учебный год 2023 / de la Mata Munoz, Personal Security

CAPITULO SEGUNDO.

De los efectos de la fianza

SECCION PRIMERA. De los efectos de la fianza entre el fiador y el acreedor

Art. 1.830

El fiador no puede ser compelido a pagar al acreedor sin hacerse antes excusi6n de todos los bienes del deudor.

Art. 1.831

La excusi6n no tiene lugar:

1°.Cuando el fiador haya renunciado expresamente a ella.

2°. Cuando se haya obligado solidariamente con el deudor.

3°. En el caso de quiebra o concurso del deudor.

4°. Cuando este no pueda ser demandado judicialmente dentro del Reino.

Art. 1832

Para que el fiador pueda aprovecharse del beneficio de la excusi6n, debe oponerlo al acreedor luego que este le requiera para el pago, y sefialarle bienes del deudor realizables dentro del territorio espafiol, que sean suficientes para cubrir el importe de la deuda.

Art. 1.833

Cumplidas por el fiador todas las condiciones del articulo anterior, el acreedor negligente en la excusi6n de los bienes sefialados es responsable, hasta donde ellos alcancen, de la insolvencia del deudor que por aquel descuido resulte.

CHAPTER TWO.

Effects of the guarantee.

SECTION ONE. About the effects of the guarantee between guarantor and creditor

Art. 1.830

The guarantor cannot be compelled to pay a creditor until all of the debtor's assets have been subject to discussion.

Art. 1831

A discussion of the debtor's assets is not required:

1° When the guarantor has expressly waived it.

2° When he has bound himself solidarity with the debtor.

3° In case of bankruptcy or insolvency of the debtor.

4° When the debtor cannot be sued within the Kingdom.

Art. 1832

In order for the guarantor to avail himself of the benefit of discussion he must raise it against the creditor after the latter makes a demand for payment from him and he must indicate to him the assets of the debtor that may be seized within the Spanish territory and which are sufficient to cover the amount of the debt.

Art. 1833

When the guarantor has fulfilled all the conditions of the preceding article, the creditor who is negligent in making discussion upon the assets pointed out to him shall be liable, to the extent of the value of said property, for the insolvency of the debtor resulting from such negligence.

Art. 1.834

El acreedor podra citar al fiador cuando demande al deudor principal, pero quedara siempre a salvo el beneficio de excusi6n, aunque se de sentencia contra los dos.

Art. 1.835

La transacci6n hecha por el fiador con el acreedor no surte efecto para con el deudor principal.

La hecha por este tampoco surte efecto para con el fiador, contra su voluntad.

Art. 1.836

El fiador de un fiador goza del beneficio de excusi6n, tanto respecto del fiador como del deudor principal.

Art. 1.837

Siendo varios los fiadores de un mismo deudor y por una misma deuda, la obligaci6n a responder de ella se divide entre todos. El acreedor no puede reclamar a cada fiador sino la parte que le corresponda satisfacer, a menos que se haya estipulado expresamente la solidaridad.

El beneficio de division contra los cofiadores cesa en los mismos casos y por las mismas causas que el de excusi6n contra el deudor principal.

SECCION SEGUNDA. De Ios efectos de la fianza entre el deudor y el fiador

Art. 1.838

El fiador que paga por el deudor, debe ser indemnizado por este.

La indemnizaci6n comprende: 1°. La cantidad total de la deuda.

2°. Los intereses legales de ella desde que se haya hecho saber el pago al deudor, aunque no los produjese para el acreedor.

3°. Los gastos ocasionados al fiador despues de poner este en conocimiento del deudor que ha sido requerido para el pago.

4°. Los dafios y perjuicios, cuando proce-

Art.1.834

A creditor may call upon the guarantor if he institutes a claim against the principal debtor, but the benefit of discussion shall always be reserved, even when a judgment is rendered against both of them.

Art. 1.835

Payment made by the guarantor with the creditor shall have no effect with regard to the principal debtor.

That made by the latter shall also have no effect for the guarantor, against his will.

Art.1.836

The guarantor of a guarantor enjoys the benefit of discussion both with respect to the guarantor and to the principal debtor.

Art. 1.837

If there are several guarantors for the same debtor and for the same debt, their liability therefore shall be divided among all of them. The creditor may only claim from each guarantor the part that each may have to pay, unless solidarity has been expressly stipulated. The benefit of division against the co-guarantors shall cease in the same case and for the same reasons as that of the benefit of discussion against the principal debtor.

SECTION TWO. About the effects of the guarantee between the Debtor and the Guarantor

Art.1.838

A guarantor who pays on behalf of a debtor shall be indemnified by the latter.

The indemnity consists of:

1°. The total amount of the debt.

2°. The legal interests on the debt from the day on which the payment was communicated to the debtor, even when it did not produce interest for the creditor.

3°. The expenses incurred by the guarantor after the latter has informed the debtor that payment has been demanded from him.

dan.

La disposici6n de este articulo tiene lugar aunque la fianza se haya dado ignonindolo el deudor.

Art. 1.839

El fiador se subroga por el pago en todos los derechos que el acreedor tenia contra el deudor. Si ha transigido con el acreedor, no puede pedir al deudor mas de lo que realmente haya pagado.

Art. 1.840

Si el fiador paga sin ponerlo en noticia del deudor, podra este hacer valer contra el todas las excepciones que hubiera podido oponer al acreedor al tiempo de hacerse el pago.

Art. 1.841

Si la deuda era a plazo y el fiador la pag6 antes de su vencimiento, no podra exigir reembolso del deudor hasta que el plazo venza.

Art. 1.842

Si el fiador ha pagado sin ponerlo en noticia del deudor, y este, ignorando el pago, lo repite por su parte, no queda al primero recurso alguno contra el segundo, pero si contra el acreedor.

Art. 1.843

El fiador, aun antes de haber pagado, puede proceder contra el deudor principal:

1°. Cuando se ve demandado judicialmente para el pago.

2°. En caso de quiebra, concurso o insolvencia.

3°. Cuando el deudor se ha obligado a relevarle de la fianza en un plazo determinado, y este plazo ha vencido.

4°. Cuando la deuda ha llegado a hacerse exigible, por haber cumplido el plazo en que debe satisfacerse.

5°. Al cabo de diez afios, cuando la obliga-

4°. Losses and damages when appropriate. The provisions of this article shall be applicable even if the guarantee has been given without the knowledge of the debtor.

Art. 1.839

By virtue of the payment, the guarantor subrogates to all the rights which the creditor had against the debtor. If he has agreed with the creditor, he cannot demand of the debtor more that the amount he has actually paid to him.

Art. 1840

If the guarantor pays without notifying debtor, the latter shall have the right to raise against him all the exceptions that he could have raised against the creditor at the time payment was made.

Art. 1.841

If the debt was a deferred one and the guarantor paid it before the due date, he cannot require the debtor to reimburse him until the term has expired.

Art.1.842

If the guarantor has paid without notifying the debtor, and the latter, not having knowledge of the payment, also pays it, the former has no remedy against the debtor, only against the creditor.

Art.1.843

The guarantor, even before making payment, may proceed against the principal debtor:

1°. When he is sued for the payment. 2°. In case of bankruptcy or insolvency.

3°. When the debtor has bound himself to relieve him from the guarantee within a specified term, and this term has expired.

4°. When the debt has become due and payable because the term in which it should have been paid has expired.

5°. At the end of ten years, when the principal obligation does not have a fixed term

ci6n principal no tiene termino fijo para su vencimiento, a menos que sea de tal naturaleza que no pueda extinguirse sino en un plazo mayor de los diez afios.

En todos estos casos la acci6n del fiador tiende a obtener relevaci6n de la fianza o una garantia que lo ponga a cubierto de los procedimientos del acreedor y del peligro de insolvencia en el deudor.

SECCION TERCERA. De los efectos de la fianza entre los cofiadores

Art. 1.844

Cuando son dos o mas los fiadores de un mismo deudor y por una misma deuda, el que de ellos la haya pagado podni reclamar de cada uno de los otros la parte que proporcionalmente le corresponda satisfacer.

Si alguno de ellos resultare insolvente, la parte de este recaera sobre todos en la misma proporci6n.

Para que pueda tener lugar la disposici6n de este articulo, es preciso que se haya hecho el pago en virtud de demanda judicial, o hallandose el deudor principal en estado de concurso o quiebra.

Art. 1.845

En el caso del articulo anterior podran los cofiadores oponer al que pag6 las mismas excepciones que habrian correspondido al deudor principal contra el acreedor y que no fueren puramente personales del mismo deudor.

Art. 1.846

El subfiador, en caso de insolvencia del fiador por quien se oblig6, queda responsable a los cofiadores en los mismos terminos que lo estaba el fiador.

for its expiration, unless it is of such nature that it cannot be extinguished except in a period greater ten years.

In all these cases, the action of the guarantor tends to secure his release from the guarantee or to obtain security to protect him from any proceedings of the creditor and from the danger of insolvency of the debtor.

SECTION THREE. About the effects of the guarantee with regard to

co-guarantors

Art. 1.844

When there are two or more guarantors for the same debtor and for the same debt, the one who has paid it may demand of each of the others the part which he or they should proportionately have to pay.

Should any of them be insolvent, his part shall be paid by all in the same proportion. In order that the provision of this article may be applicable, the payment must have been made following a judicial compliant or when the principal debtor has made an assignment or is insolvent or bankrupt.

Art.1.845

In the case of the preceding article, the coguarantors may raise against the one who paid, the same exceptions which would have been available to the principal debtor against the creditor, and which are not purely personal of the same debtor

Art.1.846

The sub-guarantor, in case of insolvency of the guarantor for whom he bound himself, remains liable to the co-guarantors in the same terms as the guarantor.

CAPITULO TERCERO. De la extincion de la fianza

Art. 1.847

La obligaci6n del fiador se extingue al mismo tiempo que la del deudor, y por las mismas causas que las demas obligaciones.

Art. 1.848

La confusion que se verifica en la persona del deudor y en la del fiador cuando uno de ellos hereda al otro, no extingue la obligaci6n del subfiador.

Art. 1.849

Si el acreedor acepta voluntariamente un inmueble, u otros cualesquiera efectos en pago de la deuda, aunque despues los pierda por evicci6n, queda libre el fiador.

Art. 1.850

La liberaci6n hecha por el acreedor a uno de los fiadores sin el consentimiento de los otros, aprovecha a todos hasta donde alcance la parte del fiador a quien se ha otorgado.

Art. 1.851

La pr6rroga concedida al deudor por el acreedor sin el consentimiento del fiador extingue la fianza.

Art. 1.852

Los fiadores, aunque sean solidarios, quedan libres de su obligaci6n siempre que por algun hecho del acreedor no puedan quedar subrogados en los derechos, hipotecas y privilegios del mismo.

Art. 1.853

El fiador puede oponer al acreedor todas las excepciones que competan al deudor principal y sean inherentes a la deuda; mas no las que sean puramente personales del deudor.

CHAPTER THREE: About the extinction of the guarantee

Art. 1.847

The obligation of the guarantor shall expire at the same time as that of the debtor and for the same causes as all other obligations.

Art. 1.848

The confusion which takes place in the person of the debtor and of the guarantor when one of them inherits from the other, does not extinguish the obligation of the sub-guarantor.

Art. 1.849

If the creditor voluntarily accepts immovable real property or any other goods in payment of the debt, even if he afterwards loses them by way of eviction, the guarantor is released.

Art. 1.850

The release of one of the guarantors made by the creditor without the consent of the guarantor, benefits all of them to the extent of the obligation of the guarantor to whom the release was granted.

Art. 1.851

The extension granted to the debtor by the creditor without the consent of the guarantor, extinguishes the guarantee.

Art. 1.852

The guarantors, even when they are solidarity liable, are released from their obligation whenever by any act of the creditor, they cannot be subrogated to the rights, mortgages and privileges of the same.

Art. 1.853

A guarantor may raise against the creditor all the exceptions that pertain to the principal debtor and that are inherent to the debt but not those which are purely personal to the debtor.

CAPITULO FOUR. De la fianza legal y judicial

Art. 1.854

El fiador que haya de darse por disposici6n de la ley o de providencia judicial, debe tener las cualidades prescritas en el articulo 1.828.

Art.1.855

Si el obligado a dar fianza en los casos del articulo anterior no la hallase, se le admitira en su lugar una prenda o hipoteca que se estime bastante para cubrir su obligaci6n.

Art. 1.856

El fiador judicial no puede pedir la excusi6n de bienes del deudor principal.

El subfiador, en el mismo caso, no puede pedir ni la del deudor ni la del fiador.

CHAPTER FOUR. About the legal and judicial guarantee

Art.1.854

The guarantor, acting when required by law or by judicial order, must possess the qualifications prescribed in article 1828.

Art.1.855

If the person who is bound to grant guarantee in the cases of the preceding article, is unable to furnish it, a pledge or mortgage found sufficient to cover his obligation shall be admitted in its place.

Art. 1.856

The judicial guarantor cannot demand the discussion of the assets of the principal debtor.

The sub-guarantor, in the same case, cannot demand that of the debtor nor that of the guarantor.

German Titel 20

Biirgschaft

§765 Vertragstypische Pflichten bei der Biirgschaft

(1)Durch den Biirgschaftsvertrag verpflichtet sich der Biirge gegeniiber dem Glaubiger eines Dritten, ftir die Erftillung der Verbindlichkeit des Dritten einzustehen.

(2)Die Bfugschaft kann auch fiir eine kiinftige oder eine bedingte Verbindlichkeitiibemommen werden.

§766 Schriftform der Biirgschaftserk.Hirung

Zur Giiltigkeit des Biirgschaftsvertrags ist schriftliche Erteilung der Bfugschaftserkliirung erforderlich. Die Erteilung der Biirgschaftserklarung in elektronischer Form ist ausgeschlossen. Soweit der Bfuge die Hauptverbindlichkeit erfilllt, wird der Mangel der Form geheilt.

§ 767 Umfang der Biirgschaftsschuld

(1) Fili die Verpflichtung des Burgen ist der jeweilige Bestand der Hauptverbindlichkeit maBgebend. Dies gilt insbesondere auch, wenn die Hauptverbindlichkeit <lurch Verschulden oder Verzug des Hauptschuldners geandert wird. Durch ein Rechtsgeschaft, das der Hauptschuldner

English Title 20

Guarantee

§ 765 Typical contractual duties in guarantee

(1) By a contract of guarantee the surety puts himself under a duty to the creditor of a third party to be responsible for discharging that third party's obligation.

(2) Guarantee may also be assumed for a future or contingent obligation.

§ 766 Written form of the declaration of guarantee

For the contract of guarantee to be valid, the declaration of guarantee must be issued in writing. The declaration of guarantee may not be made in electronic form. If the surety discharges the main obligation, the defect of form is remedied.

§ 767 Extent of the guarantee debt

(1) The currently applicable amount of the main obligation determines the duty of the surety. This applies in particular, without Limitation, if the main obligation has been changed through no fault of or default by the principal debtor. The duty of the surety is not extended by a legal transaction that the principal debtor undertakes after as-

nach der Ubemahme der Burgschaft vornimmt, wird die Verpflichtung des Burgen nicht erweitert.

(2) Der Burge haftet fiir die dem Gliiubiger von dem Hauptschuldner zu ersetzenden Kosten der Kundigung und der Rechtsverfolgung.

§ 768 Einreden des Biirgen

( 1) Der Burge kann die dem Hauptschuldner zustehenden Einreden geltend machen. Stirbt der Hauptschuldner, so kann sich der Burge nicht darauf berufen, dass der Erbe fiir die Verbindlichkeit nur beschriinkt haftet.

(2) Der Burge verliert eine Einrede nicht dadurch, dass der Hauptschuldner auf sie verzichtet.

§ 769 Mitbilrgschaft

Verburgen sich mehrere fiir dieselbe Verbindlichkeit, so haften sie als Gesamtschuldner, auch wenn sie die Burgschaft nicht gemeinschaftlich ubemehmen.

§ 770 Einreden der Anfechtbarkeit und der Aufrechenbarkeit

( 1) Der Burge kann die Befriedigung des Gliiubigers verweigem, solange dem Hauptschuldner das Recht zusteht, das seiner Verbindlichkeit zugrunde liegende Rechtsgeschiift anzufechten.

(2) Die gleiche Befugnis hat der Burge, solange sich der Gliiubiger durch Aufrechnung gegen eine fallige Forderung des Hauptschuldners befriedigen kann.

§ 771 Einrede der Vorausklage

Der Burge kann die Befriedigung des Gliiubigers verweigem, solange nicht der Gliiubiger eine Zwangsvollstreckung gegen den Hauptschuldner ohne Erfolg versucht hat (Einrede der Vorausklage). Erhebt der Burge die Einrede der Vorausklage, ist die Verjiihrung des Anspruchs des Gliiubigers gegen den Burgen gehemmt, bis der Glau-

sumption of the guarantee.

(2) The surety is liable for the costs of termination and prosecution of rights that are reimbursable by the principal debtor to the creditor.

§ 768 Defences of surety

( 1) The surety may assert the defences to which the principal debtor is entitled. Ifthe principal debtor dies, then the surety may not invoke the fact that the heir has only limited liability for the obligation.

(2) The surety is not deprived of a defence by the fact that the principal debtor waives it.

§ 769 Co-guarantee

Where more than one person enters a guarantee commitment for the same obligation, they are jointly and severally liable even if they do not assume guarantee jointly.

§ 770 Defences of voidability and set-off

( 1) The surety may refuse to satisfy the creditor as long as the principal debtor is entitled to avoid the legal transaction on which the obligation is based.

(2) The surety has the same authority as long as the creditor can obtain satisfaction by set-off against a claim of the principal debtor that is due.

§ 771 Defence of unexhausted remedies

The surety may refuse to satisfy the creditor as long as the creditor has not attempted without success to obtain execution of judgment against the principal debtor (defence of unexhausted remedies). If the surety raises the defence of unexhausted remedies, the limitation of the claim of the creditor against the surety is suspended

biger eine Zwangsvollstreckung gegen den Hauptschuldner ohne Erfolg versucht hat.

§ 772 Vollstreckungsund Verwertungspflicht des GHiubigers

( 1) Besteht die Btirgschaft fiir eine Geldforderung, so muss die Zwangsvollstreckung in die beweglichen Sachen des Hauptschuldners an seinem Wohnsitz und, wenn der Hauptschuldner an einem anderen Ort eine gewerbliche Niederlassung hat, auch an diesem Ort, in Ermangelung eines Wohnsitzes und einer gewerblichen Niederlassung an seinem Aufenthaltsort versucht werden.

(2) Steht dem Glaubiger ein Pfandrecht oder ein Zurtickbehaltungsrecht an einer beweglichen Sache des Hauptschuldners zu, so muss er auch aus dieser Sache Befriedigung suchen. Steht dem Glaubiger ein solches Recht an der Sache auch ftir eine andere Forderung zu, so gilt dies nur, wenn beide Forderungen <lurch den Wert der Sache gedeckt werden.

§ 773 Ausschluss der Einrede der Vorausklage

( 1) Die Einrede der Vorausklage ist ausgeschlossen:

1.wenn der Bilrge auf die Einrede verzichtet, insbesondere wenn er sich als Selbstschuldner verbilrgt hat,

2.wenn die Rechtsverfolgung gegen den Hauptschuldner infolge einer nach der Obernahme der Btirgschaft eingetretenen Anderung des Wohnsitzes, der gewerblichen Niederlassung oder des Aufenthaltsorts des Hauptschuldners wesentlich erschwert ist,

3.wenn Uber das Vermogen des Hauptschuldners das Insolvenzverfahren eroffnet ist,

4.wenn anzunehmen ist, dass die Zwangs-

vollstreckung in das Vermogen des Hauptschuldners nicht zur Befriedigung des Glaubigers ftihren wird.

(2) In den Fallen der Nummern 3, 4 ist die Einrede insoweit zulassig, als sich der

until the creditor has attempted without success to obtain execution of judgment against the principal debtor.

§ 772 Duty of creditor of enforcement and realisation

( 1) If the guarantee applies to a monetary claim, then enforcement of judgment must be attempted against the movable things of the principal debtor at his residence and, if the principal debtor has a business establishment in another locality, at the latter as well, and, in the absence of a residence and a business establishment, at his place of abode.

(2) If the creditor has a pledge over or right of retention to a movable thing of the principal debtor, then he must attempt to satisfy his claim from this thing too. If the creditor has such a right to the thing for another claim as well, then this only applies if both claims are covered by the value of the thing.

§ 773 Exclusion of defence of unexhausted remedies

( 1) The defence of unexhausted remedies is excluded:

if the surety waives the defence, including without limitation if he has assumed guarantee as principal debtor, if pursuit of rights against the principal debtor is made appreciably more difficult due to a change of residence, of business establishment or of place of abode occurring after assumption of guarantee, if insolvency proceedings have been opened in relation to the assets of the principal debtor, if it must be assumed that enforcement of judgment against the assets of the principal debtor will not result in satisfaction of the claim of the creditor.

(2) In the cases cited in nos. 3 and 4, the defence is admissible to the extent that the creditor may satisfy his claim out of a movable thing of the principal debtor over which he has a security right or of which

Glaubiger aus einer beweglichen Sache des Hauptschuldners befriedigen kann, an der er ein Pfandrecht oder ein Zurilckbehaltungsrecht hat; die Vorschrift des § 772 Abs. 2 Satz 2 findet Anwendung.

§ 774 Gesetzlicher Forderungsiibergang

( 1) Soweit der Burge den Glaubiger befriedigt, geht die Forderung des Glaubigers gegen den Hauptschuldner auf ihn uber. Der Dbergang kann nicht zum Nachteil des Glaubigers geltend gemacht werden. Einwendungen des Hauptschuldners aus einem zwischen ihm und dem Bilrgen bestehenden Rechtsverhi:iltnis bleiben unberilhrt.

(2) Mitburgen haften einander nur nach §

426.

§ 775 Anspruch des Burgen auf Befreiung

( 1) Hat sich der Bilrge im Auftrag des Hauptschuldners verburgt oder stehen ihm nach den Vorschriften Uber die Geschaftsftihrung ohne Auftrag wegen der Dbemahme der Burgschaft die Rechte eines Beauftragten gegen den Hauptschuldner zu, so kann er von diesem Befreiung von der Burgschaft verlangen:

1.wenn sich die Vermogensverhiiltnisse des Hauptschuldners wesentlich verschlechtert haben,

2.wenn die Rechtsverfolgung gegen den Hauptschuldner infolge einer nach der Ubemahme der Bilrgschaft eingetretenen Anderung des Wohnsitzes, der gewerblichen Niederlassung oder des Aufenthaltsorts des Hauptschuldners wesentlich erschwert ist,

3.wenn der Hauptschuldner mit der Erfollung seiner Verbindlichkeit im Verzug ist,

4.wenn der Gli:iubiger gegen den Burgen ein vollstreckbares Urteil auf Erfiillung erwirkt hat.

(2)Ist die Hauptverbindlichkeit noch nicht fiillig, so kann der Hauptschuldner dem Burgen, statt ihn zu befreien, Sicherheit leisten.

he has a right of retention; the provisions of

§772 (2) sentence 2 apply.

§774 Statutory passing of claims

(1)To the extent that the surety satisfies the claims of the creditor, the claim of the creditor against the principal debtor passes to him. The passing of ownership may not be asserted to the disadvantage of the creditor. Objections by the principal debtor under a legal relationship existing between himself and the surety are unaffected.

(2)Co-sureties are only liable to each other under§ 426.

§775 Claim to release of the surety

( 1) If the surety has provided guarantee on the instructions of the principal debtor, or if he is entitled under the provisions on a- gency without specific authorisation, as a result of assuming the guarantee, to the rights of a voluntary agent against the principal debtor, then he may demand that the principal debtor releases him from the guarantee if the financial situation of the principal debtor has substantially deteriorated, if pursuit of rights against the principal debtor is made appreciably more difficult due to a change of residence, of business establishment or of place of abode occurring after assumption of guarantee, if the principal debtor is in default of discharging his obligation, if the creditor has obtained an enforceable judgment for discharge against the surety.

(2) If the main obligation has not yet fallen due, then the principal debtor may provide security to the surety instead of releasing him.