Conclusion
Aggressive war is currently forbidden by the Charter of the United Nations, as well as by customary international law, and it even constitutes a crime against peace. The legal proscription of war forms the bedrock of the contemporary international legal system. Admittedly, to date, the prohibition has not had a profound impact on the actual conduct of States. As of now, its imprint has been more noticeable in the vocabulary of States. An international climate has been generated in which the term ‘war’ has an unsavoury connotation. Hence, while States continue to wage war,1 they prefer taking the moral high ground and describe their activities in palatable euphemisms. One may say, in a combination of cynicism and realism, that so far the legal abolition of war has stamped out not wars but declarations of war. This lip-service to the cause of peace may be hypocritical. However, as pithily put by La Rochefoucauld, ‘l’hypocrisie est un hommage que le vice rend a` la vertu’.2 The recognition of virtue is an indispensable first step without which no vice is likely to be eliminated.
Nevertheless, a taboo on the use of the word ‘war’ in legal analysis makes no sense at all.3 The fact that war is banished linguistically will not make it vanish empirically. Whether we employ this or that phrase does not alter the incontrovertible truth that comprehensive armed conflicts still permeate international relations. If the phenomenon of war is to be eradicated, it must be faced and not ignored. Otherwise, all that we are left with is hypocrisy.
For aggressive war (as well as unlawful uses of force ‘short of war’) to disappear, the international community must establish effective measures of collective security. The ‘harnessing’ of force to international
1For a comprehensive list of armed conflicts (both inter-State and intra-State) occurring between 1945 and 1995, see K. J. Holsti, The State, War, and the State of War 210–14 (1996). The list requires continuous updates.
2La Rochefoucauld, Oeuvres Comple`tes 432 (Maxime 218) (Gallimard ed., 1964).
3See R. R. Baxter, ‘The Law of War’, 62 ILS 209, id. (R. R. Lillich and J. N. Moore eds., 1980).
326
Conclusion |
327 |
procedures of law and order is the real challenge of our day.4 Unfortunately, the lacklustre performance of the UN Security Council (which has been entrusted with this task by the Charter) has instigated widespread disappointment and dissatisfaction. The binding enforcement mechanism of the United Nations – embedded in Article 42 of the Charter5 – has not been activated despite the end of the ‘Cold War’ (and notwithstanding concrete proposals submitted by the Secretary-General in 1992, in response to the Council’s invitation).6 A Security Council policy of permissive enforcement action based on ‘sub-contracting’ to a regional organization – NATO – in Bosnia-Herzegovina has led to the disquieting precedent of NATO imposing law and order in Kosovo, in 1999, without the authorization of the Council.
As long as the Charter’s scheme of collective security fails to function adequately, States are left to their own devices when confronted with an unlawful use of force. Again and again, they invoke the right of (individual or collective) self-defence in response to an ‘armed attack’, in conformity with Article 51 of the Charter.7 Thus, instead of being a provisional interlude pending the exercise of collective security, self-defence (individual as well as collective) has virtually taken the place of collective security.8 During the ‘Cold War’, the very ‘centre of gravity in the United Nations has swung from Article 39 to Article 51’.9 Notwithstanding the palpable changes in the world political landscape since the termination of the ‘Cold War’, the right of self-defence – individual and collective – remains the principal shield against armed attacks.
Drawing an unambiguous distinction between collective self-defence and collective security is particularly important when the Security Council gives its direct or indirect blessing to the former without committing the international community to the latter. Only genuine collective security – namely, the activation by the Council of binding enforcement mechanism pursuant to Article 42 – can turn the use of counter-force into an approximation of an international police action. The exercise of collective self-defence, even by a large coalition of the willing, is apt to trigger political doubts and plant the seeds of legal confusion. The Gulf
4R. Y. Jennings, ‘General Course on Principles of International Law’, 121 RCADI 323, 584 (1967).
5Charter of the United Nations, 1945, 9 Int.Leg. 327, 343–4.
6Secretary-General, ‘An Agenda for Peace’, 31 ILM 956, 966 (1992).
7Charter of the United Nations, supra note 5, at 346.
8See H. Kelsen, ‘Collective Security and Collective Self-Defense under the Charter of the United Nations’, 42 AJIL 783, 785 (1948).
9N. Feinberg, Studies in International Law 70 (1979).
328 Conclusion
War in all its phases, from the invasion of Kuwait to the occupation of Iraq, is a paradigmatic illustration of such doubts and confusion.
The new challenges posed by international terrorism have only added to the complexity of the situation. Paradoxically, the idiom ‘war’ is freely used – as a figure of speech – in the context of the struggle against terrorism. But the crux of the issue is that the concept of an ‘armed attack’ is now clearly understood as embracing acts of terrorism (when launched from abroad). Self-defence against terrorists can develop into a full-scale war, as happened in Afghanistan following the devastating events of 11 September 2001. However, anti-terrorist strikes can involve forcible measures ‘short of war’, and these may be carried out even interceptively. The spectrum of options available in exercise of the right of self-defence appears to be wider and more intricate than ever.
Index of persons
Abass, A. 112
Abramovsky, A. 232
Ago, R. 108, 178, 181, 185, 203, 206, 210,
231, 240, 246, 253
Ajibola, B. A. 75
Akande, D. 324
Akehurst, M. 145, 167, 233, 254, 257, 284
Alexandrov, S. A. 256
Allain, J. 108
Alland, D. 238
Amin, I. 233
Amin, S. H. 240
Amne´us, D. 58, 325
Ando, N. 48
Andrassy, J. 316
Anzilotti, D. 74
Arai-Takahashi, Y. 213
Arangio-Ruiz, G. 200, 226
Arend, A. C. 293
Arsanjani, M. H. 123
Ary, V. A. 54
Ashburton, Lord, 249
Augusine, St. 64
Aust, A. 58
Ayala, 65
Badr, G. M. 195, 228 Baehr, P. R. 316
Bailey, S. D. 55, 216, 292, 300, 306 Balling, F. C. 50
Barboza, J. 243 Bassiouni, M. C. 129 Bastid, S. 52
Bate, J. P. 65–6 Baty, T. 12
Baxter, R. R. 12, 51, 57, 71, 113, 157, 235, 326
Beard, J. M. 207 Beckett, W. E. 185, 261 Bello, E. G. 75
Beres, L. R. 48 Bernhardt, R. xxiii
Beveridge, F. 321 Biddle, F. 132 Bilder, R. B. 213, 320 Bindschedler, R. L. 92 Blix, H. M. 171 Blum, Y. Z. 202
Boisson de Chazournes, L. 162 Booth, K. 23
Borchard, E. M. 15, 34 Borel, E. 168
Borght, K. Van der, 180 Bothe, M. 199, 307 Boustany, K. 274 Bouthillier, Y. Le, 274 Boutros-Ghali, B. 304
Bowett, D. W. 108, 154, 183, 200, 214, 216, 226–7, 229–30, 234, 250, 253–4, 262, 324
Brand, G. 134 Breckenridge, L. 4 Bretton, P. 48, 54
Briand, A. 83–5, 95, 151, 167, 180, 184, 211, 256
Brierly, J. L. 15, 67, 73, 76, 84, 95 Briggs, H. W. 75
Bro¨hmer, J. 314
Broms, B. 125, 128, 200, 281 Brown, E. D. 16, 27, 278 Brown, P. M. 32
Brownlie, I. 18, 27, 73, 77, 111, 171, 206, 210, 221, 226, 232
Bryan, W. J. 78 Buchwald, T. F. 297, 299 Buergenthal, T. 204 Bugnion, F. 159
Bush, G. 274
Bush, G. W. 3, 31, 183, 297 Butler, W. E. 96, 232 Byers, M. 237, 299, 314
Carnahan, B. M. 274
Caron, D. D. 108
329
330 Index of persons
Cassese, A. 23, 70, 110, 115, 150, 213,
225, 243
Cassin, V. 202
Castre´n, E. 24, 33
Charney, J. I. 315
Chaumont, C. 305
Chayes, A. 215
Chesterman, S. 314
Chimni, B. S. 319
Chinkin, C. 265
Christopher, W. 197, 234
Churchill, R. R. 23
Cicero, 15, 63
Claude, I. L. 292
Cohen, M. 290
Cohen Jonathan, G. 288
Colbert, E. S. 226
Coll, A. R. 293
Collins, E. 176
Combacau, J. 216
Condorelli, L. 24, 31, 162, 203
Conforti, B. 284
Conlon, P. 282
Constantine, 64
Corbett, P. E. 76
Corten, O. 236
Cot, J.-P. 85, 243, 288
Cottereau, G. 106
Coudert, F. R. 168
Crawford, J. 6, 48, 108
Cryer, R. 86
Dalton, R. E. 86
D’Amato, A. 72, 87, 97, 186, 250 Damrosch, L. F. 215
D’Angelo, J. R. 90 Danilenko, G. M. 102 Davis, G. B. 67
Daws, S. 216, 292, 300, 306 Debevoise, W. 202
Dekker, I. F. 53 Delbru¨ck, J. 21, 205 Delissen, A. J. M. 166 Dickinson, E. D. 76 Dinh, N. Q. 213 Doehring, K. 325 Domb, F. 106 Dominice´, C. 276
Donnedieu de Vabres, H. 132 Doswald-Beck, L. 23, 113, 161 Drago, L. 79
Draper, G. I. A. D. 156 Drost, P. N. 111 Drumbl, M. A. 207 Dubuisson, F. 236
Duncan, J. C. 182
Dupuy, P.-M. 110, 296
Durch, W. J. 307
Eagleton, C. 5, 33–4, 73, 163
Elbe, J. von, 64
Elias, T. O. 75
Elliott, K. S. 215
Falk, R. A. 228
Fassbender, B. 291
Fawcett, J. E. S. 201, 245, 285
Feder, N. M. 231
Feinberg, N. 45, 152–3, 327
Feinstein, B. A. 248
Feliciano, F. P. 183, 185, 254
Fenrick, W. J. 200
Fenwick, C. G. 164, 179, 245, 262
Ferencz, B. B. 128–31
Ferretti, M. J. 240
Finch, G. A. 121, 248
Fitzmaurice, G. G. 43, 92, 100–1, 170, 195,
201, 267, 319
Fonteyne, J.-P. L. 90
Foster, B. O. 63
Fox, H. S. 148, 249
Francioni, F. 23
Franck, T. M. 71, 93–4, 184, 194, 197, 286,
291, 316
Franc¸ois, J. P. A. 159
Froman, F. D. 198
Frowein, J. A. 35, 276, 283, 310
Fuller, G. E. 70
Fuller, G. O. 33
Furley, O. 115
Gaeta, P. 142, 264
Gaja, G. 101, 311
Galdorisi, G. V. 24
Garcia-Mora, M. R. 246, 249
Gardam, J. G. 237
Garner, J. W. 113
Garvey, J. I. 126, 308
Garwood-Gowers, A. 284
Gasser, H. P. 224
Gattani, A. 108
Gazzini, T. 311
Geiger, R. 306
Gentili, 66
Gerard, A. 232
Gilbert, G. 125
Gill, T. D. 287
Gilmore, W. C. 232
Ginkel, B. T. van, 125
Ginsburgs, G. 121
Index of persons |
331 |
Giraud, E. 176 Glahn, G. von, 44 Glaser, S. 136 Glennon, M. J. 71, 207 Glueck, S. 156 Gomaa, M. M. 58
Goodhart, A. L. 132, 256 Goodrich, L. M. 177, 281–2, 305–6 Gordenker, L. 316
Gorelick, R. E. 69, 89 Gowlland-Debbas, V. 324 Graham, D. E. 70 Graham, M. W. 47
Gray, C. 53, 114, 209, 214, 308
Green, L. C. 23, 98, 117, 218, 227, 233–4, 275, 304
Greene, P. L. 232
Greene, W. C. 64
Greenspan, M. 30, 49, 132, 134, 169 Greenwood, C. 6–7, 14, 162, 201, 231, 241, 273, 276, 286, 295, 299
Greig, D. W. 217, 229 Grewe, W. G. 39 Grimaldi, M. A. 191 Grob, F. 15
Gross, L. 120, 124 Grotius 15, 66, 151, 167 Guggenheim, P. 12
Haggenmacher, P. 40
Halberstam, M. 215 Hall, W. E. 74
Hambro, E. 163, 177, 281–2, 306 Hampson, F. J. 224
Hanessian, J. 22 Hannikainen, L. 102 Hargrove, J. L. 194–5, 283 Harris, W. R. 73
Harry, M. A. 203 Hay, J. 20
Hebel, H. von 122–3 Heiskanen, V. 108 Henderson, C. 297
Henkin, L. 69–70, 89, 94, 110, 234, 315 Hershey, A. S. 64, 76, 79, 180
Higgins, A. P. 32, 47, 74
Higgins, R. 145, 162, 204 Highet, K. 321
Hill, N. 30–1
Hill, S. M. 312
Hitler, A. 134, 140, 253 Hofman, R. 298 Hogan-Doran, J. 125 Holsti, K. J. 326 Holzgrefe, J. L. 314
Hope, Lord 147
House, E. M. 117
Howard, M. 83, 156
Hudson, M. O. xxiii, 34xxv,
Hussein, S. 121, 242
Hyde, C. C. 245, 248
Israel, F. L. xxiv
Jackson, R. H. 156, 167 Jacobsson, M. 58 Jasani, B. 24
Jeffery, A. 234
Jekewitz, J. 267
Jennings, R. Y. 40, 112, 147, 171, 202, 213, 222, 248–9, 254, 263, 269, 327
Jessup, P. C. 15–16, 25, 28, 133, 158, 235, 243
Jime´nez de Are´chaga, E. 42, 95, 101, 170, 177, 307
Jones, J. R. W. D. 108 Joyner, C. C. 191
Kaikobad, K. H. 239–40
Kailes, H. 202
Kalshoven, F. 222, 224
Kaplan, W. 290
Kearley, T. 249
Kearney, R. D. 86
Kellogg, F. 83–5, 95, 151, 167, 180, 184,
211, 256
Kelsen, H. 49, 67–8, 75, 77, 84, 91, 143–4,
175, 180, 185, 235, 254, 257, 284,
305, 312, 317, 327
Kelsey, F. W. 66, 151
Kennedy, R. F. 324
Kenny, K. C. 210
Keohane, R. O. 314
Keyes, C. W. 63
Keynes, J. M. 107
Khrushchev, N. 69
Kioko, B. 115
Kirgis, F. L., Jr. 93, 286
Klafkowski, A. 42
Knisbacher, M. 217
Kolb, R. 282, 284
Komarnicki, T. 25, 168
Kooijmans, P. H. 145, 204, 287
Kotzsch, L. 9, 47, 152
Kress, C. 6
Krift, T. R. 176
Krisch, N. 276, 283, 310, 314
Kritsiotis, D. 297, 309, 315
Krutzsch, W. 18
Kudriavtsev, V. N. 121
332 Index of persons
Kunz, J. L. 21, 49, 68, 76, 176, 185, 195,
235, 242, 260
Lachs, M. 87
Laden, O. bin 236, 301 Lalive, P. 19, 33 Lambert, J. L. 234 Lapidoth, R. 138, 187
Lauterpacht, E. 39, 152, 324 Lauterpacht, H. 5, 38–9, 74, 152, 157–8,
167, 172, 185, 240, 246, 254, 267 Lawrence, T. J. 32, 67
Lawrence (Lord Oaksey) 137 Leben, C. 317
Lee, R. S. 122
Lerner, N. 136 Levenfeld, B. 230 Levitin, M. J. 91 Levitt, J. I. 115 Levontin, A. V. 80
Lillich, R. B. 71, 90, 106, 213, 231, 244, 326
Linnan, D. K. 269
Lipsky, G. A. 155 Livy 63
Lobel, J. 53
Lorch, N. 7 Lowe, A. V. 23
Luca, S. M. De 276
MacArthur, D. 119
Macdonald, R. St. J. 266–7
Mackenzie, W. L. 248
Makarczyk, J. 243
Malanczuk, P. 247, 254, 284
Malekian, F. 111
Malik, S. P. 312
Malone, D. 288
Mann, F. A. 49
Marek, K. 110, 171
Martenczuk, B. 323
Martin, A. 255
Mathews. J. M. 47
Maugham, Viscount 133
May, R. 115
McCormack, T. L. H. 186
McDonald, G. K. 8, 136, 143
McDougal, M. S. 71, 183, 185–6, 254
McNair, A. D. (Lord) 4, 14, 18, 39, 264, 266
McNeill, J. N. 232
McRae, D. 290
Meltzer, B. D. 157
Mendelson, M. H. 96
Menon, R. 70
Menthon, F. De 156–7
Me´riboute, Z. 24
Meron, T. 8, 95, 103, 170
Merrills, J. G. 324
Meyen, J. E. 231
Meyrowitz, H. 137, 158
Mico, J. 40
Miller, E. 187
Miller, W. 63
Millett, Lord 147
Minear, R. H. 145
Mohn, P. 51
Mo¨ller, A. 81
Monaco, R. 57
Moore, J. B. 29
Moore, J. N. 75, 113, 218, 254, 259,
275, 326
Morin, M. 274
Morrison, F. L. 269
Morriss, D. M. 53, 55
Mosler, H. 226
Mrazek, J. 88
Muller, A. S. 324
Mu¨llerson, R. 161, 208, 250
Murphy, J. F. 121
Murphy, S. D. 204, 298, 323
Mushkat, R. 136
Myjer, E. P. J. 186, 207, 241, 313
Nagy, K. 178
Nahlik, S. E. 223
Nanda, V. P. 232, 282
Nasser, G. 33
Necatigil, Z. M. 266
Nguyen-Rouault, F. 236
Noel Baker, P. J. 82
Noriega, General 114
Nowrot, K. 71
Nussbaum, A. 63, 73
O’Brien, W. V. 229
O’Connell, D. P. 198
O’Connell, M. E. 88
O’Donnell, B. T. 34, 196
Oda, S. 256
Oppenheim, L. 5–6, 9, 11–14, 20, 22, 27,
29, 39–40, 49, 51, 56–7, 74, 77,
112–14, 141, 147, 167–8, 171–2,
185, 211, 240, 246, 254–6, 263
Orakhelashvili, A. 149, 281
Osterdahl, I. 280
Ottensooser, D. 50
Oxman, B. H. 23
Parker, E. B. 106
Partsch, K. J. 267
Index of persons
Pasha, S. A. M. 319
Pauncefote, J. 20
Paust, J. J. 185, 200
Paxman, J. M. 244
Pearce, Lord 309
Pedersen, F. C. 233
Pella, V. V. 110–11
Pellet, A. 85, 243, 288
Penna, D. R. 276
Philip II 65
Phillipson, C. 48, 63–4
Pictet, J. 17
Plofchan, T. K. 215
Pogany, I. S. 191, 289
Politakis, G. P. 166
Pompe, C. A. 74, 120
Porter, H. 79
Post, H. H. G. 53
Poulantzas, N. M. 246
Pratt, H. M. 81
Pugh, M. 310
Pugh, R. C. 110
Pyrich, A. 275
Quigley, K. W. 210
Rama-Montaldo, M. 170
Rambaud, P. 128
Ramsbotham, O. 71
Randelzhofer, A. 86–7, 189, 193, 202
Ratner, M. 53
Rauch, E. 20
Reicher, H. 316
Reichler, P. S. 216
Reisman, W. M. 71, 90, 114
Ress, G. 314
Reuter 40
Rezac, D. 183
Roberts, G. B. 4
Roberts, W. L. 4
Robertson, H. B. 196, 295
Robinson, D. 122–3
Rochefoucauld, La 326
Rodley, N. S. 72
Rogoff, M. A. 176
Rolfe, J. C. 66
Ro¨ling, B. V. A. 46
Ronzitti, N. 168, 199, 201
Rosenne, S. 45, 161, 194, 241
Rosenstock, R. 93
Rossi, C. R. 79
Rostow, E. V. 215, 310
Rostow, N. 210, 275
Rousseau, C. 55
Rowles, J. P. 203
333
Roxburgh, R. F. 95
Rozakis, C. L. 41, 102
Rubin, A. P. 17, 181
Rumpf, H. 38, 278
Saavedra Lamas, C. 98, 171 Sadurska, R. 86, 198 Salpeter, A. N. 16
Sandoz, Y. 162
Sands, P. 162 Sarooshi, D. 122, 311 Scelle, G. 165 Schabacker, E. W. 71 Schabas, W. A. 150 Schacht, H. 137
Schachter, O. 88–90, 94, 110, 178, 197–8, 206, 210, 213, 215, 221, 226–7, 233–4, 237, 247, 254, 256, 274, 290, 296, 314, 319
Scheffer, D. J. 69, 215
Schick, F. B. 120, 256 Schindler, D. 163–4, 166, 168
Schmitt, M. N. 23, 34, 98, 114, 192, 196, 239 Schrijver, N. 261
Schwarzenberger, G. 15–16, 32, 35, 49, 111, 180, 278, 280
Schwebel, S. M. 69–70, 90, 127, 131, 161, 183, 195, 198, 203, 211–12, 214, 217, 222, 230, 242, 318, 323
Schweisfurth, T. 201 Scott, G. W. 79 Scott, J. B. xxiii117, Sen, B. 18, 176 Sette-Camara, J. 100 Seyersted, F. 155 Seymour, C. 117
Shahabuddeen, M. 161 Shaw, A. 69
Shaw, M. N. 191, 324
Shawcross, H. 156–7 Sherman, G. E. 67 Shoham, U. 47 Sibert, M. 50
Sicilianos, L. A. 227, 312
Siekmann, R. C. R. 309 Silk, J. 114
Simma, B. 86, 91, 110, 189, 194, 238, 276, 283, 315
Simons, A. P. 177, 281–2, 305–6 Sims, S. 180
Sinclair, I. 40–1, 92, 101, 103 Singh, N. 100, 229 Skubiszewski, K. 172, 185, 226 Smit, H. 110
Sohn, L. B. 194
334 Index of persons
Sommereyns, R. 307
Sørensen, M. 186, 226
Spencer, J. H. 279
Spiermann, O. 102
Spinedi, M. 110, 238
Stahn, C. 205
Stavropoulos, C. A. 291
Stein, T. L. 197
Stephen, N. 8
Stephens, D. G. 199
Stone, J. 9, 47, 87, 126, 183, 257, 316
Stowell, E. C. 31
Sua´rez 66
Sucharitkul, S. 205
Sur, S. 296
Suy, E. 108, 162, 287
Svanberg-Torpman, K. 58, 325
Swaak-Goldman, O. 136
Swinarski, C. 163
Sztucki, J. 100
Tabory, M. 309
Taft, W. H., IV 195, 209, 297, 299
Tams, C. J. 111
Tanja, G. J. 166
Tansill, C. C. 47
Taubenfeld, H. J. 164
Taulbee, J. L. 250
Taylor, H. 76
Taylor, T. 131, 134
Temperley, H. W. V. 42
Teso´n, F. R. 72
Textor 66
Thiam, D. 124
Thomas, A. J. 130, 257, 317
Thomas, A. R. 182
Thomas, A. V. W. 130, 257, 317
Thomas Aquinas, St. 64
Thompson, T. W. 202
Thomson, D. 107
Thu¨rer, D. 113
Tigroudja, H. 3
Tittemore, B. D. 162
Tomuschat, C. 108, 171, 311
Torrelli, M. 163
Toufayan, M. 287
Trapp, R. 18
Triffterer, O. 123
Truman, H. S. 49
Tucker, R. W. 74, 171, 227
Tunkin, G. I. 16, 110
Vanderpol, A. 65
Vattel 178–9
Venezia, J.-C. 272
Verdross, A. 179, 257
Verhoeven, J. 177
Verosta, S. 21, 75
Verwey, W. D. 70, 162
Verzijl, J. H. W. 21, 45, 49, 84, 264, 267
Vetschera, H. 280
Victoria 65–6
Villa, F. 248
Villani, U. 314
Villiger, M. E. 96
Virally, M. 76, 85, 87, 180, 261
Visscher, C. De 76
Visscher, P. De 163
Vlasic, I. A. 24
Voelckel, M. 31
Vohrah, L. C. 8, 143
Vulcan, C. 88
Waldock, C. H. M. 41, 85, 191, 215, 231–3
Walker, G. K. 192, 306 Wall, A. E. 183, 277, 296–7 Waller, J. C. 16
Walter, C. 311 Warbrick, C. 296 Warner, A. M. 121
Watts, A. 4, 18, 22, 40, 112, 147, 171, 263 Webb, W. F. 133
Webster, D. 176, 209, 249–50 Wechsler, H. 132
Weckel, P. 295, 299
Wedgwood, R. 53, 197, 232, 245, 297, 314 Weeramantry, C. G. 323–4
Wehberg, H. 84, 86, 186
Weightman, M. A. 176
Weiler, J. H. H. 110, 225 Weiss, F. 135
Wellens, K. 108, 162, 287–8 Weller, M. 53
Wellman, H. R. 28 Wengler, W. 189, 227 Westerfield, D. L. 4 Westlake, J. 74 Weston, B. H. 106 Wet, E. de 284–5 Wharton, F. 178
White, N. D. 86, 207, 241, 308, 310, 314, 317
Whiteman, M. M. 190 Whitton, J. B. 81 Wickremasinghe, C. 148 Wilhelm II 117 Williams, G. L. 66
Williams, J. F. 78, 112, 266, 279 Wilson, W. 248
Index of persons
Winfield, P. H. 32, 67
Wingfield, T. C. 231
Wippman, D. 216, 308
Woetzel, R. K. 145
Wolfrum, R. 23, 98, 210, 298
Woodhouse, T. 71
Woolsey, L. H. 316
Wright, Lord 120
Wright, Q. 9, 57, 73, 76–7, 105, 114, 120,
151–2, 155, 157–8, 170, 186
335
Yoo, J. 298
Young, R. W. 4
Yoxall, T. 243
Zanardi, P. L. 244
Zedalis, R. J. 23, 201
Zegveld, L. 224
Zimmermann, A. 123
Zimmern, A. 78
Zourek, J. 89, 179, 187, 242