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Московский государственный юридический университет им. О.Е. Кутафина

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Договорное право

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учебный год 2023 / Drobnig, Personal Security

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Annexes
consumer security provider:
doorstep transaction
– application to security contracts		414
– Directive on doorstep transactions		413
consumer security provider:
form of contract		421
– not applicable to security provider’s
relationship to debtor		389
consumer security provider: time limit
– limitation of securities by security
providers: specific rules		437
creation of security
– express acceptance		140
creditor: information duties
– debtor’s default		254
– general		253
– global security		256-257
– sanctions	256, 257
creditor’s liability
– proprietary security rights		284-285
– release of co-providers of security		284
dependent security
– coverage	232, 233, 234, 235
– defences		224
– dependency	102, 103, 208, 210
– solidary liability		244
– subsidiary liability	244, 246,
	248, 249, 267
– time limit	266, 267, 273, 274
dependent security provider: relief		273-274
global security
– need for maximum amount		114
– terminology		113
independent security
– abusive demand		349
– on first demand		327
– transfer		370
interpretation
– contra proferentem rule		146
– strict – of security		146
mandatory rules		137
plurality of security providers:
internal recourse
– general principles	176, 177, 193
– measure of internal liability		181
– part payment		177

– proprietary security provided
by debtor		176
– restrictions		180
– subject to agreement		176, 180
plurality of security providers:
liability towards creditor
– providers of personal and
proprietary security		168
– ranking of claims		170
– solidary liability	165-166, 167
security provider: definition		109
security provider: rights after
performance
– reimbursement		310, 374
– subrogation		312, 376
First demand security
economic purpose		79-80
qualification as independent
security		326-327
France
aval		134-135
co-debtorship for security purposes
– classification		161
– criteria for security purpose		156, 157
– initial –, effects		159
– initial –, solidary or separate
liability		152, 153
– initial –, terminology		152
– subsequent cumulative assumption
of debt		153
– idem, effects		160
– idem, terminology		153
comfort letter, binding character		130
– commercial practice		129
– qualification		130
– terminology		108, 129
consumer, functional scope		118
– person decisive		120-121
– personal scope including legal
entities		117
consumer protection
– application of general rules		387
– dependent personal securities		384
– issue		379
– not applicable if creditor also
consumer		389

548

consumer security provider:
applicable rules			384
– abusive clauses			394
– deviation to disadvantage of
consumer security provider			394
– no deviation in favour of consumer
in general			398
– sanctions			397
– waiver of rights by consumer			395
consumer security provider:
creditor’s annual information
– duty to inform about default
by debtor		431-432
– periodicity of duty			432
– sanctions			433
consumer security provider: creditor’s
precontracual duty of information
– extra costs			408
– good faith		403, 407
– maximum amount		405, 411
– sanctions			411
– special consumer protection
provisions		403, 405
consumer security provider:
doorstep transaction
– application to security contracts			414
– creditor			415
– debtor			415
– Directive on doorstep transactions			413
– security provider			414
consumer security provider:
form of contract
– co-debtorship for security purposes			423
– comfort letter, binding			423
– form	418-419, 420-421, 422
consumer security provider:
nature of liability
– independent securities			427
– limitation of security			426
consumer security provider: time limit
– limitation of securities by security
providers: specific rules			437
counter security			112
creation of security
– acceptance by creditor’s reliance			141
– time of –			143
creditor: information duties

				Index
– debtor’s default				254
– exception to duty of information				258
– general			252, 253
– global security			256-257
– sanctions			256, 257
creditor’s liability
– delayed collection of secured claim				283
– general (damages or discharge)				281
– proprietary security rights			285-286
– release of co-providers of security				284
debtor, definition				111
– merchant				111
– and security provider: plurality
of debtors				194
dependent security
– coverage	231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236
– defences		218, 219, 220, 221,
		222, 223-224, 225, 226
– dependency		102-103, 197-198, 204,
205-206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 212
– solidary liability		239-240, 244, 245
– subsidiary liability		244, 246, 247,
		248-249, 267, 269

– time limit 266, 267, 269, 273-274, 277 dependent security provider

– obligations before performance		297, 298,
		299, 300
– relief	289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294
global security
– definition		113
– need for maximum amount		114
– requirement to be determinable		114
– terminology		113
Grimaldi Commission proposals		101

independent security

– abusive demand 348-349, 350, 351, 352

– causa	105
– defences	338
– demand for performance	334, 336
– historical development	104, 105, 106
– independency	105
– national law	320, 324
– on first demand	326, 341-342
– presumption	198

– qualification; see also Independent security:

on first demand	325, 326
– secured obligations	326

549

Annexes
– terminology		104, 319
– time limit		364, 365
– transfer	368, 369, 370
– underlying obligation, reference to			327
independent security provider
– obligations before performance		336, 337,
	337-338, 339
– right to reclaim	357, 358, 359
insurance contracts
– credit insurance			132
– guarantee insurance		126, 133
interpretation
– common intention			145
– contra proferentem rule			146
– strict – of security			145
letters of credit and security			329
– stand-by – as independent security			132
mandatory rules			137
personal security, contractual nature			136
– dependent security as general rule			128
– terminology			101
– typical and atypical			101
plurality of security providers:
internal recourse
– equal treatment of different
security providers			179
– general principles		176, 177
– part payment		177-178
– proportionate to maximum risk			181
– separate liability for internal recourse			182
– subject to agreement		176, 180
plurality of security providers:
liability towards creditor
– beneficium divisionis		167-168
– providers of personal and proprietary
security			168
– ranking of claims			169
– solidary liability			167
proprietary security, terminology			122
– third party proprietary security			122
secured obligation, porte-fort			125
security obligation, content subject
to agreement			109
– content the same as secured
obligation			107
– liability for damages			108
security provider, capacity			109

– commercial corporations		110
– definition		109
– public institution		110-111
security provider: rights after performance
– debtor’s exceptions		314
– documentary credits		377
– exclusion of claims		315
– general grounds	308, 313, 314
– part performance		316, 377
– reimbursement	308, 310, 311, 374
– reimbursement from incapable
debtor		318
– subrogation	312, 313, 317, 376
Freedom of contract
general	Art. 1:103; 80, 135-136
mandatory rules as exception		136-137
Geneva Uniform Laws
parties to –		134
precedence of –	Art. 1:102 (3); 126-127
Germany
aval		134
co-debtorship for security purposes
– broad concept of co-debtorship		112, 152
– classification		161
– criteria for security purpose		156
– form		158
– initial –, effects		159
– initial –, solidary liability		152-153
– initial –, terminology		152
– subsequent
cumulative assumption of debt		153-154
– idem, effects		160
– idem, terminology		153
comfort letter, binding character		129
– commercial practice		129
– qualification		131
– terminology		108
consumer, functional scope		119-120
– person decisive		120
– personal scope: natural persons		117
– statutory definition		116
consumer protection
– application of general rules		387-388
– assumption of debt		385
– independent personal securities		385

550

– not applicable: creditor also
consumer			389
– not applicable: security provider’s
relationship to debtor			390
consumer security provider:
applicable rules			385
– abusive clauses			394
– deviation in favour of consumer
security provider			398
– deviation to disadvantage of
consumers			394
– sanctions			397
– waiver of rights by consumer			396
consumer security provider:
creditor’s precontracual duty
of information
– error		403, 408
– good faith		403, 408
– sanctions		411-412
consumer security provider: doorstep
transaction
– application to security contracts			414
– creditor			415
– debtor			415
– Directive on doorstep transactions			413
– security provider			414
consumer security provider:
form of contract
– co-debtorship for security
purposes		422-423
– form	417-418, 420, 422
consumer security provider:
nature of liability
– independent securities			428
consumer security provider: time limit
– limitation of securities by security
providers: specific rules			437
counter security			112
creation of security
– time of –			143
– usage as to communication of
acceptance			143
creditor: information duties
– debtor’s default			255
– general	252-253, 254
creditor’s liability
– delayed collection of secured claim			283

		Index
– general (damages or discharge)		281
– other details		281-282
– proprietary security rights		286
debtor, definition		111
– and security provider:
plurality of debtors		194
dependent security
– coverage	232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237
– defences	218, 219, 220, 221,
	222, 223, 224, 225-226
– dependency	102, 103, 197-198, 204-206,
	207, 208, 209, 210, 211

– solidary liability 239-240, 244, 245, 268

– subsidiary liability		244, 246, 247,
		248, 267, 268, 269
– time limit		266, 267, 268, 269,
273-274, 275-276, 277, 278
dependent security provider
– obligations before performance			297, 298,
		299, 300, 301, 302
– relief	289, 290, 291, 293, 296
global security
– agreement by standard form
contract				114-115
– requirement to be determinable				114
– terminology				113
independent security
– abusive demand		347-348, 349,
		350, 351, 352
– defences				338-339
– demand for performance			334-335,
				336-337
– on first demand		327, 341-342, 343
– historical development			104, 106
– independency				105
– national law				321
– presumption				198
– qualification		325-326, 327
– secured obligations				328
– terminology			104, 319
– time limit			364, 365
– transfer		368, 369-370
– underlying obligation, reference to				328
independent security provider
– obligations before performance			335-336,
				337
– right to reclaim		356, 357, 358, 359

551

Annexes
insurance contracts
– credit insurance		132
– guarantee insurance	126, 133
interpretation
– common intention		145
– contra proferentem rule		146
– receiver’s horizon		145
– strict – of security		146
letters of credit and security		329
– stand-by – as independent security		132
mandatory rules		137
personal security, contractual nature		136
– dependent security not general
model		128
– terminology		101
plurality of security providers:
internal recourse
– equal treatment of different
security providers		179
– general principles	176, 177, 193
– part payment		178
– proportionate to maximum risk		181
– proprietary security provided by
debtor		176
– separate liability for internal recourse		182
– subject to agreement	176, 180
plurality of security providers:
liability towards creditor
– co-debtorship for security purposes		168
– independently assumed securities		167
– providers of personal and proprietary
security		169
– ranking of claims		169
– solidary liability	165-166, 167
– subject to party agreement		165
security obligation
– content subject to agreement		109
– content the same as secured
obligation		107
– liability for damages		108
security provider, capacity		109
– commercial corporations		110
– definition		109
– public institution		110
security provider: rights after
performance
– debtor’s exceptions		314

– documentary credits	377
– exclusion of claims	315
– general grounds	308, 313-314
– part performance	316, 377

–reimbursement 308-309, 310, 311, 374

–subrogation 312, 313, 317, 375, 377

Global security (global guarantee) agreement by standard form

contract		114-115
applicable rules	98, 113-114, 201
definition	Art. 1:101 (f ); 98, 113
maximum amount		98, 114
requirement to be determinable		113-114
restriction of liability by law		115
restriction to certain claims		113
security for current
account	Art. 1:101 (f ); 113
terminology		113
type of dependent security		98
Good faith and fair dealing		83, 136
see also independent personal security: abusive
demand
Greece
aval		134
co-debtorship for security purposes
– criteria for security purpose		157
– initial –, effects		159-160
– subsequent cumulative
assumption of debt		153
– idem, effects		160
consumer, functional scope		119
– person decisive		120
– personal scope including legal
entities		117
– statutory definition		116
consumer protection
– application of general rules		388
– assumption of debt		385
– assumption of co-debtorship		385
– dependent personal securities		385
– independent personal securities		385
consumer security provider:
applicable rules		385
– deviation in favour of consumer
security provider		398
– sanctions		397
– waiver of rights by consumer		396

552

consumer security provider: creditor’s
precontracual duty of information
– good faith				403, 408
– sanctions					411
consumer security provider:
form of contract		417-418, 420, 422
– co-debtorship for security
purposes				422-423
consumer security provider:
nature of liability
– independent securities					428
comfort letter, binding character				129-130
– commercial practice					129
– qualification					130
creation of security
– acceptance by creditor’s
reliance				140, 142
– acceptance by silence or
inactivity				140, 142
– express acceptance				140, 142
– usage as to significance of silence					142
creditor: information duties
– debtor’s default					255
– general					253
– sanctions					256
creditor’s liability
– delayed collection of secured claim					283
– general (damages or discharge)					281
– proprietary security rights			284-285, 286
– release of co-providers of security					284
dependent security
– coverage	231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 237
– defences		218-219, 220, 221, 222,
		223, 224, 225, 226, 227
– dependency		102, 103, 204, 205-206,
		207, 208, 209, 210-211
– solidary liability				244, 268
– subsidiary liability		244, 246, 247, 248,
		249, 267, 268, 269
– time limit			266, 267, 268,
		269, 276, 277, 278

dependent security provider

–obligations before

performance 297-298, 299, 300, 301, 302

– relief	289, 291, 292, 293, 294
global security	115

independent security

			Index
– abusive demand		347-348, 349,
		350, 351, 352
– defences		338, 343
– demand for performance			334
– on first demand			341-342
– historical development			106-107
– national law			321
– qualification		325, 327
– terminology			104, 319
– time limit			363
– transfer		368, 369, 370
independent security provider
– obligations before performance 335, 337
– right to reclaim	356, 357, 358, 359
insurance contracts
– credit insurance			132
– guarantee insurance			133
interpretation
– common intention			145
– contra proferentem rule			146
– receiver’s horizon			145
– security provider acting for
remuneration			147
– strict – of security			146
personal security
– dependent security as general rule			128
plurality of security providers:

internal recourse

– equal treatment of different security

providers		179
– general principles		177
– measure of internal liability		181, 182
– part payment		178
– subject to agreement		176, 180
plurality of security providers:
liability towards creditor
– ranking of claims		170
– solidary liability		167
security provider: rights after
performance
– debtor’s exceptions		315
– documentary credits		377
– exclusion of claims		315
– general grounds		308, 313-314
– part performance		316, 317
– reimbursement	308-309, 310, 374
– subrogation	312, 317, 376, 377

553

Annexes
stand-by letter of credit:					– security provider and creditor			351-352
independent security				132	– security provider			346, 352
Guarantee				81	exception to independency			344, 345,
see also Dependent personal security								347-348
					fraud			348-349
Illegality				84	good faith		347-348, 349
Independency					present evidence			346, 350
see Independent personal security/Indemnities,					Independent personal security:
various subtitles					defences
Independent personal security/					first demand security			340, 343
Indemnities			Art. 1:101 (b)		invalidity of security			332, 338
advantages and risks				95-96	non-compliance of demand
causa				105-106	with security			332, 338
definition			Art. 1:101 (b); 323		security provider’s –
historical development			80, 88, 104-106		against creditor	332-333, 338, 354
independency, agreement of				95	– assigned claims			332-333
– general	81, 94, 105, 124-125, 322-323				– exclusions by agreement			333
– reference to underlying					– set-off			332, 338-339
obligation			Art. 3:101 (1); 95,		Independent personal security:
			323 327-328, 345		demand for performance
international instruments				321-322	examination by security provider:
national laws			320-321, 324		see Independent security provider:
presumption			196, 198, 323		obligations before performance
qualification				325-326	“extend or pay”			332, 336-337
– as first demand security; see also					form			330-331, 334
Independent personal security:					terms			331, 334-335
on first demand		326-327, 340, 341-342			Independent personal
secured obligations				328	security: on first demand		Art. 3:103; 340
terminology			88, 94, 104, 319-320		applicable rules			340
– institution				319	concept			341-342
– persons				319-320	creditor’s entitlement		340-341, 341-342
validity				94, 323	creditor’s confirmation of entitlement 342
– assumed by consumer			202, 203, 324		documentary security			340
see also Personal security					independency			340
Independent personal security:					Independent security provider:
abusive demand			Art. 3:104		obligations before
abuse of rights			347-348, 348-349		performance	Art. 3:102; 330, 333
– manifest abuse			345, 349-350		defences			338-339
concept				344-345	duty to inform debtor			332, 337-338
consequences for security provider				350-351	duty to inform creditor			333, 339
– towards debtor				346	duty to refuse performance			337
– towards creditor				345-346	examination of demand		331-332, 335-336
– restitution; see also					non compliance with –			331-332, 337
independent security provider:					security provider’s liability for
right to reclaim				346, 351	damages			333, 339
debtor’s protection					see also Independent security:
– creditor			346-347, 352		demand for performance

554

Independent security provider:
rights after performance	Art. 3:108; 373
applicable rules		371-372
application to documentary credits			377
part performance		373, 377
reimbursement from debtor			372
– analogy to dependent security			374
– differences from dependent security			375
– mandate			374
– operation of law			375
– relationship between debtor and
security provider			374
subrogation to creditor’s rights		372, 376
– based on agreement			375
– equitable			376
subrogation to creditor’s
securities		373, 376-377
Independent security provider:
right to reclaim		Art. 3:105
applicable rules		355,358-359
conditions
– abusive demand; see also
Independent personal
security: abusive demand		355, 357-358
– invalidity of security			356
– non compliance with
underlying relationship			357
– non-performance of demand		354, 356
– terms of demand disappeared		354-355
debtor’s entitlement			353
security provider’s defences			354
security provider’s entitlement			353
– assignment to debtor			353
– limits of –			353
Independent personal security:
with time limits	Art. 3:106; 363
applicable rules		363-365
expiration of time limit			361
security providers’ maximum liability			361
time for demand			361
time limits, types		361, 362
Independent personal security:
without time limit		Art. 3:106
limitation		362, 365
Independent personal security:
transfer	Art. 3:107; 366
demand of performance	366-367, 368-370

	Index
– prohibition for first demand
security	Art. 3:107; 366
– demand, kind	367
proceeds	366, 368
secured obligation	370
security and secured
obligation	367, 370-371

Insolvency
debtor’s insolvency, effect
on security obligation	92, 200, 208-209,
210, 246-247, 248-249
Insurance contracts
credit insurance		126, 132
exclusion from these rules	Art. 1:102 (2);
			126
guarantee insurance	Art. 1:102 (2);
		126, 133
Interpretation		Art. 1:105
commercial security			147
common intention			145
contra proferentem rule		144, 146-147
general			84
gratuitously assumed securities			147
Principles of European Contract Law			144
receiver’s horizon			145
security provider acting for
remuneration			144
strict – of security		145-146
Ireland
consumer, person decisive			121
consumer protection
– dependent personal securities			385
consumer security provider: creditor’s
precontracual duty of information
– copy of security agreement			405
– general principles of law			404
– special consumer protection
provisions		404, 405
– undue influence		408-409
consumer security provider:
doorstep transaction
– creditor			415
– Directive on doorstep transactions			413
consumer security provider:
form of contract			418
consumer security provider: nature
of liability

555

Annexes
– solidary liability			427
– subsidiary liability: mandatory rule			427
creation of security, consideration			142
dependent security
– dependency	102, 207, 211, 212
– solidary liability			239
independent security, abusive demand			348
interpretation
– common intention			145
– strict – of security			145
mandatory rules			137
personal security, terminology			102
plurality of security providers
– solidary liability towards creditor			166
security endorsement of bill
of exchange		127, 135
security provider: rights after
performance
– reimbursement			309
– subrogation			314
ISP98			322
and creditor’s demand		331-332
Italy
aval			134
co-debtorship for security purposes

– criteria for security purpose 156, 157-158

– initial –, solidary liability	152-153
– initial –, terminology	152
– subsequent cumulative
assumption of debt	154-155
– idem, terminology	153
comfort letter, binding character	129
– qualification	130
consumer, functional scope	118-119
– person decisive	121-122
– personal scope limited to natural
persons	117
– statutory definition	116-117
consumer protection
– application of general rules	388
– dependent personal securities	385
– independent personal securities	385
– not applicable: creditor also
consumer	389
– not applicable: security provider’s
relationship to debtor	390

consumer security provider:
applicable rules			385
– abusive clauses		394-395
– deviation to disadvantage
of consumers			394
– sanctions			397
– waiver of rights by consumer			395
consumer security provider:
creditor’s annual information
– periodicity of duty			432
– sanctions			433
consumer security provider: creditor’s
precontracual duty of information
– adequate information by
professionals			406
– error			409
– fraud			409
– general principles of law			404
– good faith			409
– sanctions		411, 412
– special consumer protection
provisions	404, 406
– threat			409
– undue influence			409
consumer security provider:
doorstep transaction
– application to security contracts			414
– creditor			415
– debtor			415
– Directive on doorstep transactions			413
– security provider			414
consumer security provider:
form of contract			421
consumer security provider:
nature of liability
– independent securities			428
– solidary liability			427
– subsidiary liability: mandatory rule			427
consumer security provider: time limit
– limitation of securities by security
providers: specific rules			437
counter security			112
creation of security
– acceptance by creditor’s reliance			141
– express acceptance			140
– unilateral promise			143
creditor: information duties

556

– global security			256-257
– sanctions			257-258
creditor’s liability
– delayed collection of secured claim				282
– general (damages or discharge)				281
– proprietary security rights			285-286
debtor, definition				111
– and security provider: plurality
of debtors				194
dependent security
– coverage		232, 233, 235, 236
– defences		218, 219, 220, 221,
		222, 223, 224, 226, 227
– dependency	102, 103, 204, 205, 206,
		207, 208, 209, 210-211
– solidary liability			239, 267
– subsidiary liability		240, 246, 247,
		248, 249, 267

– time limit 266, 267, 273, 274, 277-278

dependent security provider
– obligations before performance			297, 298,
		299, 300, 301
– relief	289, 290, 291, 292, 293
freedom of contract				136-137
global security
– need for maximum amount				114
– terminology				113
independent security
– abusive demand		347-348, 349,
	350, 351, 351-352
– causa				105
– defences		338-339, 343
– demand for performance		334-335,336
– historical development			105, 106
– independency				105
– national law				321
– on first demand	326-327, 341-342
– presumption				198
– qualification		325, 326-327
– secured obligations				328
– terminology			104, 319
– time limit		363, 364-365
– transfer		368, 369, 370
– underlying obligation, reference to				328
independent security provider
– obligations before performance				337-338
– right to reclaim	356, 357, 358, 359

			Index
insurance contracts
– credit insurance			132
– guarantee insurance		126, 133
interpretation
– common intention			145
– contra proferentem rule			146
– gratuitously assumed securities			147
letters of credit and security		328-329
– stand-by – as independent security			132
mandatory rules			137
personal security, contractual nature			136
– dependent security as general rule			128
– terminology			101
plurality of security providers:
internal recourse
– equal treatment of different
security providers			179
– general principles		177, 193
– internal liability per capita			181
– part payment			177-178
– proprietary security provided
by debtor			176
– subject to agreement		176, 180
plurality of security providers:
liability towards creditor
– beneficium divisionis			167-168
– independently assumed securities			166
– ranking of claims		169, 170
– solidary liability			166
proprietary security, terminology			122
– third party proprietary security			122
security obligation
– content subject to agreement			109
– content the same as secured
obligation			107
– liability for damages			108
security provider, capacity			109
– commercial corporations			109-110
– definition			109
– public institution			110
security provider: rights after performance
– debtor’s exceptions			314
– exclusion of claims			315
– general grounds	308, 313-314
– part performance			316
– reimbursement	308, 310, 311, 374

557

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