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учебный год 2023 / Drobnig, Principles of European Law of Personal Security

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Annexes
– reimbursement from incapable
debtor				318
– subrogation		312, 313, 317, 376
Letters of credit
– and security		323-324,328-329
lex mercatoria and international
conventions			131-132
stand-by – as independent
security	Art. 1:102 (1) (b); 125, 132,
		195, 323-324
stand-by and pure		125, 132, 323-324
Luxembourg
co-debtorship for security purposes
– initial–, effects				159
– initial–, terminology				152
– initial–, solidary or separate liability				153
– subsequent cumulative assumption
of debt				154
– idem, terminology				153
consumer, functional scope				118
– personal scope				118
consumer security provider: creditor’s
precontracual duty of information
– error			404, 410
– sanctions				411
consumer security provider:
form of contract		419, 420, 422
– co-debtorship for security purposes				423
– comfort letter, binding				423
creation of security
– express acceptance			140, 141
– time of –				143
creditor: information duties
– debtor’s default				255
– exception to duty of information				258
creditor’s liability
– delayed collection of secured claim				283
– general (damages or discharge)				281
– proprietary security rights			284-285
debtor and security provider:
plurality of debtors				194
dependent security
– coverage	231, 232, 233-234, 235, 236
– defences	218, 219, 221, 222, 224
– dependency	103, 205, 207, 208, 210-211
– solidary liability		239-240, 245

– subsidiary liability		244, 246,
	247, 248, 249
– time limit		274
dependent security provider
– obligations before performance		297, 298,
		299, 300
– relief	289, 291, 292, 293
global security
– requirement to be determinable		114
– terminology		113
independent security
– causa		105
– on first demand		343
– terminology		104, 319
insurance contracts
– credit insurance		132
– guarantee insurance		126
interpretation
– contra proferentem rule		145-146
– strict – of security		145
plurality of security providers:
internal recourse
– equal treatment of different
security providers		179
– general principles		176, 177
– proportionate to maximum risk		181
plurality of security providers:
liability towards creditor
– beneficium divisionis		167
– solidary liability		167
proprietary security, terminology		122
secured obligation, porte-fort		125
security provider: definition		109
security provider: rights after performance
– debtor’s exceptions		314
– part performance		316
– reimbursement	308, 310, 311
– subrogation	312, 313, 317
Netherlands
aval		134
co-debtorship for security purposes
– broad concept of co-debtorship		112
– criteria for security purpose		157
– initial –, solidary liability		152
– initial –, terminology		152

558

– rules on – applicable to personal
security		161, 193
– subsequent cumulative
assumption of debt		153-154
comfort letter, qualification			130
consumer, person decisive			120
– personal scope limited to natural
persons			117
– statutory definition			116
consumer protection
– dependent personal securities			385
– not applicable: security provider’s
relationship to debtor			389
– specific protective rules			380
consumer security provider:
applicable rules			385
– deviation to disadvantage of
consumers			394
– idem: of consumer security provider			394
– sanctions			397
consumer security provider: creditor’s
precontracual duty of information
– error	404, 409, 410-411
– general principles of law			404
– sanctions			411
consumer security provider: doorstep
transaction
– debtor			415
– Directive on doorstep transactions			413
consumer security provider:
form of contract	419-420, 422
consumer security provider:
nature of liability
– independent securities			427
– limitation of security			426
– subsidiary liability, mandatory rule			426
consumer security provider: time limit
– limitation of securities by security
provider: specific rules			436
creation of security
– acceptance by creditor’s reliance			141
– express acceptance			140
– time of –			143
creditor: information duties
– debtor’s default			254
– general		252-253
creditor’s liability

			Index
– general (damages or discharge)			281
– proprietary security rights			284-285
– release of co-providers of security			284
dependent security
– coverage		234, 235, 236
– defences		218, 219, 220, 221,
		222, 223, 224, 226, 227
– dependency	102, 103, 198, 204, 205,
206, 207, 208, 209-210, 211
– solidary liability			239
– subsidiary liability		244, 245-245
– time limit		267, 274, 277-278

dependent security provider

– obligations before performance 297, 298,

	299, 300
– relief		289
global security
– requirement to be determinable		114
independent security
– defences	338-339,343
– demand for performance	334, 335
– on first demand	326-327,342
– independency		105
– national law	320-321
– qualification	326-327
– terminology	104, 319
– transfer	368, 369, 371
independent security provider
– obligations before performance		337
– right to reclaim	356, 357, 358
insurance contracts
– credit insurance		132
– guarantee insurance		126
interpretation
– contra proferentem rule		147
– gratuitously assumed securities		147
– strict – of security		146
letters of credit and security	328-329
– stand-by – as independent security		132
mandatory rules		137
personal security, contractual nature		136
– dependent security as general rule		128
– terminology		101
plurality of security providers: internal
recourse
– equal treatment of different security
providers		179

559

Annexes
– general principles			176, 177
– measure of internal liability				181
– part payment			177-178
– subject to agreement				176
plurality of security providers:
liability towards creditor
– beneficium divisionis				168
– ranking of claims				169
– solidary liability				167
security provider
– spouses as – for third persons’ debts				111
security provider: rights after performance
– debtor’s exceptions				314
– exclusion of claims				315
– reimbursement		308, 310-311, 374
– subrogation		312, 313, 375
Personal security
approval required			80-81
contractual nature				80
creation, see Creation of security
definition		79, 88, 101-102
distinction from proprietary
security			79, 88, 123
economic purpose			79-80
general rules of contract law applicable				84
historical development				88
interpretation, see Interpretation
performance and non-performance				85
plurality of security providers				85
rules on dependent security as
general law of –			80, 128
security provider’s
subrogation to –		305, 317, 373, 376
terminology			81, 88, 101
types	Art. 1:102 (1); 80, 81, 88, 101
typical and atypical		80, 101, 128-132
validity, see Validity
see also Dependent personal security;
Independent personal security
Plurality of debtors
debtor and security
provider		190, 191-192, 194
defences in solidary obligations			191, 193
judgment in solidary
obligations			191, 192-193

merger of debts in solidary
obligations	191, 192
performance or set-off in solidary
obligations	191, 192
plurality of debtors	190
plurality of security providers	190-191, 193

prescription in solidary obligations 191, 193

release or settlement in solidary
obligations		191, 192
see also Co-debtorship for security
purposes; Plurality of security
providers: internal recourse;
Principles of European Contract
Law, plurality of debtors
Plurality of security providers:
internal recourse		Art. 1:108
equal treatment		178-180
general principles in
member states	176, 177, 193
internal recourse in restricted
cases only		180
internal shares of security providers
– excluded cases	Art. 1:108 (3); 175
– liability per capita		181
– limitation of maximum risk		Art. 1:108
		(2) (d); 174
– maximum risk for personal
security	Art. 1:108 (2) (b); 173
– maximum risk for proprietary
security	Art. 1:108 (2) (c); 173
– proportionate to maximum

risk Art. 1:108 (2) (a) sent. 1; 172, 181

– securities for unlimited credit Art. 1:108

(2) (e), 174-175

– subject to agreement	172, 176, 180
– time relevant for calculation	Art. 1:108
(2) (a) sent. 2; 172
part payment	177-178
privilege for providers of dependent
security		179
proprietary security by debtor	175, 176
recourse governed by PECL	Art. 1:108
(1); 85, 171, 191
separate liability for internal recourse		182
Plurality of security providers:
liability towards creditor	Art. 1:107
beneficium divisionis	166, 167-168

560

							Index
general			163	– commercial practice			129
providers of personal and				– qualification			130
proprietary security	Art. 1:107 (2); 164			consumer, functional scope			119
– ranking of claims			169-170	– personal scope including legal
– solidary or subsidiary				entities			118
liability		164, 168-169		consumer protection
separate liability			163, 165	– application of general rules			388
solidary liability		Art. 1:107 (1)		– dependent personal securities		385-386
– co-debtors for security purpose			168	consumer security provider:
– independently assumed				applicable rules		385-386
securities	Art. 1:107 (1) sent. 2;			– abusive clauses			394
		163, 166, 167		– deviation in favour of consumer
– presumptions for solidary liability			167	security provider			398
– securities for same obligation				– deviation to disadvantage
or security purpose			163	of consumer			394
– subject to agreement			165	– sanctions			397
– subsidiary liability, effect		164, 169-170		– waiver of rights by consumer			396
Plurality of security providers:				consumer security provider:
recourse against debtor		Art. 1:109		doorstep transaction
benefits recovered by other security				– creditor			415
providers	Art. 1:109 (2) sent. 1;			– debtor			415
			186, 188	– Directive on doorstep transactions			413
– extent and excluded cases			186, 188	consumer security provider:
– liability for damages		Art. 1:109 (2)		form of contract			420
	sent. 2; 186-187			creation of security
– obligation to share benefits			186	– express acceptance		140, 141
primary and secondary recourse			183-184,	– time of –			143
			187-188	– usage as to communication
subrogation into other security				of acceptance			143
providers’ rights		Art. 1:109 (1)		creditor: information duties
	sent. 1; 184, 188			– debtor’s default			255
– extent and excluded cases			184	creditor’s liability
– liability of other security				– delayed collection of secured claim			283
providers	Art. 1:109 (1) sent. 2;			– general (damages or discharge)			281
			185, 189	– proprietary security rights		285-286
– proprietary security rights		184-185, 187		– release of co-providers of security			284
Portugal				debtor, definition			111
aval			134	– types of debtors			111
co-debtorship for security purposes				dependent security
– criteria for security purpose			158	– coverage	232, 233, 234, 235
– initial –, solidary or separate				– defences	218, 219, 220, 221,
liability			152-153	222, 223, 224, 225, 227
– initial –, terminology			152	– dependency	102, 103, 204, 205,
– subsequent cumulative assumption				206, 207, 209-210, 212
of debt			154	– solidary liability	239-240, 244
– idem, terminology			153	– subsidiary liability		244, 246
comfort letter, binding character			129	– time limit		266, 275

561

Annexes
dependent security provider
– obligations before performance				297,
		298, 299, 300
– relief	289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294
global security
– requirement to be determinable				114
– terminology				113
independent security
– abusive demand		347, 348, 349, 350
– causa				106
– defences			338, 343
– demand for performance			334, 335
– on first demand				341-342
– secured obligations				328
– terminology			104, 319
– underlying obligation, reference to				328
– time limit				363
– transfer				369
independent security provider
– obligations before performance				337
– right to reclaim		356, 357, 358, 359
insurance contracts
– credit insurance				132
– guarantee insurance				133
interpretation
– common intention				145
– gratuitously assumed securities				147
letters of credit and security			328-329
– stand-by – as independent security				132
mandatory rules				137
personal security, contractual
nature				136-137
– dependent security as general rule				128
– terminology				101
– typical and atypical				101
plurality of security providers: internal
recourse
– general principles			176, 177
– measure of internal liability				181
– part payment				177-178
– restrictions				180
– subject to agreement				180
plurality of security providers:
liability towards creditor
– beneficium divisionis				167-168
– independently assumed
securities			166, 167

– providers of personal and
proprietary security		170
– ranking of claims		170
– solidary liability		166
proprietary security, terminology		122
– third party proprietary security		122
security obligation
– content subject to agreement		109
– content the same as secured
obligation		107
– liability for damages		108
security provider, capacity		109
– commercial corporations		110
– definition		109
security provider: rights after
performance
– debtor’s exceptions		314
– general grounds		308
– part performance		316
– reimbursement	308-309, 311, 374
– subrogation	312, 313, 317, 375
Principles of European Contract Law
acceptance	138, 139
application by option		83
assignment of claims		85-86
authority of agents		84
contents		82-83
creation of contract		84
duty to co-operate		83
excessive benefit or unfair advantage		136
freedom of contract		83, 135
good faith and fair dealing		83
interpretation		84, 144
performance and non-performance		85

plurality of debtors Artt. 1:106; 1:108 (1),

(2); 1:109 (2) sent. 2; 1:110; 85, 150, 163, 165, 172, 184, 185, 186, 189-193

see also Plurality of debtors
prescription		86
relation to rules in this Part in general		82
rules on contracts for indefinite period		85
stipulation in favour of third party	139, 148
substitution of debtor	86, 148
time, computation		83
unilateral promise	138, 139
usages		83

562

Proprietary security
combination of personal and –			100
definition	Art. 1:101 (h); 88, 100
dependency		92, 103
distinction from personal security			88
real security			102
security provider’s
subrogation to –	305, 317, 373, 376
terminology			122
third party –		100, 122
types			100
Public law
obligation under – as secured
obligation		90, 127
obligation under – to provide security			127
institution under – as security provider			127
requirement of approval
by – authority			80-81
Scotland
consumer protection
– assumption of debt			384
– dependent personal securities			384
– independent personal securities			384
consumer security provider:
applicable rules			384
– abusive clauses			394
– deviation in favour of consumer
security provider			398
– sanctions			397
consumer security provider: creditor’s
annual information
– duty to inform without default
by debtor			431
consumer security provider: creditor’s
precontracual duty of information
– copy of security agreement		405, 406
– good faith			409
– writing required		405, 406
– sanctions			412
– special consumer protection
provisions	404, 405, 406
– undue influence		409-410
– “you may have to pay instead”		405, 406
consumer security provider:
doorstep transaction
– application to security contracts			414

				Index
– creditor				415
– Directive on doorstep transactions				413
– security provider				414
consumer security provider:
nature of liability
– solidary liability				427
– subsidiary liability: mandatory rule				427
creation of security
– acceptance by creditor’s reliance				141
– express acceptance				141
creditor’s liability
– delayed collection of secured claim				282
– general (damages or discharge)				281
– other details			281-282
– proprietary security rights			284-285
– release of co-providers of security				284
dependent security
– coverage		232-233, 234, 236
– defences	218, 219, 220, 222, 224, 225
– dependency		102, 103, 204,
		205, 207, 208, 211
– solidary liability				239
– subsidiary liability by
agreement		240, 245-246, 269
– time limit		269, 275, 277-278
dependent security
provider, relief		289, 290, 292, 293-294
independent security
– abusive demand				348
– independency				105
interpretation
– commercial security				147
– common intention				145
– contra proferentem rule				146
– strict – of security				145
letters of credit
– stand-by and pure				132
mandatory rules				137
plurality of security providers:
internal recourse
– equal treatment of different
security providers			179-180
– general principles				177
– internal liability per capita				181
– proprietary security provided
by debtor				176
– subject to agreement				180

563

Annexes
plurality of security providers:
liability towards creditor
– beneficium divisionis		167
– ranking of claims		169
security endorsement of bill
of exchange		135
security provider: recourse
– exclusion of claims		315
– general grounds	308, 314
– part performance		316
– reimbursement	310, 311
– subrogation	312, 317-318
Secured obligation
effects of transfer of –	85-86, 94
obligations arising under security as –		90
prescription, effect on security
obligation		86
– renewal by furnishing security		86
public law claims	90, 127
types of – in general	90, 125
types of – at independent security		328
Security agreement
application of general rules of
contract law (PECL)		83
general		83
inapplicability of consumer protection
provisions		84
non-performance		84
Security obligation
content subject to agreement
by parties	90, 109
content the same as secured obligation		107
liability for damages	89-90, 107-108
liability for payment of money		89
obligation to procure performance
by debtor		108
Prescription		86
types in case of dependent security		103
types in case of independent security		104
Security provider
capacity		109
commercial companies	81, 109-110
content of security provider’s
obligation	Art. 1:101 (a), (b)
definition	Art. 1:101 (c); 96
professional –		99
public institutions	110-111, 127

remuneration, acting for		80, 85, 144
risk arising from personal security			80
spouses as – for third persons’ debts			81, 111
terminology			109
see also Independent personal security/
indemnities; Plurality of security
providers; Security obligation
Security provider: rights after
performance	Art. 2:113; Art. 3:108
consumer security provider			306-307
debtor’s exceptions		304, 314-315
documentary credits			377
exclusion of claims			304, 315
general grounds	303-304, 308, 313-314
part performance	305, 315-317, 373, 377
reimbursement	308-311, 372, 374-375
– from incapable debtor		305-306, 318, 372
subrogation		305, 312-313,
317-318, 372-373, 375-376
Spain
aval			134
co-debtorship for security purposes
– initial –, solidary or separate
liability			152, 153
– initial –, terminology			152
– subsequent cumulative assumption
of debt			154
– idem, terminology			153
comfort letter, binding character			129
– commercial practice			129
– qualification			130
consumer, functional scope			119
– personal scope including legal
entities			117
consumer protection
– application of general rules			388
– consumer protection provisions,
scope			386
consumer security provider:
applicable rules
– abusive clauses			395
– deviation in favour of consumer
security provider			398
– deviation to disadvantage of
consumers			394
– sanctions			397-398
– waiver of rights by consumer			396

564

consumer security provider:
creditor’s precontracual duty
of information
– good faith			404, 410
– sanctions				411
consumer security provider:
doorstep transaction
– creditor				415
– debtor				415
– Directive on doorstep transactions				413
– security provider				414
consumer security provider:
form of contract			421,422
counter security				112
creation of security
– acceptance by creditor’s reliance				142
– express acceptance				141
creditor: information duties, debtor’s
default				255
creditor’s liability
– delayed collection of secured claim				283
– general (damages or discharge)				281
– proprietary security rights			285-286
– release of co-providers of security				284
debtor, definition				111
– and security provider: plurality
of debtors				194
– types of debtors				111
dependent security
– coverage		231, 232, 235, 236
– defences		218, 219, 220, 221, 223
– dependency	102, 103, 204, 205-206,
		207, 209, 210, 211, 212
– solidary liability		239-240, 244-245
– subsidiary liability		244, 246-247,
			248, 267
– time limit		266, 267, 273-274

dependent security provider

– obligations before performance 297, 298,

		299, 300
– relief	289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294
global security, terminology		113
independent security
– abusive demand		347-348, 350
– causa		105-106
– defences		338, 343
– demand for performance		334, 335, 336

				Index
– independency				105
– national law				321
– on first demand		326, 341-342
– qualification			325, 326
– terminology				104, 319
– time limits				363-364
– transfer				368
independent security provider
– obligations before performance			335, 337,
				338, 339
– right to reclaim	356, 357 358, 359
insurance contracts
– credit insurance				132-133
– guarantee insurance		126, 133-134
interpretation
– common intention				145
– contra proferentem rule				146
– gratuitously assumed securities				147
– strict – of security				146
letters of credit and security				329
mandatory rules				137
personal security, contractual
nature				136-137
– dependent security as general rule				128
– terminology				101
– typical and atypical				101
plurality of security providers:
internal recourse

– equal treatment of different security

providers	179
– general principles	176, 177
– measure of internal liability	181
– subject to agreement	180
plurality of security providers:
liability towards creditor
– beneficium divisionis	167-168
– independently assumed securities	166
– providers of personal and proprietary
security	169
– solidary liability	166
proprietary security of third party	122
security obligation
– content subject to agreement	109
– content the same as secured
obligation	107
– liability for damages	108

565

Annexes
security provider
– commercial corporations		109-110
– definition			109
– spouses as – for third persons’ debts			111
security provider: rights after
performance
– debtor’s exceptions			314
– exclusion of claims			315
– general grounds		308, 314
– part performance			316
– reimbursement	308, 310, 311, 374
– subrogation	312, 313, 375
Subrogation, see Security provider,
rights after performance
Sweden
co-debtorship for security purposes
– initial –, solidary liability			152
– initial –, terminology			152
comfort letter, binding character			129
consumer, functional scope			119
– personal scope limited to natural
persons			117
– statutory definition			117
consumer protection
– application of general rules			388
– dependent personal securities			386
– independent personal securities			386
consumer security provider:
applicable rules			386
– deviation to disadvantage of
consumers in general			394
consumer security provider: creditor’s
precontracual duty of information
– assumed obligations and costs			406
– debtor’s obligations and financial
circumstances			406
– fraud			410
– general principles of law			404
– good faith			404
– writing required			406
– special consumer protection
provisions		404, 406
consumer security provider:
doorstep transaction
– doorstep transactions rules and
security contracts			414
– Directive on doorstep transactions			413

consumer security provider:
form of contract		421
creditor: information duties
– debtor’s default		255
– general		252-253
– sanctions		256
creditor’s liability
– general (damages or discharge)		281
– proprietary security rights		284-285
dependent security
– coverage	232, 233, 234-235
– defences		224
– dependency	102, 103, 204, 207, 208
– solidary liability		245
– subsidiary liability	244, 246, 248, 249
– time limit		273-274
global security, terminology		113
independent security
– on first demand		327, 341
– independency		104
– terminology		319, 321
– transfer		368
independent security provider
– obligations before performance		336,
		337, 338
insurance contracts
– credit insurance		132-133
– guarantee insurance		126, 133
interpretation
– strict – of security		146
– contra proferentem rule		146
mandatory rules		137
personal security, contractual
nature		136-137
plurality of security providers:
internal recourse
– equal treatment of different
security providers		180
– general principles	176, 177, 193
– measure of internal liability		181
– subject to agreement		180
plurality of security providers:
liability towards creditor
– ranking of claims		169-170
– solidary liability		167
security provider, definition		109

566

							Index
security provider: rights after				Uniform Rules for Contract
performance				Guarantees of 1978 – ICC		321-322
– reimbursement		310, 375		Uniform Rules for Demand
– subrogation		312, 376		Guarantees of 1991 – ICC		321-322
				transfer			366
Terminology in general			81, 82	Unilateral promise
English version authentic			82	creation of personal security
translations			82	by –	138, 139, 143
see also Dependent personal security, and				Principles of European Contract Law			139
Independent personal security				Usages
Time, computation				Principles of European Contract Law			83
Principles of European Contract Law			83	silence as acceptance or rejection
Transfer				of offer		142, 143
– of contract (general)			86
– of independent personal security;				Validity
see also Independent personal				general			84, 89
security: transfer		Art. 3:107		Principles of European Contract
– of secured claims	199-200, 207-208			Law			84, 136
Transfer moratorium			209	Voluntary arrangements
				(between debtor and its creditors)		209-210
UCP 500		321-322
and agreement of independence
of security		95; 323
creditor’s demand			331
time limit			360
transfer			366
UN Convention on Independent
Guarantees			322
agreement on independence
of security		95, 323, 324
defences			332
demand		335, 341, 347
terminology			320
time limit			360
transfer			366

567

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