commencement of the prescription period ...........................................		315
	1. Austrian law .................................................................................................		315
	2. German law ..................................................................................................		316
	3. Swiss law .......................................................................................................		316

III.Attempt to find rules on prescription that are consistent

with the system and value judgements ...........................................................	317
A. Commencement of the long prescription period .................................	317
B. The length of the long prescription period ............................................	319
C. Approaches to regulation ..............................................................................	320

Chapter 10
Appendices
Overview .......................................................................................................................	323

Draft proposal submitted by the working group set up by the Federal Ministry of Justice for a new Austrian

law of damages ...........................................................................................................		325
I.	General Part ..........................................................................................................	327
II.	Particular Part ......................................................................................................	337
Helmut Koziol		Basic Questions of Tort Law from a Germanic Perspective

XVI Helmut Koziol		Basic Questions of Tort Law from a Germanic Perspective

Principles of European Tort Law
	TITLE	I.	Basic Norm ..........................................................................................	345
	TITLE	II.	General Conditions of Liability ....................................................	345
	TITLE	III.	Bases of Liability ................................................................................	348
	TITLE	IV.	Defences ...............................................................................................	350
	TITLE	V.	Multiple Tortfeasors .........................................................................	351
	TITLE	VI.	Remedies ..............................................................................................	353
	Literature ......................................................................................................................			357
	Glossary ........................................................................................................................			363
	Index	..............................................................................................................................		365
	About ........................................................................................................the author			379
Publisher’s ................................................................................................................note				381

Table of Contents

XVII

List of Abbrevations

ABGB	Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch JGS 1811 / 946 ( Austrian
	Civil Code )
Abs	Absatz ( paragraph )
AC	Appeal Cases
AcP	Archiv für die civilistische Praxis
AfP	( German ) Zeitschrift für Medienund Kommunikationsrecht
AJP	Zeitschrift für die Aktuelle Juristische Praxis
AktG	Aktiengesetz BGBl 1965 / 98 ( Austrian Stock Corporation Act )
Anh	Anhang ( Annex )
Anm	Anmerkung ( Comment )
Ariz L Rev	Arizona Law Review
Art	Article
AtomHG	Atomhaftungsgesetz ( German Atomic Liability Act )
BAG	Bundesarbeitsgericht ( German Federal Labour Court )
BAGE	Entscheidungen des Bundesarbeitsgericht ( Decisions of
	the German Federal Labour Court )
BergG	Berggesetz BGBl 1975 / 259 ( Austrian Mining Act )
BGB	Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch ( German Civil Code )
BGBl	Bundesgesetzblatt für die Republik Österreich ( Austrian
	Federal Law Gazette )
BGE	Entscheidungen des Schweizerischen Bundesgerichts
	( Decisions of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court )
BGH	Bundesgerichtshof ( German Federal Court of Justice )
BGHSt	Entscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshofs in Strafsachen
	( Decisions of the German Federal Court of Justice in criminal
	matters )
BGHZ	Entscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshofs in Zivilsachen
	( Decisions of the Federal Court of Justice in civil matters )
BImSchG	Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetz ( Federal Pollution Control
	Act )
BlgNR	Beilage ( n ) zu den stenographischen Protokollen des
	Nationalrats
Helmut Koziol	Basic Questions of Tort Law from a Germanic Perspective

XVIII

Helmut Koziol	Basic Questions of Tort Law from a Germanic Perspective
BSK	Basler Kommentar zum schweizerischen Privatrecht
BVG	Bundesversorgungsgesetz ( German Federal Victims Relief Act )
BW	Burgerlijk Wetboek ( Dutch Civil Code )
BWG	Bankwesengesetz BGBl 1993 / 532 ( Austrian Banking Act )
Cal L Rev	California Law Review
Cass	Corte Suprema di Cassazione ( Italian Supreme Court of
	Cassation )
Cass ass plén	Cour de Cassation, Assemblée Plénière ( French Court of
	Cassation, Plenary Court )
Cass civ	Cour de Cassation, chambre civile ( French Court of
	Cassation, Civil Division )
Cass com	Cour de Cassation, Chambre commerciale, financière
	et économique ( French Court of Cassation, Commerical
	Division )
cf	confer, compare
Cir	Circuit Court of Appeal
CMR	Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of
	Goods by Road
COM	Documents of the Commission of the European Union
d	German ( in front of another abbreviation )
D	Recueil Dalloz
DCFR	Draft Common Frame of Reference
DHG	Dienstnehmerhaftpflichtgesetz BGBl 1965 / 80 ( Austrian
	Employee Liability Act )
DJT	Deutscher Juristentag
EC	European Community
ECG	E-Commerce-Gesetz
ECHR	European Convention on Human Rights
ecolex	Fachzeitschrift für Wirtschaftsrecht
ECR	European Court Reports
ECtHR	European Court of Human Rights
ECU	European Currency Unit
Ed ( s )	Editor ( s )
EEC	European Economic Community
eg	exempli gratia ( for example )
EGBGB	Einführungsgesetz zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch
	( Introductory Act to the German Civil Code )
EGTL	European Group on Tort Law
Jan Sramek Verlag KG ©	List of Abbrevations

Jan Sramek Verlag KG ©		List of Abbrevations
EKHG	Eisenbahnund Kraftfahrzeughaftpflichtgesetz BGBl 1959 / 48
	( Austrian Act on Liability for Railways and Motor Vehicles )
ERPL	European Review of Private Law
et al	et alii ( and others )
EuGRZ	Europäische Grundrechte – Zeitschrift
EvBl	Evidenzblatt ( joined with the ÖJZ since 1946 )
F	Federal Reporter
f, ff	Following page, following pages
FBG	Firmenbuchgesetz BGBl 1991 / 10 ( Austrian Commercial
	Register Act )
FN	Footnote
ForstG	Forstgesetz BGBl 1975 / 440 ( Austrian Forest Act )
FS	Festschrift ( Commemorative publication )
Ga L Rev	Georgia Law Review
GedS	Gedenkschrift ( Commemorative publication )
GI	Giurisprudenza
GlUNF	Collection of civil law decisions of the Imperial Royal
	Austrian Supreme Court, new series; started by Glaser and
	Unger, continued by Pfaff, Schey, Krupsky, Schrutka von
	Rechtenstamm and Stephan ( 1898 to 1915 )
GmbH	Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung ( Private limited
	company )
GmbHG	Gesetz über Gesellschaften mit beschränkter Haftung RGBl
	1906 / 58 ( Austrian Private Limited Company Act )
GMG	Gebrauchsmustergesetz BGBl 1994 / 211 ( Austrian Model Utility
	Act )
GOG	Gerichtsorganisationsgesetz RGBl 1896 / 217 ( Austrian Act on
	Court Organisation )
GP	Gesetzgebungsperiode
GRUR	Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz und Urheberrecht
GRUR Int	Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz und Urheberrecht,
	Internationaler Teil
GUG	Grundbuchumstellungsgesetz BGBl 1947 / 22 ( Austrian Act
	concerning the Reorganisation of the Land Registry )
GWB	Gesetz gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen ( German Act
	against Restraints on Competition )
Harv L Rev	Harvard Law Review
HAVE	Haftung und Versicherung
Helmut Koziol	Basic Questions of Tort Law from a Germanic Perspective

XIX

XX	Helmut Koziol	Basic Questions of Tort Law from a Germanic Perspective
	HGB	Handelsgesetzbuch ( German Commercial Code )
	HKK	Historisch-kritischer Kommentar
	HpflG	Haftpflichtgesetz ( German Liability Act )
	ie	id est ( that is )
	immolex	Neues Mietund Wohnrecht
	InsO	Insolvenzordnung ( Germany Insolvency Code )
	Int Insur Law Rev	International Insurance Law Review
	Int’l Rev L & Econ	International Review of Law and Economics
	IO	Insolvenzordnung ( Austrian Insolveny Code )
	IPR	Private International Law
	IT	Information technology
	JAP	Juristische Ausbildung und Praxisvorbereitung
	Jb	Jahrbuch ( Yearbook )
	JBl	Juristische Blätter
	JETL	Journal of European Tort Law
	JherJB	Jehrings Jahrbücher für Dogmatik des bürgerlichen Rechts
	J Legal Stud	Journal of Legal Studies
	JuS	Juristische Schulung
	JZ	( German ) Juristenzeitung
	KartellG	Kartellgesetz BGBl 1972 / 460 ( Austrian Antitrust Act )
	KBB	Koziol / Bydlinski / Bollenberger, Kurzkommentar zum ABGB
	KG	Kommanditgesellschaft ( Limited partnership )
	KMG	Kapitalmarktgesetz
	KO	Konkursordnung RGBl 1914 / 337 ( Austrian Bankruptcy Code )
	KSchG	Konsumentenschutzgesetz BGBl 1979 / 140 ( Austrian
		Consumer Protection Act )
	lit	litera ( letter, item )
	LuftVG	Luftverkehrsgesetz RGBl 1936 I 653 ( Austrian Air Traffic Act )
	MarkSchG	Markenschutzgesetz BGBl 1970 / 260 ( Austrian Trademark
		Act )
	MDR	Monatsschrift für Deutsches Recht
	MedG	Mediengesetz BGBl 1981 / 314 ( Austrian Media Act )
	MedienG	Mediengesetz ( German )
	MJ	Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law
	MR	Medien und Recht
	MRG	Mietrechtsgesetz
¶	Jan Sramek Verlag KG ©	List of Abbrevations

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