учебный год 2023 / Drobnig, Principles of European Law of Personal Security

Annexes

– dependency

102, 103, 197, 198, 205,

207, 208, 210-211, 212

– solidary liability

239-240, 244-245

– subsidiary liability

244, 245-246,

248, 249, 267

– time limit

266, 267, 274, 278

– relief

289, 290, 291, 292, 294

global security

– qualification

325, 326

– terminology

104, 319

– transfer

368, 369, 370

– underlying obligations, reference to

328

independent security provider

– obligations before performance

337

– right to reclaim

356, 357, 358, 359

Interpretation

– contra proferentem rule

146

– security provider acting for

remuneration

146

letters of credit and security

328-329

mandatory rules

137

personal security, terminology

101

plurality of security providers: internal

recourse

– equal treatment of different security

providers

179

– general principles

176, 177, 193

– part payment

177

– proportionate to maximum risk

181

– subject to agreement

176

plurality of security providers: liability

towards creditor

– ranking of claims

169

– solidary liability

165, 167

security obligation, content

107

– liability for damages

108

security provider, capacity

109

security provider: rights after

performance

– reimbursement

308, 313-314, 374

– subrogation

312, 317-318, 376

Authority of agents

Principles of European Contract Law

84

Aval

134-135

Belgium

aval

134

co-debtorship for security purposes

– criteria for security purpose

156

– initial –, effects

159

– initial –, solidary or separate liability

153

– initial –, terminology

152

– subsequent cumulative

assumption of debt

153, 154

– idem, effects

160

comfort letter, qualification

130

consumer, functional scope

118

– person decisive

121

– personal scope including legal

entities

118

consumer protection

– application of general rules

387

– assumption of debt

384

– assumption of co-debtorship

384

– dependent personal securities

384

– independent personal securities

384

consumer security provider:

applicable rules

384

– deviation to disadvantage of

consumer security provider

394

consumer security provider:

creditor’s annual information

– duty to inform without default by

debtor

431

consumer security provider:

– copy of security agreement

405

– extra costs

406

– general principles of law

403, 406

– sanctions

411

– special consumer protection

provisions

403, 405

consumer security provider:

doorstep transaction

– Directive on doorstep transactions

413

consumer security provider: form

of contract

419, 422

– co-debtorship for security purposes

423

– comfort letter, binding

423

consumer security provider: nature of

liability

– independent securities

427

– limitation of security

426

– subsidiary liability: mandatory rule

426

consumer security provider: time limit

– limitation of securities by security

providers: specific rules

436-437

creation of security

– express acceptance

140, 141

– time of –

143

creditor: information duties

– debtor’s default

254

– exception to duty of information

258

– general

252, 253, 254

– sanctions

256

creditor’s liability

– delayed collection of secured claim

283

– general (damages or discharge)

281

– proprietary security rights

284-285

– release of co-providers of security

284

debtor and security provider:

plurality of debtors

194

dependent security

– coverage

231, 232, 233-234, 235, 236

– defences

218, 219, 221, 222,

223, 224, 225-226, 227

– dependency

102-103, 204, 205-206,

207, 208, 210-211, 212

– solidary liability

239-240, 244, 245

– subsidiary liability

244, 245-246,

247, 248, 249

– time limit

267, 273-274

Index

– obligations before performance

297, 298,

299, 300-301

– relief

289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294

global security

– need for maximum amount

114

– requirement to be determinable

114

– terminology

113

– causa

105

– defences

338-339

– demand for performance

334, 336, 337

– historical development

105

– independency

105

– national law

320-321

– on first demand

341, 342, 343

– qualification

325

– secured obligations

328

– terminology

104

– time limits

363, 365

– transfer

368

independent security provider

– obligations before performance 335-336,

337

– right to reclaim

358

insurance contracts

– credit insurance

132

– guarantee insurance

126, 133

interpretation

– common intention

145

– contra proferentem rule

145, 146

– security provider acting for

remuneration

147

– strict – of security

145

letters of credit and security

328-329

personal security

– terminology

plurality of security providers: internal

128

101

recourse

– equal treatment of different

security providers

179

– general principles

176, 177

– part payment

177

– proportionate to maximum risk

181

– subject to agreement

176

Annexes

plurality of security providers:

liability towards creditor

– beneficium divisionis

167, 168

– providers of personal and proprietary

security

168

– ranking of claims

169

– solidary liability

167

proprietary security, terminology

122

secured obligation, porte-fort

125

security provider, definition

109

security provider: rights after

performance

– debtor’s exceptions

314

– exclusion of claims

315

– documentary credits

377

– general grounds

308, 313, 314

– part performance

316

– reimbursement

308, 310, 311, 374, 377

– subrogation

312, 313, 317, 375

Beneficium discussionis

170, 239, 246, 247,

248, 249, 275

Beneficium divisionis

166, 167-168, 177

Co-debtorship for security

purposes

Art. 1:106

applicable rules

85, 97, 112-113, 125,

148-149, 150-151, 190

broad concept of – in

member states

112, 152

commercial practice

80, 96, 148

consumer co-debtor

97, 197, 202,

203, 216, 217

– applicable rules

148-149, 151

creation in favour of third party

148

criteria for security purpose

149

– agreement

155, 157

– gratuitousness

158

– influential position of co-debtor

156

– personal interest of co-debtor

97, 112,

149, 156, 157, 158

definition

Art. 1:101 (e); 148

distinction from dependent

and independent security

88, 96-97,

149-150

– classification in member states

161

distinction from ordinary

co-debtorship

112, 149

initial –

97, 112, 149, 152-153

– effects in member states

159-160

– solidary or separate liability

towards creditor

152-153, 159

– terminology

152

plurality of debtors under

PECL

Art. 1:106; 150, 151

presumption for dependent security

196

rules on – applicable to personal

security

Art. 1:110; 161, 189-190, 193

subsequent cumulative

assumption of debt

97, 112, 149, 153

– diverging concepts in

member states

153-155

– effects in member states

160

– terminology

153

Comfort letter, binding

applicable rules

Art. 1:102 (1) (a); 124

binding and non-binding

124, 129-130

commercial and non-commercial

124, 196

liability

196

origin in commercial practice

80, 129

patron/author

196

protection of receiver

130

purposes of comfort letters

124

qualification as dependent or

independent security

130-131

– presumption for dependent

security

196, 198

security obligation, liability

for damages

89-90, 108

terminology

129

Comments, purpose

82

Confirming security

95

Consumer

– co-debtorship for

security purposes 197, 202, 203, 216, 217

– dependent security

196, 197, 202, 216

– independent security

197, 202, 203,

216, 324

– insolvency procedure

210

– presumption for dependent

security

196, 197

definition

Art. 1:101 (g); 99, 115-120

functional scope

99, 118-120

lack of business experience

80

person decisive

120-122

personal scope, including legal

entities

117-118

– natural persons only

99, 117

statutory definitions, European

legislation

99

– member states: consumer

116-117

– member states: consumer

security provider

116

terminology

99

see also Consumer security provider

Consumer protection

Art. 4:101

application of general rules

386-388

application, restrictions of

382

assumption of personal security

by security provider

381

consumer protection provisions

in member states

– assumption of debt

383-384, 385

– assumption of

co-debtorship

383-384, 385

– dependent personal securities

383-384,

385-386

– independent personal securities

383-384,

385, 386

issue

379

mandatory provision

383

not applicable

389-390

– creditor also consumer

Art. 4:101

company

382, 389-390

Principles of European

Contract Law

379-380

– good faith and fair dealing

379

– protection of “weak” party

380

security agreement

84

specific protective rules

380

terminology

Art. 1:101 (g); 380, 381

Consumer security

provider

196, 197, 202-203,

230, 238, 243-244, 252, 265,

273, 280, 288-289, 296, 306-307

Consumer security provider:

applicable rules

Art. 4:102

co-debtorship for security purposes

391

Index

dependent personal security,

general rules

392

deviation in favour of consumer

security provider

398

deviation to disadvantage

of consumers

394-395

– abusive clauses

394-395

– sanctions

396-398

deviation to disadvantage of

consumer security provider

393-394

– sanctions

396-398

independent personal security

392

in general

Art. 4:102 (1);

mandatory character

197, 202, 203, 217,

Art. 4:102 (2); 391, 392-396

personal security, general rules on

391

several security providers

391-392

waiver of rights by consumer

395-396

Consumer security provider:

creditor’s annual information

Art. 4:107

co-debtorship for security purpose

430

debtor, consent of

429, 433

duty to inform without default by debtor

– periodicity of duty

431-432, 433

– sanctions

430, 433

exception

430

general

431

mandatory rule

430

scope of items

429

Consumer security provider:

creditor’s precontractual duty

of information

Art. 4:103

creditor’s information

Art. 4:103 (1);

400-401

different legal bases of –

403-404

– constructive notice, principle of

403

– error

403, 404, 408, 409, 410-411

– extra costs

406, 408

– fraud

406, 407, 409, 410

– general principles of law

403, 404,

406-410

– good faith

403, 404, 406,

407, 408, 409, 410

– mistake, rules on

403, 404

– special consumer protection

provisions

403, 404-406

– threat

409

Annexes

– undue influence

403, 406-407,

408-409, 410

independent advice from

third person

Art. 4:103 (2);

401, 407, 408-409, 410

lack of –

408, 410-411

mandatory provision

402

sanctions

Art. 4:103 (3)-(5);

402, 411-412

specific rules

404-406

– adequate information

by professionals

406

– assumed obligations and costs

405, 406

– copy of security agreement

405, 406

– debtor’s obligations and

financial circumstances

404-405, 406

– maximum amount

405

– writing required

405, 406

– “you may have to pay instead”

405, 406

Consumer security provider:

doorstep transaction

Art. 4:104

Directive on doorstep

transactions 85/577/EEC

412, 413

– trilateral relationship

412

application to security contracts

414

mandatory provision

413

personal criteria, creditor

415

– debtor

415

– security provider

414

Consumer security provider:

form of contract

Art. 4:105

all terms to be in writing

416

– electronic version

416

co-debtorship for security purposes

422-423

comfort letter, binding

423

dependent security

417-422

– form

416, 417-422

general rule

416

independent security

422

– form

422

mandatory provision

417

personal security

416

signature

417

Consumer security provider:

nature of liability

Art. 4:106

co-debtorship for security purpose

425

fixed amount

Art. 2:102 (3); 424

general

424

independent securities

425, 427-428

mandatory provision

424

maximum amount, security without

424

– limitation of –

114, 426

solidary liability

425, 427

subsidiary liability

424, 426-427

– mandatory rule

426-427

Consumer security provider:

time limit

Art. 4:108

application, scope of

434-435

consumer security provider,

limitation of security by

435-436

limitation of securities by security

provider: specific rules

436-437

Counter security

definition

95, 96, 111-112, 126, 205

dependent and independent security

112

dependent security

see also Default security

Creation of security

Art. 1:104

acceptance, see acceptance

consideration

142

contract

138, 140

general

84, 88-89

Principles of European Contract Law

84

rejection of offer

138-139

reservation of time for consideration

139

stipulation in favour of third party

139, 148

time of –

139, 142-143

unilateral promise

138, 139, 143

Creditor: information duties

Art. 2:107

consumer security provider

252

debtor’s default

250-251, 254-255

exception to duty of information

251, 258

general

252-254

global security

251, 256-257

sanctions

251-252, 256, 257-258

Creditor’s liability

Art. 2:110

consumer security provider

280

delayed collection of

secured claim

282-283

general (damages or discharge)

281

other details

279-280, 281-282

proprietary security rights

284-287

recourse claims

280

release of co-providers of security

284

see also Security provider: rights

after performance

Debtor

definition

Art. 1:101 (d); 96, 111

discharge

208-210

terminology by independent security:

see independent personal security/indemnities

types of debtors

111

Default security

95, 243, 244

Denmark

co-debtorship for security purposes

– classification

161

– initial –, solidary liability

152

– initial –, terminology

152

comfort letter, binding character

129

– commercial practice

129

– qualification

131

– terminology

129

consumer, functional scope

119

– personal scope limited to natural

persons

117

consumer protection

– application of general rules

387

– consumer protection provisions,

scope

386

consumer security provider:

applicable rules

386

– deviation in favour of consumer

security provider

398

– deviation to disadvantage

of consumers

394

– sanctions

397

consumer security provider:

creditor’s precontracual duty

of information

– general principles of law

403, 406

– fraud

406

– good faith

404, 406

– sanctions

411

– undue influence

406

Index

– application of doorstep transaction

rules to security contracts

414

– Directive on doorstep transactions

413

consumer security provider:

form of contract

421, 422

creation of security

– acceptance by silence or inactivity

141

– time of –

143

credit insurance

132

creditor: information duties

– debtor’s default

254

– general

252-253

– sanctions

256

creditor’s liability

– general (damages or discharge)

281

dependent security

– coverage

232-233, 234-235, 236

– defences

224

– dependency

102, 103, 204, 206,

207, 208, 210-211

– subsidiary liability

244, 246, 247, 249

– time limit

266, 274

global security, terminology

113

independent security

– abusive demand

347, 349, 350, 352

– independency

105

– national law

321

– secured obligations

328

– terminology

104, 319

– demand for performance

334

– on first demand

341-342

– time limits

364

– transfer

368

independent security provider

– obligations before performance

335

– right to reclaim

356, 357, 358

interpretation

– contra proferentem rule

146

– security provider acting for

remuneration

147

– strict – of security

146

mandatory rules

137

plurality of security providers:

internal recourse

– equal treatment of different

security providers

178-179

– general principles

176, 177, 193

Annexes

– proportionate to maximum risk

181

– subject to agreement

180

plurality of security providers:

liability towards creditor

– ranking of claims

169

– solidary liability

167

security provider, commercial

corporation

110

– definition

109

security provider: rights after

performance

– part performance

316, 377

– reimbursement

310, 375

– subrogation

312, 376

Dependent personal security:

coverage

Art. 2:104

consumer security provider

– co-debtorship for security purpose

230

– dependent security

230

– independent personal security

230

principal and ancillaries

228, 231

– contractual interest

228, 232

– costs and expenses of legal

proceedings

229, 235-236

– default interest and damages

228,

234-235

– extra-judicial costs of recovery

228, 233

– global security

229-230, 237

– maximum amount

229, 233

– other ancillary obligations

233-234

– penalty for non-performance

of contract

228, 235

– void secured claims

229, 236

Dependent personal security:

defences

Art. 2:103

avoidance

215, 223-224

consequences of waiver

226

consumer security provider

216-217

debtor’s personal defence

214-215, 218,

219-220, 226-227

defences incompatible with

security purpose

227

definition

213, 218

extinction of secured claim

213-214, 222

general

215

invalidity of secured claim

214, 218-219

prescription of secured claim

214, 220-221

res judicata

221

set-off

215, 224

withholding performance

214, 222-223

– security provider’s – against debtor

227

unenforceability

220

waiver by debtor

225

waiver by security provider

226

Dependent personal security: dependency

counter security

205

exceptions

92, 200, 208-212

– extension of time

212

– insolvency proceeding

over debtor

200, 208-209, 210

– reduction

2:102 (2) (b); 209-210

– transfer moratorium

209

extent of secured obligation

93, 207-208

future and conditional

obligations

201, 205-206

general concept

92, 103, 123-124, 199

kind of obligation secured

204

transfer of secured claim

199, 207-208

see also Dependent personal security: defences

Dependent personal security: general

accessory security

88

contractual nature

91

– creation by unilateral act

91

– triangular relationship

81, 91

definition

Art. 1:101 (a); 195

guarantee

81, 89, 102-103

historical development

88, 102

presumption for –

195, 197

reverse dependency

92-93

secured obligation and

security obligation

93-94, 103-104

suretyship

89, 102

terminology

88, 89

validity in general

93

see also Fideiussio; Personal security

Dependent personal security:

information duties

see Creditor: information duties

Dependent personal security:

solidary liability

Art. 2:105

by agreement

244-245

commercial providers of security

239-240

consumer security provider

238, 243-244

general rule

237-238, 239

security on first demand

238

Dependent personal security:

subsidiary liability

exception

241

– by agreement

240, 241

– by presumption for binding

comfort letter

241

general rule

240, 244, 267-269

– consumer security provider

243

– counter security provider

243, 244

effects

244-245

– slight subsidiarity

245-246

– strict subsidiarity

246-247

effects excluded

242-243, 247-249

– debtor’s insolvency

243, 248-249

– debtor’s move

243, 248

– impossibility or difficulty

of execution

242, 247-248

Dependent personal security:

with time limit

Art. 2:108

consumer security provider

265

continuation of liability

261-262, 266-267

extinction of liability

261, 266

general

259, 266

limitation of resort to security

261, 266

limitation for scope

of liability

264-265, 269

modification of time for request

263-264

solidary and subsidiary

liability, distinction

262-263, 267-269

time limits, types

260, 266

Dependent personal security:

without time limit

Art. 2:109

consequence of limitation

by security provider

271-272, 277-278

consumer security provider

273

exceptions to right to give notice

272-273

general

270-271, 273-274

limitation by security provider

– reason for termination

271, 274-276

– period of notice

271, 277

see also Dependent security provider: relief

Dependent security provider:

obligations before performance

Art. 2:112

Index

consumer security provider

296

duty to invoke defences

301

duty of notification

298-299

exception to duty to invoke defences

300

information, general duty

301

preservation of rights against

creditor

296, 300

– principle

295, 297

– sanctions for breach

295-296, 299-300

Dependent security provider:

relief

Art. 2:111

conditions

288

– assumption with debtor’s consent

290

– debtor’s default

291

– decrease of debtor’s property

291

– other cases

292-293

– proceedings against –

291, 292

consumer security provider

288-289

damages

293

form of relief

288

principle

287-288, 289

reasons

289-290

release or security

293-294

relief by granting security

294

Door-to-door transaction: see Consumer

security provider: door-to-door transaction

England

co-debtorship for security purposes

155

comfort letter

108

– protection of receiver

130

– qualification: dependent or

independent security

130

consumer, functional scope

118-119

– person decisive

121

– personal scope

118

consumer protection

– application of general rules

387

– assumption of debt

384

– dependent personal securities

384

– independent personal securities

384

– not applicable: creditor also

consumer

389

consumer security provider: applicable

rules

384

– abusive clauses

394

Annexes

– deviation in favour of consumer

security provider

398

– sanctions

397

– waiver of rights by consumer

395

consumer security provider:

creditor’s annual information

– debtor, consent of

433

– duty to inform without default

by debtor

431

– periodicity of duty

432

– sanctions

433

consumer security provider:

creditor’s precontracual duty of

information

– constructive notice

403

– copy of security agreement

405

– writing required

405

– sanctions

412

– special consumer protection

provisions

403, 405

– undue influence

403, 407

– “you may have to pay instead”

405

consumer security provider:

doorstep transaction

– application to security contracts

414

– creditor

415

– Directive on doorstep transactions

413

– security provider

414

consumer security provider: form

of contract

418, 422

– co-debtorship for security purposes

423

consumer security provider:

nature of liability

– independent securities

427-428

– solidary liability

427

– subsidiary liability: mandatory rule

427

consumer security provider: time limit

– limitation of securities by security

provider: specific rules

437

counter security

111-112

creation of security

– acceptance by creditor’s reliance

140

– acceptance by silence or inactivity

140

– acceptance of offer by security

provider

142

– express acceptance

140

– consideration

142

– time of –

142

creditor: information duties,

debtor’s default

254

creditor’s liability

– delayed collection of

secured claim

282-283

– general (damages or discharge)

281

– other details

281-282

– proprietary security rights

284-285

– release of co-providers of security

284

debtor, definition

111

dependent security

– coverage

232-233, 234, 236

– defences

218, 219, 220, 221,

222, 223, 224, 225

– dependency

102, 103, 204, 205,

207, 208, 210, 211, 212

– solidary liability

239

– subsidiary liability

240, 269

dependent security provider

– obligations before performance

299-300

– relief

289, 290, 292

freedom of contract

136-137

global security

– restriction as to claims

113

– terminology

113

guarantee insurance as insurance

contract

126

independent security

– abusive demand

348, 349-350, 351

– counter security

112

– defences

338, 343

– demand for performance

335, 336

– independency

105

– national law

321

– on first demand

327, 341, 342

– presumption for independent

security

198

– qualification

325

– reference to underlying obligation

328

– secured obligations

328

– terminology

104, 319

– time limits

364

– transfer

368, 370

independent security provider

– right to reclaim

356, 357, 358-359

interpretation

– commercial security

147

– common intention

145

– contra proferentem rule

146

– strict – of security

145

letters of credit and security

329

– stand-by and pure

132

mandatory rules

137

personal security, contractual nature

136

– terminology

102

plurality of security providers:

internal recourse

– equal treatment of different security

providers

179

– general principles

177

– part payment

177

– proportionate to maximum risk

181

– proprietary security provided

by debtor

176

– subject to agreement

176, 180

plurality of security providers:

liability towards creditor

– co-debtorship for security purposes

168

– independently assumed securities

166

– providers of personal and proprietary

security

168

– ranking of claims

169, 170

– solidary liability

165, 166, 167

– subject to party agreement

165

plurality of security providers:

recourse against debtor

– benefits recovered by other

security providers

188

– liability of other security providers

189

– other security providers’ rights

188

security endorsement of bill of

exchange

126-127, 135

security obligation

– content subject to agreement

109

– content the same as secured

obligation

107

– liability for damages

108

– obligation to procure performance

by debtor

108

Index

security provider, commercial

corporation

110

– terminology

109

security provider: rights after

performance

– debtor’s exceptions

315

– documentary credits

377

– exclusion of claims

315

– general grounds

308, 314

– part performance

316, 377

– reimbursement

309, 311, 374, 375

– reimbursement from

incapable debtor

318

– subrogation

312, 317-318, 376

Exceptio discussionis, see Beneficium

discussionis

Excessive benefit or unfair advantage

136

Fideiussio

80, 88, 102

Finland

consumer, personal scope

117

– statutory definition

116

consumer protection

– dependent personal securities

384

– independent personal securities

384

consumer security provider:

applicable rules

384

– deviation to disadvantage of

consumer security provider

394

consumer security provider:

creditor’s annual information

– duty to inform without default by

debtor

431

– periodicity of duty

432

consumer security provider:

creditor’s precontracual duty of

information

– assumed obligations and costs

405

– debtor’s obligations and financial

circumstances

405

– fraud

407

– general principles of law

403, 407

– writing required

405

– sanctions

411

– special consumer protection

provisions

403, 405