Экзамен зачет учебный год 2023 / Dixon, Modern Land Law

Absolute title 52-3 Actual occupation meaning 60, 61-2

Adverse possession 501-30 common law 501-2

effect of successful claim 529 establishing 503-10

feudal origins 501 human rights, and 524-6

Article 1, Protocol 1 525 Land Registration Act 1925 518

Land Registration Act 2002 502-3, 519-24, 527

application for registration 520 basic principles 519

boundary exception 523-4 counter-notice 520-1

effect of registration of adverse possessor 524

estoppel 522-3 exceptions 521-4

‘ought to be registered’ 522-3 squatter entitled to be registered as

proprietor 523 statutory scheme 520-1 unconscionability 522-3

limitation of actions 527

limitation period under old law 527 overriding status 67-8

period not completed before 13 October 2003 529-30

policy, and 502

rules common to unregistered and registered land 503-10

‘adverse’ 507 case law 503-4

factual possession 506-10 human rights, and 508-9 intention to exclude 504-6 intention to possess 504-6 physical possession 506-10 proof of intention to possess 506

stopping clock of limitation 528-9 substantive law: intention to possess 528 substantive law: physical possession 528 traditional principle 527

unregistered land 510-18

effect on adverse possessor – freeholds 515-16

effect on adverse possessor – leaseholds 516-17

effect on paper owner 514-15 effect of successful claim 514-17

limitation period 510-13 start of limitation period 512

stopping clock of limitation 513 substantive nature of adverse possessor’s

rights prior to completing period of limitation 517-18

Alteration of register 97-101, 108 general conditions 98-9 rectification 99-101

statutory scheme 98

Authorised guarantee agreements 287-90

Bankruptcy 170-3

sale of co-owned property, and 170-3 human rights, and 172-3

matters considered by court 171-2 postponement 172

trustee in bankruptcy 171-3

Charge 452

equitable 461. see also Mortgages Charges register 44-5

schedule of restrictive covenants 45 Constructive trust 195-201

common intention 196-9 domestic context 198-9 express agreement 197 inferring 197-8

three routes 196 co-ownership, and 195-201 detrimental reliance 200-1

detriment 200-1 forms 200

nature of interest generated 201-3 proprietary estoppel, and 204-5, 440-4 quantification of share 201-3

two legal owners, when 203-4 resulting trusts, and 204-5

use of concept 195-6 Contracts 3-4

licence, and 410-11 Conversion

abolition of doctrine 222 Co-ownership 147-217

advantages of legislative reforms 163-5 component parts 148

constructive trust 195-201. see also Constructive trust

creation 188-207

establishing equitable interest 191-2 legal title in one name only 190-1, 216

equitable interest 213-14

equitable owners, position of 181-5

Co-ownership cont. overreaching, whether 182 problem in perspective 184-5 reform proposals 182-4

express creation 188-90, 216 validity of trust 188-9

express trust 192 implied creation 147

investigation of title 164-5 joint tenancy. see Joint tenancy

Law of Property Act 1925, effect 153-5, 213 nature of 148, 213

payment of compensation for exclusive use 216

position of equitable owners when overreaching occurs 215

possession 215

property adjustment order 205-6 purchase money resulting trust 192-5.

see also Resulting trust purchaser of co-owned land 215

overreaching 175-7 right to occupy 215 severance 207-12, 216-17

act operating on own share 209-10 mutual agreement 211

mutual conduct 211

section 36(2) Law of Property Act 1925 208-9

statutory notice 208-9 significance of law 147 statutory machinery 158-9

tenancy in common. see Tenancy in common

TOLATA 1996, effect 153-5, 213 summary of effect 187

trust of land 165-87 advantages 214

approach of court when application made under section 14 of TOLATA 173-5

bankruptcy 170-3 bankruptcy of co-owner 175

consents not initially required 178-9 consents required 177-8 disadvantages 165-87, 214-15 disputes between co-owner and third

party secured creditor 174 disputes between co-owners 173 disputes as to sale 166-8

equitable owners, position of 181-5 mortgagee, and 175

nature of 214

no overreaching, where 179-81 order for sale of property 166-73 possession, question of 185-6 rent, payment of 186

TOLATA 1996, effect 214 types 148, 213

Covenants

leasehold. see Leasehold covenants Customary rights 65

Damages

breach of covenant, and 307 leasehold covenants, and 296

Deed

easements created by 327 Doctrine of estates 6-7

E-conveyancing

proprietary estoppel, and 439 Easements

benefit to dominant tenement 320-2 burdensome obligations 323 capable grantee 322

capable grantor 322

capable of forming subject matter of grant 322-5

certainty of rights 322-3

comparison between Wheeldon v Burrows and section 62, Law of Property Act 1925

creation 337

deed, created by 327

dominant and servient tenement 318-19 dominant tenement 317

equitable 329-30 formalities 326, 365

essential characteristics 318-26, 365 express creation 337-9, 366 express grant 337-8

express reservation 338-9 extinguishment 362-3, 368 implied by common intention

grant and reservation 341-2 implied creation 339-51, 366-7

common intention 367 necessity 366

section 62, Law of Property Act 1925 367

Wheeldon v Burrows 342-6, 367 implied by reason of section 62, Law of

Property Act 1925 346-9 example 350-1

implied by reservation

grant and reservation 339-41

Easements cont.

implied under rule in Wheeldon v Burrows 342-6, 367

incorporal hereditament 317 legal 326-9

formalities 326, 365 overriding effect 75-7 overriding status 64-5

legal and equitable distinguished 330-6, 366 purchasers of dominant or servient

tenement 330-6 registered land 331-5 significance in practice 330-6

nature of 317-18 personal benefit 320-1

Prescription Act 1832 361-2 easements except easements of light

361-2

easements of light 362 prescription, by 327, 351-62, 367-8

basis of doctrine 352 common law 360 continuous user 359 fee simple only 353-5

general conditions 352-3 limited exception 357 lost modern grant 360-1

methods of establishing 359-62

use must be in character of easement 357-8

use must be lawful 358-9 use must be ‘of right’ 355-7 use without force 356

use without permission 356-7 use without secrecy 356

proprietary estoppel, and 440 proximity of servient to dominant

tenement 320 public policy 325-6 recreational use 321 reform 363-4

registered disposition, created by 327-8 registered land 331-5

benefit 331

equitable easements and dealings with land already registered 334-5

equitable easements at first registration of title 334

equitable easements overriding prior to 13 October 2003 333-4

legal easements expressly created over registered estate on or after

13 October 2003 332-3

legal easements impliedly created over registered estate on or after 13 October 2003 332-3

legal easements in existence at first registration of title 332

legal easements in existence before 13 October 2003 331

servient land 331

separation of dominant and servient tenement 319-20

statute, created by 327

undue restrictions on servient land 324-5 unregistered land 335-6

equitable easements 336 legal easements 336

Electronic conveyancing

distinction between legal and equitable property rights 16

Entail 8-9

Equity of redemption. see Mortgages Estates in land 6-9

Estoppel

adverse possession, and 522-3 mortgages by 460-1

proprietary. see Proprietary estoppel Exclusive possession 243-50. see also Leases

Fee simple 7 Fee tail 8-9

Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 mortgages, and 480

Foreclosure. see Mortgages Forfeiture 297-307

breach of covenants other than to pay rent 301-4

application for relief from 303-4 availability of relief when forfeiture by

physical re-entry 305 availability of relief when landlord

proceeds to forfeit by action for possession 304

covenant ‘capable of remedy’ 302-3 reform 306-7

repairing covenants 306 section 146 notice 301-4 waiver 305-6

discretionary relief for non-payment of rent 300-1

general considerations 297-8 leasehold covenants, and 297-307 non-payment of rent, for 298-300

Freehold covenants 371-406 artificial long lease 399

Freehold covenants cont.

burden must be intended to run with land 384-5

chain of covenants 398

construing section 79 LPA 1925 400-1 contracts, as 373, 403

covenantee’s land: benefit of covenant 374 covenantor’s land: burden of covenant 373 devices that may allow passing of burdens

406 discharge 401-2

duality of benefit and burden 374 enforcement

between original covenantor and covenantee 404

equity, relevance of 403-6 law, relevance of 403-6 passing the benefit 405-6 passing the burden 404

enforcement of burden 397-402

enforcing against successors in title 379-81 enforcing between original covenantor and

covenantee 377-9

after original covanantee has parted with land 378

after original covenantor has parted with land 377

both original parties in possession 377 defining original covenantee and

covenantor 378-9

original covenantor having no land at all 378

equitable nature of remedy 387 equity, relevance of 375-6 escaping confines of law 397-402

factual context for enforcement 376-7 interests in land, as 373-4, 403

law, relevance of 375-6 meaning 371-2 modification 401-2

must be restrictive or negative in nature 381

must have been imposed to benefit land of original covenantee 383-4

must touch and concern land 381-3 mutual benefit and burden 399-400 nature of 372-4

negative 372-3, 403

passing benefit of covenant to successors in title to original covenantee 388-97

annexation 392-4

assignment, express or implied 394 assignment of benefit 391

benefit annexed to legal estate in land 389-91

building scheme 395-7

claimant must have legal estate in land 389, 392

covenant touching and concerning land 388, 392

equity, in 391-7 law, at 388-91

scheme of development 395-7 transmission of benefit to claimant 392-6

passing burden 379-81 positive 372-3, 403 registration 385-6

registered land 385-6 unregistered land 385-6

rentcharges

rights of re-entry 401 suing at law 375

suing in equity 375-6 Freehold estate 7

Good leasehold title 53

Historical survey 1 Human rights

adverse possession, and 508-9, 524-6 sale of co-owned property, and 172-3

Indemnity under Land Registration Act 2002 101-3, 108

mistake, and 102-3 Injunction

breach of covenant, and 307 leasehold covenants, and 296-7

Interests in land 9-10 four-fold test 5-6 meaning 5

Interests of persons in actual occupation 60-4 meaning 60

more than one person 63 physical presence 62-3

subsisting at time of first registration 60-1

Joint tenancy 148-51

equitable interest 155-8, 213-14 four unities 150-3

ius accrescendi 149-50

right of survivorship 149-50

tenancy in common distinguished 155-8 trust of land 159-63

disposition, created by 163

duty of trustees to hold land 160-1

Joint tenancy cont.

functions and powers of trustees 162 nature of 159-60

one trustee 163 power of sale 161-2 proceeds of sale 161 TOLATA 1996 159-63 trust for sale 161

trustees unconnected with equitable interest 162-3

unity of interest 150 unity of possession 150 unity of time 151 unity of title 151

unseverable, nature of 159-63

Land meaning 2-3

Land Charges Act 1972 21 Land Charges Register 119-34

Class A 122

Class B 122

Class C 122-4

Class D 124-5 Class E 125 Class F 125-6

classes of charge 121-6

consequence of failing to register 129-30 effect of registration 126-9

actual notice 128 name, search of 126-7 purchaser, and 128-9

equitable easements, rights or privileges 125

estate contracts 123-4 general equitable charge 123 Inland Revenue charge 124 limited owner’s charge 123

mortgage not protected by deposit of title deeds 122-3

name-based 139 restrictive covenants 125 voidness rule 130-3

fraud, and 131-2

money or money’s worth 130-1 proprietary estoppel 132-3 transferee who is not purchaser 131 valuable consideration 130-1

Land law

other legal disciplines distinguished 3-4 proprietary nature of rights 4

Land Registration Act 1925 20-1

Land Registration Act 2002 1-2, 20-1, 31-3

Law of Property Act 1925 20 substantive changes to land law 25

Leasehold covenants 263-308 action for arrears of rent 295 action for damages 296

assignment of equitable lease to new tenant 278-82

forfeiture clause 279-80

implied new contractual obligations 281 new tenancy 281

privity of estate 278 restrictive covenants 280-1

assignment of lease to new tenant for pre1996 leases 270

assignment of reversion to new landlord under pre-1996 tenancies 274

benefit 263-4 burden 263-4

commercial rent arrears recovery 294-5 continuing liability of original tenant throughout entire term of lease

265-70

assignment of perpetually renewable lease 266

fixed charge 268-9

increased rent resulting from variation of lease 268

indemnity obligation 267 regrant of lease 266-7 statutory extension of lease 266

continuing rights and obligations of original landlord throughout terms of lease 270

enforceability 264-5

assignment of reversion of equitable lease to new landlord 277-8 claimant and defendant must be in

privity of estate 271-2

covenant must touch and concern land 272-3

equitable assignments of legal leases 277 equitable leases 277

Law Commission 283

original landlord and tenant 277 reform proposals 283-4

special rules 273 subtenants 282-3

forfeiture 297-307. see also Forfeiture injunction 296-7

Landlord and Tenant (Covenants) Act 1995 284-94, 313-14

application 285-6

authorised guarantee agreements 287-90

Leasehold covenants cont.

automatic transfer of benefits and burdens 291-2

effect 284-5

general principles 285-6 landlord’s position 292-3 release of tenants 287 tenant’s position 286-92

landlord’s remedies for breach 294-307, 314 leases granted before 1 January 1996 265-84,

312-13

leases granted on or after 1 January 1996 293-4, 313-14

liability between original landlord and tenant 265

nature of 263

new scheme 284-94 personal 272-3 proprietary 272-3

section 141 Law of Property Act 1925: benefit of original landlord’s covenants 274

special rules 276-7

section 142 Law of Property Act 1925: burden of original landlord’s covenants 274-6

registration 275 repayment of deposit 275-6

specific performance 296-7

tenant’s remedies for breach 307-8, 315 damages 307

injunction 307

retention of future rent 308 specific performance 307-8

Leasehold estate 7-8 good leasehold title 53

Leases 241-315 assignment 242

covenants, 242-3. see also Leasehold covenants

creation 254-63, 311 contract 254-5

duration of life of person 252 equitable

contract/lease analysis 258-60 creation 258-60

legal leases distinguished 262-3, 312 registered land 261

relative informality 260 specific performance, and 259 third parties, and 260-1 unregistered land 261

essential characteristics 243-54

exclusive possession 243-50 contract, and 248-9

multiple occupancy agreement 246-7 occupation agreement 245-6 pretences 250

public sector landlords 247-8 reservation of right by landowner, and

249-50

sham devices 250 legal

creation 255-7

equitable leases distinguished 262-3, 312 formality 255-7

registration 256-7 third parties, and 257-8

licence, and 244-50 marriage of lessee 252 nature of 241-3, 311 periodic tenancies 251-2 perpetually renewable 252 proprietary rights 242 registered land 311-12 rent 253-4

short-term

overriding first registration 58-9 statutory provisions concerning certain

terms 252-3 term certain 251

termination 308-10, 315 disclaimer 310 effluxion of time 308 enlargement 310 forfeiture 308 frustration 310 merger 309

notice 308-9

repudiatory breach of contract 310 surrender 309

terminology 241 unregistered land 311-12

Legal easements overriding effect 75-7 overriding status 64-5

Legal or equitable quality of proprietary rights 10-18, 27-8

consequences of distinction 18-19 distinction between legal and equitable

rights 11

division of ownership 16-18 electronic conveyancing, and 16

equitable property rights between 1925 legislation 19

history 10-11

Legal or equitable quality of proprietary rights cont.

legal property rights before 1925 legislation 18

manner of creation of right 12-15 equitable in practice 14-15 ‘legal’ right in practice 13-14 oral contract 15

original significance of distinction prior to 1926 28

origins of distinction between legal and equitable rights 10-11

section 1, Law of Property Act 1925 11-12 trust, and 16-18

Licences 407-22 bare 411-12

contract, and 410-11 contractual 412-13

interests in land, whether 413-14 personal nature of 419-20 proprietary, whether 414-17 purchaser, effect against 417-19

purchases of licensor’s land, and 413-14 remedies, and 413

essential nature of 407-11, 445 estoppel 420-2

formal requirements 408-9 interest, coupled with 412 lease, and 244-50

not proprietary 410 parking 409

personal permission 408 proprietary estoppel, and 420-2 proprietary right, and 409 types 411-19, 445

Life interest 9

Local land charges 65

Mistake

indemnity, and 102-3 Mortgages 447-500

charge 452

classic definition 448-9, 497

contract between borrower and lender 447-8

creation 497

creation before 1925 452-3

creation on or after 1 January 1926 453 current account 451

device for purchase of property, as 449-50 endowment 451

equitable 457-62

deposit of title deeds 459-60

equitable interests 458 estoppel 460-1

informal mortgages of legal interests 458-9

rights of mortgagee 496, 499-500 vulnerability 461-2

equitable charges 461

equity of redemption 462-81, 497-8 attempts to purchase mortgaged

property 465-6 collateral advantages 466-7

contractual right to redeem 463 equitable right to redeem 463-4 rule against irredemability 464-5 unconscionable terms 467-8 unfettered redeemability 466-7 unreasonable interest rates 467-8 value of 464

essential nature 447-52, 497 estoppel 460-1

Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 480

foreclosure 494-6

effect on other mortgages 495-6 statutory control 495

interest in land in its own right 448 legal mortgages of registered title under

Land Registration Act 2002 456 mortgagee, rights of 481-96 mortgagor, rights of 497-8 possession, right to 487-94

consequences 488 possible limitations 492-4

statutory restrictions 489-92 power of sale 483-7

consequences 484-5 regulating 485-7

powers of mortgagor 480-1

registration under Land Registration Act 2002 457

remedies for defaults 481-965, 498-9 action on contract for recovery of debt

482-3 foreclosure 494-6

possession, right to 487-94 power of sale 483-7 receiver, appointment of 494

repayment 450-1

restraint of trade 479-80, 498 secured overdraft 451-2 types 450-2

undue influence 468-78, 498 actual 469

Mortgages cont.

administrative practices of lending institutions 477

avoidance of being tainted by 475 effect of successful plea 478 independent advice, and 472 lender, responsibility of 475-6 notice of 474

practical steps to avoid 476 presumed 469-70

social and economic importance 473 unlawful credit bargains 478-9, 498 unregistered land and registered freehold

titles mortgaged before 13 October 2003 453-5

charge 454-5

long lease method 453-4 unregistered leases and registered

leasehold titles mortgaged before 13 October 2003 455-6

charge 456

long subleases 455

Notices 83-9 agreed 85-6

cancelling 88 evidence 85 third-party rights 85-6

agreed or unilateral, whether 87-8 matters not protected 84-5 meaning 83-4

registrar’s 86-7 cancelling 88

types 83-4 unilateral 86

cancelling 88-9 challenging 88-9

Overreachable rights 134-6 conditions 135 equitable rights 134-5

unregistered land, and 134-6 Overreaching 93-7, 108

failure, consequences of 96-7 meaning 93-4

right must be capable of being overreached 94

statutory conditions 94-6 strict settlements 96

transaction by at least two trustees 94-6

Overriding interests 22-3 time limited 66-7

Persons in actual occupation 70-5 actual knowledge 73-4

additional conditions under Schedule 3 72-5

conditions 71-2

general considerations 71 inspection of land 72-3 overriding interest 70-5

Possessory title 53-4 Prescription

easements created by 327, 351-62 Privity of estate 271-2. see also Leasehold

covenants

Profits a prendre 363, 369 overriding effect 75-7 overriding status 64-5 reform 363-4

Property adjustment order 205-6 Property legislation 1925 and 2002 28-9 Property register 43-4

Proprietary estoppel 132-3, 138 assurance 425, 427-9

specific 429 understanding 429 unilateral promise 429

conditions for operation 424-33, 446 constructive trusts, and 204-5, 440-4

assurance 441 common intention 442 discretion 443

evidentiary requirements 443 family home 442

formality requirements 442 informal promise 442 ‘satisfied’ 443

defence, as 423-4 detriment 425, 431-2 e-conveyancing, and 439 easement, and 440 formality rules, and 425-6 issues of doubt 435-40

Land Registration Act 2002, after 437-9 licence, and 420-2

meaning 423 nature of 446

range of remedies 435 reliance 425, 430-1

‘sufficient link’ 430 resulting trusts, and 204-5 role of 445

successful plea, result of 433-5, 446 expectation based remedy 434 reliance based remedy 434

Proprietary estoppel cont. third parties, and 435-40, 446

unconscionability, and 426, 432-3 unregistered land 440

Proprietary rights 4-5 types 6-10, 27

Proprietorship register 44 absolute freehold 44 schedule of covenants 44

Protectable registrable interest 23 Public policy

easements 325-6

Public Private Partnership leases 66 Public rights 65

Puisne mortgage 113-14

Qualified title 54

Real property, law of 2-6 nature of 2-6

scope of 2-6 Receiver

appointment by mortgagee 494 Rectification of register 99-101 Register of annuities 133

Register of deeds of arrangement 133 Register of pending actions 133 Register of writs and orders affecting

land 133

Registered charges 22, 47-8 Registered land 22-3, 31-108

absolute title 52-3 access to register 42-3 Act of 2002 31-3

alteration of register 97-101. see also Alteration of register

basic concept of title registration 33-5 benefits 38

bindingness of overriding interests under Land Registration Act 2002 80-2

consent to sale or mortgage of land 81-2 date for determining 81

existence of right 82 registration gap 81

classification of proprietary rights 51 compulsory first registration 34-5

triggers 34-5 curtain principle 40-1

equitable interests, and 40 overreaching 40-1

doctrine of notice, rejection 45-6 duty to disclose 79-80 e-conveyancing, and 37-8

Registered land cont.

enforcing registered protected interests 89-92

basic priority rule 90 fraud, and 91-2 indemnity 90 negligence 90 overriding interest 90 purchaser for value 90-1

unconscionable conduct 91 unregistered interests 90-2

entering overriding interests on register 79-80

fundamental operating principles 38-42 goals of system 36-8

good leasehold title 53 hostile interests 37

indemnity under LRA 2002 101-3. see also Indemnity under LRA 2002

insurance principle 41-2 importance of 42 statutory indemnity 41-2

interests protected by registration 49-51 law reform 31-2

mechanics of registration of interests 83-92 minor interests 49-51

mirror principle 38-40

electronic conveyancing, and 40 inspection of land, and 39

nature 1-7

nature of system 35-8

new owner, purchaser or mortgagee under registered disposition 55-6

notices. see Notices operation 51-6, 56-92

overreaching 37. see also Overreaching overriding interests 48-9

overview 42-51, 107-8 overview of Act of 2002 103-5 policy goals 31-2

possessory title 53-4

protected registered interests under Act of 2002 83-92

purpose 107

purpose of system 35-8 qualified title 54 register extract 43-5

registrable estates under LRA 2002 46-7 reliance on register 36-7

restrictions. see Restrictions root of title, and 36

third party interests 49-51 third party rights, and 37