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Security Rights in Movable Property in

European Private Law

For every transnational lawyer, it is vital to know the differences between national secured transactions laws. Since the applicable law is determined by the place where the collateral is situated, it may change when movables are brought from one state to another. Introductory essays from comparative lawyers set the scene. The book then presents a survey of the law relating to secured transactions in the member states of the European Union. Following the Common Core approach, the national reports are centred around fifteen hypothetical cases dealing with the most important issues of secured transactions law, such as the creation of security rights in different business situations, the relationship between debtor and secured creditor, the nature of the creditor’s rights and their enforcement as against third parties. Each case is followed by a comparative summary. A general report evaluates the possibilities of European harmonisation in the field of secured transactions law.

e v a - m a r i a k i e n i n g e r is Professor of German and European Private Law and Private International Law at the University of Würzburg, Germany.

c o n t r i b u t o r s

Steven Bartels, Michael Bridge, Albina Candian, K. Christodoulou, Fr´ed´erique Dahan, Eric Dirix, Georg Graf, Michele Graziadei, George L. Gretton, Torgny Håstad, Jona Israël, Leena Kartio, Eva-Maria Kieninger, Luís Menezes Leit˜ao, Gerard McCormack, Cornelius G. van der Merwe, Hans Viggo Godsk Pedersen, Elisabeth Poulou, Josep Santdiumenge, Harry C. Sigman, John Simpson, Jan Smits, Matthias E. Storme, Jarmo Tuomisto, Willem Zwalve.

The Common Core of European Private Law

General Editors

Mauro Bussani, University of Trieste

Ugo Mattei, University of Turin and University of California, Hastings

College of Law

Honorary Editor

Rodolfo Sacco, University of Turin

Late Honorary Editor

Rudolf B. Schlesinger, Cornell University and University of California, Hastings College of Law

Editorial Board

James Gordley, Cecil Turner Professor of Law, University of California, Berkeley; Editor in Chief of the American Journal of Comparative Law Antonio Gambaro, Professor of Law, University of Milano; President of the Italian Society of Comparative Law

Franz Werro, University of Freiburg and Georgetown University Law Center

Rodolfo Sacco, President of the International Association of Legal Science (UNESCO)

For the transnational lawyer the present European situation is equivalent to that of a traveller compelled to cross legal Europe using a number of different local maps. To assist lawyers in the journey beyond their own locality The Common Core of European Private Law Project was launched in 1993 at the University of Trento under the auspices of the late Professor Rudolf B. Schlesinger. This is its fourth completed book.

The aim of this collective scholarly enterprise is to unearth what is already common to the legal systems of European Union member states. Case studies widely circulated and discussed between lawyers of different traditions are employed to draw at least the main lines of a reliable map of the law of Europe.

Books in the Series

Mistake, Fraud and Duties to Inform in European Contract Law

Edited by Ruth Sefton-Green 0 521 84423 1 Hardback

Security Rights in Movable Property in European Private Law

Edited by Eva-Maria Kieninger 0 521 83967 X Hardback

Pure Economic Loss in Europe

Edited by Mauro Bussani and Vernon Valentine Palmer 0 521 82464 8 Hardback

The Enforceability of Promises in European Contract Law

Edited by James Gordley 0 521 79021 2 Hardback

Good Faith in European Contract Law

Edited by Reinhard Zimmermann and Simon Whittaker 0 521 77190 0 Hardback

Security Rights in Movable Property

in European Private Law

Edited by

Eva-Maria Kieninger

With the assistance of

Michele Graziadei

George L. Gretton

Cornelius G. van der Merwe

Matthias E. Storme

cambridge university press

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo

Cambridge University Press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org

Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521839679

© Cambridge University Press 2004

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published in print format 2004

isbn-13 978-0-511-21679-4 eBook (NetLibrary) isbn-10 0-511-21679-3 eBook (NetLibrary)

isbn-13 978-0-521-83967-9 hardback isbn-10 0-521-83967-x hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Contents

General editors’ preface

page xi

Preface

xiii

List of contributors

xv

Table of cases cited by name

xvii

Table of legislation

xxii

Part I Introduction and context

 

List of abbreviations

3

1 Introduction: security rights in movable property within

the common market and the approach of the study

6

e v a - m a r i a k i e n i n g e r

2

A labyrinth of creditors: a short introduction to the

 

 

history of security interests in goods

38

 

w i l l e m j . z w a l v e

 

3

Security in movables in the United States -- Uniform

 

 

Commercial Code Article 9: a basis for comparison

54

 

h a r r y c . s i g m a n

 

4

The English law of security: creditor-friendly but

 

 

unreformed

81

m i c h a e l b r i d g e

5The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development’s Secured Transactions Project: a model law and ten core

principles for a modern secured transactions law in

countries of Central and Eastern Europe (and elsewhere!) 98 f r é d é r i q u e d a h a n a n d j o h n s i m p s o n

vii

viii

c o n t e n t s

 

Part II The case studies

 

 

List of abbreviations

117

 

Bibliographies

128

 

Glossary

150

 

Case 1: Furniture for a new office

171

 

Transfer of ownership -- general effects of insolvency on

 

 

property -- statutory rights of unpaid seller -- resolutive

 

 

clause -- goods in transit

 

 

Discussions

171

 

Comparative observations

222

 

Case 2: The deceived seller

230

 

Transfer of property -- effect of fraud -- effects of execution

 

 

on property law questions

 

 

Discussions

230

 

Comparative observations

243

 

Case 3: Machinery supplied to be used by the buyer

246

 

Simple retention of title

 

 

Discussions

246

 

Comparative observations

282

 

Case 4: Jackets for resale

287

 

Simple retention of title -- entitlement to resell

 

 

Discussions

287

 

Comparative observations

298

 

Case 5: Motor cars supplied and resold (I)

301

 

Protection of bona fide purchaser -- retention of title and

 

 

resale -- consignment -- special legislation

 

 

Discussions

302

 

Comparative observations

343

 

Case 6: Motor cars supplied and resold (II)

351

 

Retention of title and resale -- claim arising out of sub-sale

 

 

still existing

 

 

Discussions

351

 

Comparative observations

362

 

Case 7: Supply of material to manufacturer (I)

365

 

Retention of title and products clause -- property effects of

 

 

manufacturing

 

c o n t e n t s

ix

Discussions

366

Comparative observations

394

Case 8: Supply of material to manufacturer (II)

398

Retention of title -- sale of manufactured products --

 

combined products and proceeds clause

 

Discussions

398

Comparative observations

414

Case 9: Too many toasters

417

All-monies/sums clause -- effects of commingling on

 

retention of title

 

Discussions

418

Comparative observations

434

Case 10: Bank loan on the basis of a car fleet

438

Security ownership -- sale and lease-back -- other

 

non-possessory security rights in individualised movables

 

Discussions

438

Comparative observations

473

Case 11: Bank loan for a wholesaler

480

Security right in revolving stock-in-trade -- security

 

ownership -- enterprise charge -- actio Pauliana

 

Discussions

481

Comparative observations

525

Case 12: Bank loan on the basis of money claims (I)

531

Security assignment of claims in respect of an identified

 

debtor -- distinction between present and future claims --

 

dependence of the secured creditor’s rights on

 

communication of the security right to the debitor cessus

 

Discussions

532

Comparative observations

568

Case 13: Bank loan on the basis of money claims (II)

573

Security right to a claim against a debtor whose identity

 

is unknown at the time the security right is created --

 

rights of the secured party in execution

 

Discussions

574

Comparative observations

592

x

c o n t e n t s

 

 

Case 14: Finance leasing of computers

595

 

Finance leasing -- lessor’s and lessee’s rights in insolvency

 

 

of the other partner -- effects of purchase option

 

 

Discussions

595

 

Comparative observations

619

 

Case 15: Indebted businessman sells business to brother

623

 

Liability of purchaser of a business for pre-existing

 

 

debts -- actio Pauliana

 

 

Discussions

623

 

Comparative observations

644

 

Evaluation: a common core? Convergences, subsisting

 

 

differences and possible ways for harmonisation

647

 

e v a - m a r i a k i e n i n g e r

 

 

Index by country

674

 

Index by subject

738