Экзамен зачет учебный год 2023 / ECHR_Kononov_v_Latvia_24_07_2008-1

țȔȣȢȘȥȦȤșȞȔȦșȟȰȥȦȖȢȞȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȲȣȤȢȦȜȖȫșȟȢȖșȫșȥȦȖȔ

ȞȢȡȞȤșȦȡȧȲ ȪșȟȰ, Ȣ ȫșȠ ȓȥȡȢ ȥȖȜȘșȦșȟȰȥȦȖȧșȦ ȜȥȦȢȤȜȓ ȤȔț-

Ȝ ȣȢȠȢȭȰ Ȗ șȗȢ ȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȜȜ. <…> ǟȢȠȜȥȥȜȓ ȡș ȥȫȜȦȔșȦ

ȤȔȕȢȦȞȜ ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ. ǙșȝȥȦȖȜȦșȟȰȡȢ, ȥșȗȢȘȡȓ Ȗ ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ

ȡșȢȕȩȢȘȜȠȯȠ ȖȯȥȞȔțȯȖȔȦȰ ȥȖȢș ȠȡșȡȜș Ȣ ȦȢȠ, ȠȢȗȟȢ ȟȜ

ȧȫȔȥȦȖȧșȦ ȡȔȠȡȢȗȢ ȕȢȟȰȬș ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖ, ȫșȠ ȡȔ ȦȢȦ ȠȢȠșȡȦ,

ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜș, Ȗ ȞȢȦȢȤȢȠ ȢȕȖȜȡȓșȦȥȓ țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȰ, ȥȫȜȦȔȦȰȥȓ

ȞȢȗȘȔ ȢȡȔ ȤȔțȤȔȕȔȦȯȖȔȟȔȥȰ. ǣȘȡȔȞȢ ȥșȝȫȔȥ, ȞȢȗȘȔ ȜȘșȦ ȱȦȢ

ȦȔȞȢȖȯȠ ȡȔ ȠȢȠșȡȦ șȗȢ ȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȜȓ.

ȤȔȥȬȜȤșȡȜșȥȢȥȦȔȖȔȧȫȔȥȦȡȜȞȢȖ, ȢțȡȔȫȔșȦȟȜȱȦȢ, ȫȦȢȘȟȓȗȢ-

ǧșȣșȤȰ ǟȢȠȜȥȥȜȓ ȘȢȟȚȡȔ ȤȔȥȥȠȢȦȤșȦȰ ȖȢȣȤȢȥ Ȣ ȣȤȜȠș-

ȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖ, ȡșȘȔȖȡȢȣȤȜȥȢșȘȜȡȜȖȬȜȩȥȓȞǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ, ȥȦȔȦȰȓ7

ȡȜȠȢȥȦȜ Ȗ ȢȕȥȦȢȓȦșȟȰȥȦȖȔȩ ȡȔȥȦȢȓȭșȗȢ ȘșȟȔ ȜȥȞȟȲȫșȡȜȓ,

ȣȤșȘȧȥȠȔȦȤȜȖȔșȦ ȞȔȞȜș-ȦȢ Ȝȡȯș ȣȤȔȖȔ Ȝ ȢȕȓțȔȡȡȢȥȦȜ? ǝȟȜ,

ȣȤșȘȧȥȠȢȦȤșȡȡȢȗȢ ȣȧȡȞȦȢȠ 2 ȥȦȔȦȰȜ 7 ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ.

ȘȤȧȗȜȠȜȥȟȢȖȔȠȜ, ȢțȡȔȫȔșȦȟȜȱȦȢ, ȫȦȢǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȓȘșȝȥȦȖȧșȦ

ǟȢȠȜȥȥȜȓȡȔȣȢȠȜȡȔșȦ: ȞȔȞȥȟșȘȧșȦȜțȜȥȦȢȤȜȜȤȔțȤȔȕȢȦȞȜ

ȣȢ ȣȤȜȡȪȜȣȧ ȘȖȢȝȡȯȩ ȥȦȔȡȘȔȤȦȢȖ? ǡȯ ȦȔȞ ȡș ȘȧȠȔșȠ. Ǘ Ȥș-

ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ, ȪșȟȰȲ ȣȧȡȞȦȔ 2 ȥȦȔȦȰȜ 7 ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ ȓȖȟȓșȦȥȓ

ȬșȡȜȜȣȢȘșȟȧ«ǟȢȟȰȞȜǟȜȥȟȯȝȣȤȢȦȜȖDzȥȦȢȡȜȜ» [Kolk and

ȧȦȢȫȡȜȦȰ, ȫȦȢ ȱȦȔ ȥȦȔȦȰȓ ȡș țȔȦȤȔȗȜȖȔșȦ țȔȞȢȡȢȖ, ȞȢȦȢȤȯș

Kislyiy v. Estonia] (ȚȔȟȢȕȯǔ23052/04 Ȝǔ24018/04, ǦȕȢȤ-

Ȗ ȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȡȢ ȜȥȞȟȲȫȜȦșȟȰȡȯȩ ȢȕȥȦȢȓȦșȟȰȥȦȖȔȩ ȞȢȡȪȔ

ȡȜȞȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȝȜȤșȬșȡȜȝǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢǦȧȘȔȣȢȣȤȔȖȔȠ

ǗȦȢȤȢȝ ȠȜȤȢȖȢȝ ȖȢȝȡȯ ȣȤȜȡȜȠȔȟȜȥȰ Șȟȓ ȣȤȜȖȟșȫșȡȜȓ

ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ [ECHR] 2006-I) ǦȧȘ ȡșȘȖȧȥȠȯȥȟșȡȡȢ țȔȓȖȜȟ, ȫȦȢ

ȞȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖșȡȡȢȥȦȜțȔȖȢșȡȡȯșȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓ, ȣȤșȘȔȦșȟȰȥȦȖȢ

ǢȲȤȡȕșȤȗȥȞȜș ȣȤȜȡȪȜȣȯ ȜȠșȲȦ ȧȡȜȖșȤȥȔȟȰȡȧȲ ȲȤȜȘȜȫș-

Ȝ ȥȢȦȤȧȘȡȜȫșȥȦȖȢ ȥ ȖȤȔȗȢȠ Ȝ ȡȜȞȢȜȠ ȢȕȤȔțȢȠ ȡș ȣȤșȘȣȢȟȔ-

ȥȞȧȲ ȥȜȟȧ, ȩȢȦȓ Ȗ ȦȢ ȖȤșȠȓ ǧȤȜȕȧȡȔȟȧ ȕȯȟ ȣȢȘȥȧȘșȡ ȟȜȬȰ

ȗȔșȦȢȥȧȚȘșȡȜȓȱȦȜȩțȔȞȢȡȢȖȥȲȤȜȘȜȫșȥȞȢȝȜȟȜȠȢȤȔȟȰȡȢȝ

ȢȗȤȔȡȜȫșȡȡȯȝ ȞȤȧȗ ȟȜȪ (ȥȦȤ. 8—9).

ȦȢȫȞȜ țȤșȡȜȓ (ȥȠ. ȚȔȟȢȕȧ ǔ 268/57, ȤșȬșȡȜș ǟȢȠȜȥȥȜȜ

4. ǧșȠ ȡș Ƞșȡșș ȠȢȚȡȢ ȕȯȟȢ ȕȯ ȣȤșȘȥȦȔȖȜȦȰ ȥșȕș, ȫȦȢ

ȣȢ ȣȤȔȖȔȠ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ ȢȦ 20 ȜȲȟȓ 1957 ȗ., ǚȚșȗȢȘȡȜȞ ȣȢ ȣȤȔ-

ȢȦȡȯȡșǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȜȝǦȧȘ, ȖȢȣȤșȞȜȦșȠȡȔȠșȤșȡȜȓȠ, ȞȢȦȢȤȯș

ȖȔȠ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ [Yearbook], ǔ 1, ȥ. 241). <…>

ȕȯȟȜ ȧ ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖ ȡȔ ȠȢȠșȡȦ ȥȢȥȦȔȖȟșȡȜȓ ȥȦȔȦȰȜ 7 ǟȢȡȖșȡ-

ǢȔȞȢȡșȪ, ǟȢȠȜȥȥȜȓ ȡȔȣȢȠȜȡȔșȦ, ȫȦȢ Ȗ șș ȨȧȡȞȪȜȜ

ȪȜȜ, ȕȧȘșȦ ȤȔȥȥȠȔȦȤȜȖȔȦȰ ȖȢȣȤȢȥ Ȣȕ ȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȢȠ ȣȤșȥȟșȘȢȖȔ-

ȡș ȖȩȢȘȜȦ ȔȡȔȟȜțȜȤȢȖȔȦȰ ȢȬȜȕȞȜ Ȗ ȖȢȣȤȢȥȔȩ ȨȔȞȦȔ ȜȟȜ

ȡȜȜ țȔ ȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȜș ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȯȩ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȝ ȥ ȦȢȫȞȜ

ȥȧȘȢȖ (ȥȠ., Ȗ ȫȜȥȟș ȣȤȢȫȜȩ ȜȥȦȢȫȡȜȞȢȖ, ȤșȬșȡȜș ǟȢȠȜȥ-

ȘȤȧȗ ȥ ȘȤȧȗȢȠ1.

ȥȜȜ ȣȢ ȣȤȔȖȔȠ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ ȢȦ 13 ȢȞȦȓȕȤȓ 1986 ȗ. ȣȢ ȚȔȟȢ-

5. ǡȢȚȡȢ ȕȯȟȢ ȕȯ ȧȦȖșȤȚȘȔȦȰ, ȫȦȢ ȥȢȗȟȔȥȡȢ ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ

ȕș ǔ 10153/82, ǦȕȢȤȡȜȞ ȤșȬșȡȜȝ Ȝ ȘȢȞȟȔȘȢȖ ǟȢȠȜȥȥȜȜ

ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȜȝ ǦȧȘ ȠȢȚșȦ ȖȖȢȘȜȦȰ ȡȢȖȯș ȞȤȜȦșȤȜȜ țȔȞȢȡ-

ȣȢ ȣȤȔȖȔȠ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ [DR], Ȧ. 49, ȥ. 67)».

ȡȢȥȦȜ Ȝ ȣȤșȘȥȞȔțȧșȠȢȥȦȜ, ȞȢȗȘȔ ȤșȫȰ ȜȘșȦ Ȣȕ ȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȢȠ

ȣȤșȥȟșȘȢȖȔȡȜȜ țȔ ȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȜș ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȯȩ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟș-

ǢȔȡȔȬȖțȗȟȓȘ, ȞȤȜȦșȤȜȜ, ȜȥȣȢȟȰțȢȖȔȖȬȜșȥȓȖȘșȟș«ǧȧȖȰș

ȡȜȝ. Ǘ ȡȔȥȦȢȓȭșȠ Șșȟș ȕȢȟȰȬȜȡȥȦȖȢ ȥȧȘșȝ, ȣȢ-ȖȜȘȜȠȢȠȧ,

ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ǩȤȔȡȪȜȜ», ȢȦȟȜȫȔȲȦȥȓ ȢȦ ȞȤȜȦșȤȜșȖ, ȞȢȦȢȤȯș ȕȯȟȜ

ȡș ȥȫȜȦȔșȦ, ȫȦȢ ǦȧȘ ȠȢȚșȦ ȖțȓȦȰ ȡȔ ȥșȕȓ ȱȦȧ țȔȘȔȫȧ. ǟȔȞ ȕȯ

ȣȤȜȠșȡșȡȯ Ȗ ȡȔȥȦȢȓȭșȠ Șșȟș. ǙȢ ȥȜȩ ȣȢȤ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȜȝ ǦȧȘ

ȦȢ ȡȜ ȕȯȟȢ, Ȗ Șșȟș, țȔȦȤȔȗȜȖȔȲȭșȠ ȣȤȜȠșȡșȡȜș ȢȘȜȡȔȞȢȖȢ

ȣȤȢȜțȖȢȘȜȟȣȢȟȡȧȲȢȪșȡȞȧȦȢȗȢ, ȥȢȖȠșȥȦȜȠȢȟȜȣȤȜȠșȡșȡȜș

ȖȔȚȡȯȩ ȢȦȤȔȥȟșȝ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢ ȣȤȔȖȔ, ȱȦȢ ȣȤșȘȥȦȔȖȟȓșȦ

Ȝ ȦȢȟȞȢȖȔȡȜș ȡȢȤȠ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢ ȣȤȔȖȔ ȥ ȦȤșȕȢȖȔȡȜȓȠȜ

ȥȢȕȢȝ ȥșȤȰșțȡȯȝ ȖȢȣȤȢȥ ȥȧȘșȕȡȢȝ ȣȢȟȜȦȜȞȜ2. Ǘ ȱȦȢȠ ȢȦȡȢ-

ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ Ȝ ȡș ȓȖȟȓșȦȥȓ ȟȜ ȢȡȢ ȣȤȢȜțȖȢȟȰȡȯȠ.

ȬșȡȜȜ ȜȡȦșȤșȥșȡ ȥȟșȘȧȲȭȜȝ ȞȢȠȠșȡȦȔȤȜȝ ǡșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘ-

3. Ǘ ȥȖȢșȠ ȥȢȖȣȔȘȔȲȭșȠ ȠȡșȡȜȜ ȥȧȘȰȓ Dz. ǡȜȝșȤ ȧȦ-

ȡȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ǣǣǢ ȣȢ ȣȢȖȢȘȧ ȣȤșȘȡȔțȡȔȫșȡȜȓ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢ

ȖșȤȚȘȔșȦ, ȫȦȢ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȜȝ ǦȧȘ ȢȕȢȥȡȢȖȔȡȡȢ ȣȤȜȠșȡȓșȦ

ȣȤȔȖȔȖȢȕȟȔȥȦȜȖȢȢȤȧȚșȡȡȯȩȞȢȡȨȟȜȞȦȢȖ: «<…> ȢȗȤȢȠȡȢș

ȣȧȡȞȦ 2 ȥȦȔȦȰȜ 7 ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ Ȟ ȘșȟȔȠ, țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȜ ȣȢ ȞȢȦȢ-

ȞȢȟȜȫșȥȦȖȢ ȡȢȤȠ ȗȧȠȔȡȜȦȔȤȡȢȗȢ ȣȤȔȖȔ, ȣȢȘȟșȚȔȭșȗȢ ȣȤȜ-

ȤȯȠ ȣȤȜȫȔȥȦȡȯ Ȟ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓȠ ȨȔȬȜȥȦȢȖ, Ȝ ȣȢȱȦȢȠȧ

ȠșȡșȡȜȲȖȢȖȤșȠȓȖȢȢȤȧȚșȡȡȯȩȞȢȡȨȟȜȞȦȢȖ, ȞȤȔȝȡșȖȔȚȡȢ

ȡȔ ȡȜȩ ȤȔȥȣȤȢȥȦȤȔȡȓȲȦȥȓ ǢȲȤȡȕșȤȗȥȞȜș ȣȤȜȡȪȜȣȯ. DzȦȢ

ȥ ȦȢȫȞȜ țȤșȡȜȓ ȧȖȔȚșȡȜȓ Ȟ ȟȜȫȡȢȥȦȜ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ Ȝ “ȱȟșȠșȡ-

ȘșȟȢ, ȣȢ-ȖȜȘȜȠȢȠȧ, ȢȦ ȡȜȩ ȢȦȟȜȫȔșȦȥȓ, ȦȔȞ ȞȔȞ țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȰ

ȦȔȤȡȯȩ ȥȢȢȕȤȔȚșȡȜȝ ȗȧȠȔȡȡȢȥȦȜ”»3. ǤȢ-ȖȜȘȜȠȢȠȧ, ȠșȚȘȧ-

ȕȯȟ ȔȥȥȢȪȜȜȤȢȖȔȡ ȥ ǦȢȲțȡȯȠȜ ȘșȤȚȔȖȔȠȜ, ȥȤȔȚȔȖȬȜȠȜȥȓ

ȡȔȤȢȘȡȢș ȣȤȔȖȢ Ȗ ȢȕȟȔȥȦȜ ȣȤȔȖ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ Ȝ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢș

ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ȨȔȬȜȥȦȢȖ. dzȤȜȘȜȫșȥȞȜș ȢȥȡȢȖȔȡȜȓ ȣȢȘȢȕȡȢȗȢ ȣȢȘ-

ȣȤȔȖȢ Ȗ ȢȕȟȔȥȦȜ ȖȢȢȤȧȚșȡȡȯȩ ȞȢȡȨȟȜȞȦȢȖ ȜȠșșȦ ȢȕȭȜș

ȩȢȘȔ ȡșȓȥȡȯ. ǤȢȫșȠȧ ȡȔȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜș ȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȢȝ ȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖșȡ-

ȪșȡȡȢȥȦȜ, ȡȢ ȫȔȥȦȢ Ȗ ȤȔțȡȢș ȖȤșȠȓ Ȝ Ȗ ȤȔțȡȯȩ ȞȢȡȦșȞȥȦȔȩ.

ȡȢȥȦȜ ȘȢȟȚȡȢ țȔȖȜȥșȦȰ ȢȦ ȦȢȗȢ, ȡȔ ȫȰșȝ ȥȦȢȤȢȡș ȖȢșȖȔȟȜ

ǙȔȟșș ǡșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȯȝ ǦȧȘ ǣǣǢ ȢȕȮȓȥȡȜȟ ȥȢȢȦȡȢȬșȡȜș

ȖȜȡȢȖȡȯșȖȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȜȜȖȢșȡȡȯȩȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȝ? ǥȔțȧȠșșȦȥȓ,

ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢȣȤȔȖȔȖȢȕȟȔȥȦȜȖȢȢȤȧȚșȡȡȯȩȞȢȡȨȟȜȞȦȢȖ

Ȗ ȥȔȠȢȝ ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ ȡȜȫșȗȢ ȡș ȗȢȖȢȤȜȦȥȓ Ȣ ȦȢȠ, ȫȦȢ ȥȦȔȦȰȓ 7

Ȝ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢ ȣȤȔȖȔ Ȗ ȢȕȟȔȥȦȜ ȣȤȔȖ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ ȥȟșȘȧ-

ȣȤȜȠșȡȓșȦȥȓȦȢȟȰȞȢ Ȟ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓȠȨȔȬȜȥȦȢȖ. ǢȔȣȤȢȦȜȖ,

ȲȭȜȠ ȢȕȤȔțȢȠ: «Ǘ ȣȤȜȡȪȜȣș ȣȤȔȖȢ ȡȔ ȦȢ, ȫȦȢȕȯ ȡș ȕȯȦȰ

ȱȦȔ ȥȦȔȦȰȓ ȥȨȢȤȠȧȟȜȤȢȖȔȡȔ Ȗ ȢȕȭȜȩ ȖȯȤȔȚșȡȜȓȩ Ȝ ȜȠșșȦ

ȣȤȢȜțȖȢȟȰȡȢ ȟȜȬșȡȡȯȠ ȚȜțȡȜ, ȜȠșșȦ ȥȜȟȧ Ȝ ȖȢ ȖȤșȠȓ ȕȢ-

șȖȯȩ ȘșȝȥȦȖȜȝ»1. ǣȘȡȔȞȢ ȖȢȣȤȢȥ Ȣ ȦȢȠ, ȫȦȢ ȣȤșȘȥȦȔȖȟȓșȦ

ȦȢȫȡșș ȣȤȜȠșȡȜȦșȟȰȡȢ Ȟ ȡȔȬșȠȧ Șșȟȧ, Ȣ ȘȢȞȦȤȜȡș ȜȡȦșȤ-

ȥȢȕȢȝ ȣȤȢȜțȖȢȟȰȡȢș ȟȜȬșȡȜș ȚȜțȡȜ, ȢȣȤșȘșȟȓșȦȥȓ ȣȢȘȟș-

ȦșȠȣȢȤȔȟȰȡȢȗȢȣȤȔȖȔ4. ǬȔȥȦȢȪȜȦȜȤȧȲȦȖȯȥȞȔțȯȖȔȡȜșȥȧȘȰȜ

ȚȔȭȜȠ ȣȤȜȠșȡșȡȜȲ lex specialis2, ȦȢ șȥȦȰ ȣȤȔȖȢȠ, ȣȤȜȠșȡȜ-

ǡ. ǪȰȲȕșȤȔȣȢȘșȟȧȢȕȢȥȦȤȢȖȔȩǤȔȟȰȠȔȥ, ȖȞȢȦȢȤȢȠȧȣȢȠȓ-

ȠȯȠ Ȗ ȧȥȟȢȖȜȓȩ ȖȢȢȤȧȚșȡȡȢȗȢ ȞȢȡȨȟȜȞȦȔ Ȝ ȡȔȣȤȔȖȟșȡȡȢȠ

ȡȧȦȔȓ ȘȢȞȦȤȜȡȔ ȜțȟȢȚșȡȔ ȥȟșȘȧȲȭȜȠ ȢȕȤȔțȢȠ: «ǦȧȘșȕȡȯȝ

ȡȔȤșȗȧȟȜȤȢȖȔȡȜșȩȢȘȔȕȢșȖȯȩȘșȝȥȦȖȜȝ. ǗȞȢȡȥȧȟȰȦȔȦȜȖȡȢȠ

ȨȔȞȦ ȘȢȟȚșȡ ȢȪșȡȜȖȔȦȰȥȓ ȥ ȦȢȫȞȜ țȤșȡȜȓ ȥȢȖȤșȠșȡȡȢȗȢ șȠȧ

țȔȞȟȲȫșȡȜȜ «ǣ ȣȤȔȖȢȖȯȩ ȣȢȥȟșȘȥȦȖȜȓȩ ȖȢțȖșȘșȡȜȓ ȥȦșȡȯ

țȔȞȢȡȢȘȔȦșȟȰȥȦȖȔ, Ȕ ȡș ȥ ȦȢȫȞȜ țȤșȡȜȓ țȔȞȢȡȢȘȔȦșȟȰȥȦȖȔ,

ȡȔ ȢȞȞȧȣȜȤȢȖȔȡȡȢȝ ȣȔȟșȥȦȜȡȥȞȢȝ ȦșȤȤȜȦȢȤȜȜ» ǡșȚȘȧȡȔ-

ȞȢȦȢȤȢș ȘșȝȥȦȖȢȖȔȟȢ ȡȔ ȠȢȠșȡȦ ȖȢțȡȜȞȡȢȖșȡȜȓ ȞȔȥȔȲȭșȗȢ-

ȤȢȘȡȯȝ ǦȧȘ ǣǣǢ ȤȔțȖȜȟ ȱȦȧ ȠȯȥȟȰ ȥȟșȘȧȲȭȜȠ ȢȕȤȔțȢȠ:

ȥȓ șȗȢ ȥȣȢȤȔ ȜȟȜ ȡȔ ȠȢȠșȡȦ ȣȢȓȖȟșȡȜȓ ȡșȢȕȩȢȘȜȠȢȥȦȜ șȗȢ

«Ǘ ȕȢȟșș ȢȕȭșȠ ȣȟȔȡș ǦȧȘ ȥȫȜȦȔșȦ, ȫȦȢ țȔȭȜȦȔ, ȞȢȦȢȤȧȲ

ȧȤșȗȧȟȜȤȢȖȔȦȰ»5.

ȣȤșȘȟȔȗȔȲȦ ȞȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ Ȣ ȣȤȔȖȔȩ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ, ȡș ȣȤșȞȤȔȭȔșȦ-

Ǘ ȞȢȡȥȧȟȰȦȔȦȜȖȡȢȠ țȔȞȟȲȫșȡȜȜ ȣȢ Șșȟȧ ǢȔȠȜȕȜȜ ǡșȚ-

ȥȓ Ȗ ȥȟȧȫȔș ȖȢȢȤȧȚșȡȡȢȗȢ ȞȢȡȨȟȜȞȦȔ, șȥȟȜ ȦȢȟȰȞȢ Ȗ ȥȜȟȧ

ȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȯȝ ǦȧȘ ǣǣǢ ȣȢȓȥȡȜȟ, ȫȦȢ Ȗ ȡșȞȢȦȢȤȯȩ ȘșȟȔȩ ȡȔȘȢ

ȡș ȖȥȦȧȣȔȲȦ ȣȢȟȢȚșȡȜȓ Ȣ ȫȔȥȦȜȫȡȢȠ ȢȦȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȜ ȗȢȥȧ-

ȣȤȜȡȜȠȔȦȰȖȢȖȡȜȠȔȡȜșȜțȠșȡșȡȜșȥȢȘșȤȚȔȡȜȓȣȢȡȓȦȜȝ: «Ǣș

ȘȔȤȥȦȖ ȢȦ ȖțȓȦȯȩ ȡȔ ȥșȕȓ ȢȕȓțȔȦșȟȰȥȦȖ <…> ǬȦȢ ȞȔȥȔșȦȥȓ

țȔȕȯȖȔȓȢȣșȤȖȢȢȫșȤșȘȡȢȝȡșȢȕȩȢȘȜȠȢȥȦȜȦȢȟȞȢȖȔȦȰȘȢȗȢȖȢȤ

ȖțȔȜȠȢȥȖȓțȜ ȠșȚȘȧ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȯȠ ȣȤȔȖȢȠ Ȗ ȢȕȟȔȥȦȜ ȖȢȢ-

ȖȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖȜȜȥȡȔȠșȤșȡȜȓȠȜȥȦȢȤȢȡȡȔȠȢȠșȡȦșȗȢțȔȞȟȲ-

ȤȧȚșȡȡȯȩ ȞȢȡȨȟȜȞȦȢȖ Ȝ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȯȠ ȣȤȔȖȢȠ Ȗ ȢȕȟȔȥȦȜ

ȫșȡȜȓ, ǦȧȘ ȘȢȟȚșȡ ȧȫȜȦȯȖȔȦȰ, ȫȦȢ țȡȔȫșȡȜȓ ȣȢȡȓȦȜȝ <…>

ȣȤȔȖ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ, ȠȢȚȡȢ ȖȯȘșȟȜȦȰ ȦȤȜ ȞȔȦșȗȢȤȜȜ ȣȤȔȖ: ȢȘȡȔ

ȡș ȓȖȟȓȲȦȥȓ ȧȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȡȯȠȜ ȤȔț Ȝ ȡȔȖȥșȗȘȔ, Ȕ ȣȢ ȢȣȤșȘș-

ȞȔȦșȗȢȤȜȓ ȤșȗȧȟȜȤȧșȦȥȓ ȜȥȞȟȲȫȜȦșȟȰȡȢ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȯȠ

ȟșȡȜȲ ȠșȡȓȲȦȥȓ <…>. ǤȢȱȦȢȠȧ, ȤȔȥȥȠȔȦȤȜȖȔȓ ȜȡȥȦȜȦȧȦȯ

ȣȤȔȖȢȠ Ȗ ȢȕȟȔȥȦȜ ȖȢȢȤȧȚșȡȡȯȩ ȞȢȡȨȟȜȞȦȢȖ; ȘȤȧȗȔȓ ȞȔȦș-

1919 ȗȢȘȔ, ǦȧȘȘȢȟȚșȡȣȤȜȡȓȦȰȖȢȖȡȜȠȔȡȜșȜțȠșȡșȡȜȓ, ȣȤȢ-

ȗȢȤȜȓȤșȗȧȟȜȤȧșȦȥȓȜȥȞȟȲȫȜȦșȟȰȡȢȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȯȠȣȤȔȖȢȠ

ȜțȢȬșȘȬȜșțȔȣȢȥȟșȘȡȜșȣȓȦȰȘșȥȓȦȟșȦ, ȜȡȔșȗȢȦȢȟȞȢȖȔȡȜș

Ȗ ȢȕȟȔȥȦȜ ȣȤȔȖ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ; ȦȤșȦȰȓ ȞȔȦșȗȢȤȜȓ ȤșȗȧȟȜȤȧșȦȥȓ

ȡș ȠȢȚșȦ ȡș ȖȟȜȓȦȰ ȣȢȥȟșȘȧȲȭșș ȤȔțȖȜȦȜș ȣȤȔȖȔ ȕȟȔȗȢȘȔ-

ȢȕșȜȠȜ ȱȦȜȠȜ ȢȦȤȔȥȟȓȠȜ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢ ȣȤȔȖȔ ȢȘȡȢȖȤș-

ȤȓȣȤȜȡȓȦȜȲǨȥȦȔȖȔǣǣǢȜȣȢȓȖȟșȡȜȲȡȢȖȯȩȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘ-

ȠșȡȡȢ. Ǚȟȓ ȦȢȗȢ ȫȦȢȕȯ ȢȦȖșȦȜȦȰ ȡȔ ȣȢȥȦȔȖȟșȡȡȯȝ ȖȢȣȤȢȥ,

ȡȯȩ ȢȕȯȫȔșȖ. ǟȤȢȠș ȦȢȗȢ, ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȯȝ ȘȢȗȢȖȢȤ ȥȟșȘȧșȦ

ǦȧȘ ȤȔȥȥȠȢȦȤȜȦ Ȣȕș ȧȣȢȠȓȡȧȦȯȩ ȢȦȤȔȥȟȜ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢ

ȦȢȟȞȢȖȔȦȰȜȣȤȜȠșȡȓȦȰȖȞȢȡȦșȞȥȦșȖȥșȝȣȤȔȖȢȖȢȝȥȜȥȦșȠȯ,

ȣȤȔȖȔ, Ȕ ȜȠșȡȡȢ ȣȤȔȖȢ Ȗ ȢȕȟȔȥȦȜ ȣȤȔȖ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ Ȝ, ȞȔȞ lex

ȣȤșȢȕȟȔȘȔȲȭșȝ ȡȔ ȠȢȠșȡȦ ȦȢȟȞȢȖȔȡȜȓ»6. ǩȔȞȦȜȫșȥȞȜ ȱȦȢ

specialis, ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢș ȣȤȔȖȢ Ȗ ȢȕȟȔȥȦȜ ȖȢȢȤȧȚșȡȡȯȩ

ȖȩȢȘȜȦ Ȗ ȫȜȥȟȢ ȣȤȔȖȜȟ ȦȢȟȞȢȖȔȡȜȓ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȯȩ ȘȢȗȢȖȢ-

ȞȢȡȨȟȜȞȦȢȖ»3.

ȤȢȖ, ȜțȟȢȚșȡȡȯȩȖǗșȡȥȞȢȝȞȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜȢȣȤȔȖșȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘ-

ǙȤȧȗȜȠȜ ȥȟȢȖȔȠȜ, Șȟȓ ȜȥȣȢȟȰțȢȖȔȡȜȓ Ȗ ȥȜȦȧȔȪȜȜ ȕȢșȖȯȩ

ȡȯȩȘȢȗȢȖȢȤȢȖ, ȞȢȦȢȤȔȓȞȢȘȜȨȜȪȜȤȢȖȔȟȔȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖȧȲȭȜș

ȘșȝȥȦȖȜȝ ȕȯȟȔ ȖȯȤȔȕȢȦȔȡȔ ȢȥȢȕȔȓ ȥȢȖȢȞȧȣȡȢȥȦȰ ȣȤȔȖȢȖȯȩ

ȡȢȤȠȯȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢȢȕȯȫȡȢȗȢȣȤȔȖȔ, ȘșȝȥȦȖȢȖȔȖȬȜșȖȦȢ

ȡȢȤȠ, ȔȘȔȣȦȜȤȢȖȔȡȡȔȓȞȢȥȢȕȯȠȧȥȟȢȖȜȓȠȖȢȢȤȧȚșȡȡȢȗȢȞȢȡ-

ȖȤșȠȓ. ǤȢȠȜȠȢ ȦȢȗȢ, ȫȦȢ ȦșȤȠȜȡȔȠ ȘȢȗȢȖȢȤȔ ȘȢȟȚȡȢ ȣȤȜȘȔ-

ȨȟȜȞȦȔ. ǣȡȔȣȤșȘȣȢȟȔȗȔșȦȤȔțȡȯșȣȤȔȖȔȜȢȕȓțȔȡȡȢȥȦȜȜȤȔț-

ȖȔȦȰȥȓ ȢȕȯȫȡȢș țȡȔȫșȡȜș Ȗ Ȝȩ ȞȢȡȦșȞȥȦș, Ȕ șȗȢ ȦȢȟȞȢȖȔȡȜș

ȡȧȲ ȠșȤȧ ȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖșȡȡȢȥȦȜ Șȟȓ ȤȔțȡȯȩ ȥȧȕȮșȞȦȢȖ. ǤȤșȚȘș

ȘȢȟȚȡȢ ȢȥȧȭșȥȦȖȟȓȦȰȥȓ ȥ ȧȫșȦȢȠ șȗȢ ȢȕȮșȞȦȔ Ȝ ȪșȟȜ, ǦȧȘ

ȫșȠ ȣȤȜȡȓȦȰ ȤșȬșȡȜș ȜȥȣȢȟȰțȢȖȔȦȰ Ȗ ȣȢȘȢȕȡȯȩ ȥȜȦȧȔȪȜȓȩ

ȡș ȘȢȟȚșȡ țȔȕȯȖȔȦȰ, ȣȢȠȜȠȢ ȣȤȢȫșȗȢ, Ȣ «ȟȲȕȯȩ ȜȠșȲȭȜȩ

ȥȖȢȜȥȢȕȥȦȖșȡȡȯșȞȤȜȦșȤȜȜ, ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȜȝǦȧȘȣȢȣȤȔȖȔȠȫș-

țȡȔȫșȡȜșȡȢȤȠȔȩȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢȣȤȔȖȔ, ȘșȝȥȦȖȧȲȭȜȩȖȢȦ-

ȟȢȖșȞȔȘȢȟȚșȡȦȭȔȦșȟȰȡȢȢȪșȡȜȦȰ, ȫȦȢȣȢȥȦȔȖȟșȡȢȡȔȞȔȤȦȧ.

ȡȢȬșȡȜȓȩ ȠșȚȘȧ ȥȦȢȤȢȡȔȠȜ»7. ǦȧȘ ȡșȜțȠșȡȡȢ țȔȓȖȟȓȟ, ȫȦȢ

ǟȔȞ ȕȯ ȦȢ ȡȜ ȕȯȟȢ, ǦȧȘ ȡȜȞȢȗȘȔ ȡș țȔȕȯȖȔȟ Ȣȕ ȢȕȭȜȩ Ȧșȡ-

ȦȢȟȞȢȖȔȡȜșǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȝȞȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜȘȢȟȚȡȢȢȥȧȭșȥȦȖȟȓȦȰȥȓ

ȘșȡȪȜȓȩȜȪșȟȓȩ, ȞȢȦȢȤȯșȢȕȧȥȟȢȖȟȜȖȔȲȦȤȔțȖȜȦȜșȠșȚȘȧȡȔ-

ȥ ȧȫșȦȢȠ ȣȤȔȖȜȟ, ȧȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȡȯȩ ǗșȡȥȞȢȝ ȞȢȡȖșȡȪȜșȝ.

ȤȢȘȡȢȗȢȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȢȗȢȣȤȔȖȔȜȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢȣȤȔȖȔȖȢȕȟȔȥȦȜ

7. ǖȢȟȰȬȜȡȥȦȖȢ ȥȧȘșȝ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ țȔȓȖȟȓșȦ, ȫȦȢ

ȖȢȢȤȧȚșȡȡȯȩȞȢȡȨȟȜȞȦȢȖ. ǚȥȟȜȖȡȔȥȦȢȓȭșȠȘșȟșǦȧȘȤșȬȔ-

ǗșȤȩȢȖȡȯȝ ȥȧȘ ǠȔȦȖȜȜ ȣȤȜȘȔȟ ȘȖȧȠ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȯȠ ȘȢȗȢ-

șȦ ȡș ȦȢȟȰȞȢ ȜȥȣȢȟȰțȢȖȔȦȰ ȡȢȖȯȝ ȣȢȘȩȢȘ, ȡȢ Ȝ ȣȤȜȘȔȦȰ șȠȧ

ȖȢȤȔȠȢȕȤȔȦȡȧȲȥȜȟȧ(§ 118—119 Ȝ§ 131). ǚȥȟȜȟȔȦȖȜȝȥȞȜș

ȢȕȤȔȦȡȧȲȥȜȟȧ, ȦȔȞȢșȤșȬșȡȜșȘȢȟȚȡȢȢȥȡȢȖȯȖȔȦȰȥȓȡȔȖșȥ-

ȥȧȘȯ ȣȤȜȠșȡȜȟȜ ȕȯ țȔȞȢȡ țȔȘȡȜȠ ȫȜȥȟȢȠ, ȫȦȢȕȯ ȤȔȥȬȜȤȜȦȰ

ȞȜȩȲȤȜȘȜȫșȥȞȜȩȥȢȢȕȤȔȚșȡȜȓȩ. ǗȤȔȠȞȔȩǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜȦȔȞȜș

ȥȢȘșȤȚȔȡȜș ȖȢșȡȡȯȩ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȝ, Ȗ ȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȜȜ ȞȢȦȢȤȯȩ

ȥȢȢȕȤȔȚșȡȜȓ ȢȕȯȫȡȢ ȨȢȤȠȧȟȜȤȧȲȦȥȓ ǖȢȟȰȬȢȝ ǤȔȟȔȦȢȝ.

ȢȕȖȜȡȓȟȥȓ țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȰ, ȦȢȗȘȔ ȘșȝȥȦȖȜȦșȟȰȡȢȖȢțȡȜȞȟȔ ȕȯ ȣȤȢ-

6. Ǘ ȡȔȥȦȢȓȭșȠ Șșȟș ȥȟȢȚȡȢȥȦȰ țȔȞȟȲȫȔșȦȥȓ ȗȟȔȖȡȯȠ

ȕȟșȠȔȜȖȢȦȡȢȬșȡȜȜǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ, ȜȥȦȢȫȞȜțȤșȡȜȓȠșȚȘȧȡȔ-

ȢȕȤȔțȢȠ Ȗ ȦȢȠ, ȫȦȢ țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȰ ȣȤșȘȥȦȔȟ ȣșȤșȘ ȥȧȘȢȠ ȥȣȧȥȦȓ

ȤȢȘȡȢȗȢȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȢȗȢȣȤȔȖȔ8. ǧșȠȡșȠșȡșșȕȢȟȰȬȜȡȥȦȖȢȥȧȘșȝ

ȣȢȫȦȜ ȬșȥȦȰȘșȥȓȦ ȟșȦ ȣȢȥȟș ȣȤșȘȣȢȟȔȗȔșȠȯȩ ȥȢȕȯȦȜȝ. ǟȔȞ

ȡșȤȔȥȥȠȢȦȤșȟȢȱȦȢȦȖȢȣȤȢȥȜȡșȢȕȥȧȘȜȟȢșȗȢȘȢȟȚȡȯȠȢȕȤȔ-

ȢȦȠșȦȜȟȢ ȕȢȟȰȬȜȡȥȦȖȢ ȥȧȘșȝ, ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢ-ȣȤȔȖȢȖȢș Ȥș-

țȢȠ. ǟȢȗȘȔǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȜȝǦȧȘțȔȓȖȟȓșȦȖȥȖȢșȠȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȜ,

ȗȧȟȜȤȢȖȔȡȜșȖȢȢȤȧȚșȡȡȯȩȞȢȡȨȟȜȞȦȢȖȖȦȢȖȤșȠȓȡȔȥȔȠȢȠ

ȫȦȢȟȔȦȖȜȝȥȞȜȝȥȧȘȥȢȥȟȔȟȥȓȡȔȥȦȔȦȰȲ50 ǙȢȣȢȟȡȜȦșȟȰȡȢȗȢ

ȘșȟșșȭșȡȔȩȢȘȜȟȢȥȰȖȥȦȔȘȜȜțȔȤȢȚȘșȡȜȓ. ǣȘȡȔȞȢǚȖȤȢȣșȝ-

ȣȤȢȦȢȞȢȟȔ Ȟ ǛșȡșȖȥȞȜȠ ȞȢȡȖșȡȪȜȓȠ ȢȦ 12 ȔȖȗȧȥȦȔ 1949 ȗ.

ȥȞȜȝ ǦȧȘ ȡș ȥȞȔțȔȟ, ȫȦȢ ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖȢ-ȢȦȖșȦȫȜȞ ȡș ȖȣȤȔȖș

(ǤȤȢȦȢȞȢȟI), ȡȢȡșȘȢȟȚșȡȕȯȟȱȦȢȗȢȘșȟȔȦȰ, ȣȢȥȞȢȟȰȞȧȱȦȢȦ

ȕȯȟȢ ȥȧȘȜȦȰ ȖȢșȡȡȯȩ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȡȜȞȢȖ. ǤȢȥȟș ȱȦȢȗȢ ȖȢȣȤȢȥ

ǤȤȢȦȢȞȢȟȕȯȟȣȤȜȡȓȦ30 ȟșȦȥȣȧȥȦȓ, ǦȧȘ, ȫȦȢȕȯȧȥȦȔȡȢȖȜȦȰ

ȣȤȜȢȕȤșȦȔșȦ ȡȔȠȡȢȗȢ ȕȢȟșș ȦșȩȡȜȫșȥȞȜȝ ȩȔȤȔȞȦșȤ Ȝ ȢȦȡȢ-

ȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖȧȲȭȜȝȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢ-ȣȤȔȖȢȖȢȝȨȔȞȦ, ȘȢȟȚșȡȕȯȟ

ȥȜȦȥȓ Ȟ ȘșȝȥȦȖȜȲ țȔȞȢȡȔ ȖȢ ȖȤșȠșȡȜ ȜȟȜ, șȥȟȜ ȗȢȖȢȤȜȦȰ

ȕȯ, ȣȢ ȞȤȔȝȡșȝ ȠșȤș, ȣȢȣȯȦȔȦȰȥȓ ȢȣȤșȘșȟȜȦȰ, ȓȖȟȓșȦȥȓ ȟȜ

ȥȦȔȦȰȓ 50 ȡȢȖșȟȟȢȝ Ȗ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȠ ȣȤȔȖș Ȗ ȢȕȟȔȥȦȜ ȖȢȢ-

ȣȢȟȢȚșȡȜȝ, ȫȦȢȕȯ ȣȤȢȖșȤȜȦȰ, ȡș ȥȘșȟȔȟȜ ȟȜ ȥȧȘȯ ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤ-

ȤȧȚșȡȡȯȩ ȞȢȡȨȟȜȞȦȢȖ ȜȟȜ ȢȡȔ ȞȢȘȜȨȜȪȜȤȧșȦ ȣȢȟȢȚșȡȜȓ

ȥȦȖȔ-ȢȦȖșȦȫȜȞȔȣȤȢȜțȖȢȟȰȡȯȩȖȯȖȢȘȢȖ. DzȦȢțȔȥȦȔȖȜȟȢȕȯǦȧȘ

ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢ ȢȕȯȫȡȢȗȢ ȣȤȔȖȔ.

ȢȕȤȔȦȜȦȰȖȡȜȠȔȡȜș, ȣȢȠȜȠȢȣȤȢȫșȗȢ, ȡȔǤȤșȔȠȕȧȟȧȞǘȔȔȗȥȞȢȝ

ȞȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ1907 ȗȢȘȔ, ȥȢȘșȤȚȔȭȧȲȦȔȞȡȔțȯȖȔșȠȧȲȢȗȢȖȢȤȞȧ

II.

ǡȔȤȦșȡȥȔ, ȞȢȦȢȤȔȓ ȣȤșȘȧȥȠȔȦȤȜȖȔșȦ: «Ȗ ȡȔȠșȤșȡȜȓ ǗȯȥȢȞȜȩ

8. ǖȢȟȰȬȜȡȥȦȖȢ ȥȧȘșȝ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȣȤȜȩȢȘȜȦ Ȟ Ȗȯ-

ǙȢȗȢȖȔȤȜȖȔȲȭȜȩȥȓǙșȤȚȔȖȡșȠȢȗȟȢȖȩȢȘȜȦȰ, ȫȦȢȕȯȡșȣȤșȘ-

ȖȢȘȧ, ȫȦȢ țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȰ ȡș ȠȢȗ ȣȤșȘȖȜȘșȦȰ, ȫȦȢ șȗȢ ȘșȝȥȦȖȜȓ

ȖȜȘșȡȡȯșȥȟȧȫȔȜ, țȔȢȦȥȧȦȥȦȖȜșȠȣȜȥȰȠșȡȡȯȩȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȝ,

ȓȖȟȓȟȜȥȰ ȖȢșȡȡȯȠ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜșȠ ȣȢ ȘșȝȥȦȖȢȖȔȖȬȜȠ Ȗ ȦȢ

ȕȯȟȜ ȣȤșȘȢȥȦȔȖȟșȡȯ ȡȔ ȣȤȢȜțȖȢȟȰȡȢș ȧȥȠȢȦȤșȡȜș ȖȢșȡȡȢȡȔ-

ȖȤșȠȓ jus in bello, ȦȔȞ ȞȔȞ, ȣȢȠȜȠȢ ȣȤȢȫșȗȢ, ȘșȖȓȦȰ ȚȜȦș-

ȫȔȟȰȥȦȖȧȲȭȜȩ». ǙȔȟșșȖǤȤșȔȠȕȧȟșȣȢȓȥȡȓșȦȥȓ: «[Ǘ] ȥȟȧȫȔȓȩ,

ȟșȝ ȘșȤșȖȡȜ ǡȔȟȯș ǖȔȦȯ ȘȢȟȚȡȯ ȕȯȟȜ ȣȤșȘȖȜȘșȦȰ, ȫȦȢ Ȝȩ

ȡș ȣȤșȘȧȥȠȢȦȤșȡȡȯȩȣȤȜȡȓȦȯȠȜ ȜȠȜ ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȓȠȜ, ȡȔȥș-

ȣȢȖșȘșȡȜș ȣȤȢȖȢȪȜȤȧșȦ ȢȦȖșȦȡȯș ȘșȝȥȦȖȜȓ (ȥȠ. ȣȧȡȞȦ 130

ȟșȡȜș Ȝ ȖȢȲȲȭȜș ȢȥȦȔȲȦȥȓ ȣȢȘ ȢȩȤȔȡȢȲ Ȝ ȘșȝȥȦȖȜșȠ ȡȔȫȔȟ

ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȓ) Ȝ ȫȦȢ ȢȡȜ ȣȤșȘȥȦȔȖȟȓȟȜ ȥȢȕȢȝ ȢȕȢȥȡȢȖȔȡ-

ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢȣȤȔȖȔ, ȣȢȥȞȢȟȰȞȧȢȡȜȖȯȦșȞȔȲȦȜțȧȥȦȔȡȢȖȜȖ-

ȡȧȲ ȢȣȔȥȡȢȥȦȰ Șȟȓ ȥȢȖșȦȥȞȜȩ ȣȔȤȦȜțȔȡ Ȝț-țȔ ȥȖȢȜȩ ȣȤȢȡȔ-

ȬȜȩȥȓ ȠșȚȘȧ ȢȕȤȔțȢȖȔȡȡȯȠȜ ȡȔȤȢȘȔȠȜ ȢȕȯȫȔșȖ, Ȝț țȔȞȢȡȢȖ

ȪȜȥȦȥȞȜȩȖțȗȟȓȘȢȖȜȥȢȦȤȧȘȡȜȫșȥȦȖȔȥȣȤȢȦȜȖȡȜȞȢȠ(ȣȧȡȞȦȯ

ȫșȟȢȖșȫȡȢȥȦȜȜȦȤșȕȢȖȔȡȜȝȢȕȭșȥȦȖșȡȡȢȗȢȥȢțȡȔȡȜȓ»2.

130 Ȝ 134 ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȓ). ǤȢ ȠȡșȡȜȲ ȕȢȟȰȬȜȡȥȦȖȔ ȥȧȘșȝ,

11.ǙșȝȥȦȖȜȦșȟȰȡȢ, ȖȞȢȠȣșȦșȡȪȜȲǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢǦȧȘȔȡșȖȩȢ-

ȟȔȦȖȜȝȥȞȜș ȥȧȘȯ ȡș ȣȤȜȖșȟȜ ȘȢȥȦȔȦȢȫȡȢ ȧȕșȘȜȦșȟȰȡȯȩ ȘȢ-

ȘȜȦȘȔȖȔȦȰȦȢȟȞȢȖȔȡȜșǘȔȔȗȥȞȜȩȜȟȜǛșȡșȖȥȞȜȩȞȢȡȖșȡȪȜȝ(ȥȠ.

ȞȔțȔȦșȟȰȥȦȖ ȦȢȗȢ, ȫȦȢ ȡȔȣȔȘșȡȜș ȡȔ ȘșȤșȖȡȲ ǡȔȟȯș ǖȔȦȯ

ȣȧȡȞȦ 122 ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȓ). Ǚȟȓ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȣȢ ȣȤȔȖȔȠ

Ȗ ǠȔȦȖȜȜ 27 ȠȔȓ 1944 ȗ. ȣȤȢȦȜȖȢȤșȫȜȟȢ jus in bello Ȝ, ȦȔȞȜȠ

ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔȜȡȯșȡȢȤȠȯȜȣȤȜȡȪȜȣȯȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢȣȤȔȖȔ— ȱȦȢ

ȢȕȤȔțȢȠ, ȡș ȣȢȞȔțȔȟȜ ȡȔȟȜȫȜȓ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢ-ȣȤȔȖȢȖȯȩ Ȣȥ-

ȨȔȞȦȯ, ȞȢȦȢȤȯș Ȣȡ ȠȢȚșȦ ȣȤȜȡȓȦȰ ȖȢ ȖȡȜȠȔȡȜș ȣȤȜ ȤȔȥȥȠȢȦ-

ȡȢȖȔȡȜȝȣȤȜțȡȔȖȔȦȰțȔȓȖȜȦșȟȓȖȜȡȢȖȡȯȠȖȦȢȠ, ȫȦȢȢȡȢȦȘȔȟ

ȤșȡȜȜȡȔȥȦȢȓȭșȗȢȘșȟȔ. ǣȘȡȔȞȢȱȦȜȨȔȞȦȯȡȔȘȟșȚȜȦȧȥȦȔȡȔȖ-

ȫȟșȡȔȠȥȖȢșȗȢȣȔȤȦȜțȔȡȥȞȢȗȢȢȦȤȓȘȔȣȤȜȞȔțȧȕȜȦȰȬșȥȦșȤȯȩ

ȟȜȖȔȦȰȦȭȔȦșȟȰȡȢ, ȥȧȫșȦȢȠȖȥșȩȥȤșȘȥȦȖ, ȞȢȦȢȤȯșȣȤșȘȟȔȗȔșȦ

ȠȧȚȫȜȡ Ȝ ȦȤșȩ ȚșȡȭȜȡ, ȢȘȡȔ Ȝț ȞȢȦȢȤȯȩ ȕȯȟȔ ȕșȤșȠșȡȡȔ

ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢș ȣȤȔȖȢ. ǟȤȢȠș ȦȢȗȢ, ǦȧȘ ȖȥșȗȘȔ ȥȟșȘȢȖȔȟ ȱȦȢȝ

(ȣȧȡȞȦ 138 ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȓ).

ȣȤȢȪșȘȧȤșȖȘșȟȔȩ, ȖȞȢȦȢȤȯȩȖȔȚșȡȞȢȡȦșȞȥȦȣȢȘȟșȚȔȭȜȩȣȤȜ-

9. ǣȣȤȢȖșȤȗȔȓ ȖȯȖȢȘȯ ȟȔȦȖȜȝȥȞȜȩ ȥȧȘȢȖ Ȣ ȣȢȟȢȚșȡȜȜ ȚȜ-

ȠșȡșȡȜȲȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢ-ȣȤȔȖȢȖȯȩȡȢȤȠ3. ǙȟȓȪșȟșȝȡȔȥȦȢȓȭș-

Ȧșȟșȝ ȘșȤșȖȡȜ, ȕȢȟȰȬȜȡȥȦȖȢ ȥȧȘșȝ ȥȥȯȟȔșȦȥȓ ȡȔ ȥȟșȘȧȲȭșș

ȗȢ ȘșȟȔȜȠșȲȦ țȡȔȫșȡȜș ȦȔȞȜșȘȢȞȧȠșȡȦȯ, ȞȔȞǟȢȘșȞȥ ǠȜȕșȤȔ

ȣȢȡȜȠȔȡȜș ǘȔȔȗȥȞȢȝ ȞȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ 1907 ȗȢȘȔ Ȝ ȣȤȜȟȢȚșȡȡȢȗȢ

1863 ȗȢȘȔ4, ǦȔȡȞȦ-ǤșȦșȤȕȧȤȗȥȞȔȓȘșȞȟȔȤȔȪȜȓȜȟȜǣȞȥȨȢȤȘȥȞȢș

ȞȡșȝǤȢȟȢȚșȡȜȓ(ȘȔȟșș— ǘȔȔȗȥȞȢșȣȢȟȢȚșȡȜș). ǤȢȠȡșȡȜȲ

ȤȧȞȢȖȢȘȥȦȖȢ. ǗȥșȢȡȜȣȤșȘȧȥȠȔȦȤȜȖȔȲȦȣȤȜȡȪȜȣ, ȥȢȗȟȔȥȡȢȞȢ-

ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢǦȧȘȔ, ǘȔȔȗȥȞȢșȣȢȟȢȚșȡȜșȡșȥȢȘșȤȚȜȦȢȣȤșȘș-

ȦȢȤȢȠȧȖȢȲȲȭȜșȥȦȢȤȢȡȯȡșȣȢȟȰțȧȲȦȥȓȡșȢȗȤȔȡȜȫșȡȡȢȝȥȖȢ-

ȟșȡȜȓȣȢȡȓȦȜȝ«ȗȤȔȚȘȔȡȥȞȢșȟȜȪȢ» Ȝ«ȗȤȔȚȘȔȡȥȞȢșȡȔȥșȟșȡȜș».

ȕȢȘȢȝȣȤȜȖȯȕȢȤșȥȤșȘȥȦȖȜȠșȦȢȘȢȖȖșȘșȡȜȓȖȢȝȡȯȜȡșȘȢȟȚȡȯ

ǙșȝȥȦȖȢȖȔȖȬȜșȖȦȢȖȤșȠȓjus in bello ȡșȣȤșȘȧȥȠȔȦȤȜȖȔȟȜ, ȫȦȢ

ȣȤȜȫȜȡȓȦȰȥȦȤȔȘȔȡȜȝ, ȡșȖȯțȖȔȡȡȯȩȡșȢȕȩȢȘȜȠȢȥȦȰȲ. ǦȥȯȟȞȜ

ȫșȟȢȖșȞȧ, ȞȢȦȢȤȯȝ ȡș ȢȦȡȢȥȜȦȥȓ Ȟ ȞȢȠȕȔȦȔȡȦȔȠ, ȔȖȦȢȠȔȦȜȫș-

ȡȔǟȢȘșȞȥǠȜȕșȤȔ1863 ȗȢȘȔȥȢȘșȤȚȔȦȥȓȖȤșȬșȡȜȜȣȢȖȢȣȤȢȥȧ

ȥȞȜ ȥȟșȘȧșȦ ȣȤșȘȢȥȦȔȖȟȓȦȰ ȗȔȤȔȡȦȜȜ, ȞȢȦȢȤȯȠȜ ȣȢȟȰțȧȲȦȥȓ

ȢȣȤȜșȠȟșȠȢȥȦȜȡȔȥȦȢȓȭșȝȚȔȟȢȕȯ, ȢȘȡȔȞȢȢȡȜȕȯȟȜȢȣȧȭșȡȯ

ȗȤȔȚȘȔȡȥȞȜșȟȜȪȔ(ȥȠ. ȣȧȡȞȦ131 ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȓ).

ȖȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȜǦȧȘȔȣȢȥȧȭșȥȦȖȧȘșȟȔ(ȥȠ. ȤșȬșȡȜșǚȖȤȢȣșȝ-

10. ǜȘșȥȰȠȢȚȡȢȗȢȖȢȤȜȦȰȢȕȢȬȜȕȞșȖȘșȝȥȦȖȢȖȔȖȬșȠȖȦȢ

ȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȢȦ 20 ȥșȡȦȓȕȤȓ 2007 ȗ. ȣȢ Șșȟȧ «ǟȢȡȢȡȢȖ ȣȤȢȦȜȖ

ȖȤșȠȓȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȠȣȤȔȖșȖȢȕȟȔȥȦȜȖȢȢȤȧȚșȡȡȯȩȞȢȡȨȟȜȞ-

ǠȔȦȖȜȜ», ȚȔȟȢȕȔǔ36376/04, ȥ. 23).

ȦȢȖ. ǤȤșȚȘșȖȥșȗȢ, ȣȤȔȖȢȖȢșȤșȗȧȟȜȤȢȖȔȡȜșȖȢȣȤȢȥȢȖțȔȭȜȦȯ

12. ǡȡșȡȜșǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢǦȧȘȔȢȦȢȠ, ȫȦȢȚȜȦșȟȜȘșȤșȖȡȜ

ȗȤȔȚȘȔȡȥȞȢȗȢȡȔȥșȟșȡȜȓȖȦȢȖȤșȠȓȘșȝȥȦȖȜȦșȟȰȡȢȡȔȩȢȘȜȟȢȥȰ

ȣȤȜȘșȤȚȜȖȔȟȜȥȰ «ȣȤȢȡȔȪȜȥȦȥȞȜȩ ȖțȗȟȓȘȢȖ», ȡș ȠȢȚșȦ ȥȔȠȢ

ȡȔȥȦȔȘȜȜțȔȤȢȚȘșȡȜȓ, ȡȢȢȡȢȖȥșȚșȥȧȭșȥȦȖȢȖȔȟȢ. ǝțȖșȥȦȡȢ,

ȣȢ ȥșȕș ȟȜȬȜȦȰ Ȝȩ țȔȭȜȦȯ, ȞȢȦȢȤȢȝ ȣȢȟȰțȧȲȦȥȓ ȗȤȔȚȘȔȡ-

ȫȦȢ«ȗȟȔȖȡȢȝȢȥȢȕșȡȡȢȥȦȰȲȣȤȔȖȔȖȢȕȟȔȥȦȜȖȢȢȤȧȚșȡȡȯȩȞȢȡ-

ȥȞȜș ȟȜȪȔ ȥȢȗȟȔȥȡȢ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȠȧ ȣȤȔȖȧ Ȗ ȢȕȟȔȥȦȜ ȖȢȢ-

ȨȟȜȞȦȢȖȡȔȫȜȡȔȓȥȖȢȥșȠȡȔȘȪȔȦȢȗȢȖșȞȔȓȖȟȓȟȢȥȰȣȤȢȖșȘșȡȜș

ȤȧȚșȡȡȯȩ ȞȢȡȨȟȜȞȦȢȖ (ȥȠ. ȣȧȡȞȦ 130 ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȓ), ȦșȠ

ȤȔțȟȜȫȜȓ ȠșȚȘȧ ȞȢȠȕȔȦȔȡȦȔȠȜ Ȝ ȗȤȔȚȘȔȡȥȞȜȠ ȡȔȥșȟșȡȜșȠ»1.

ȕȢȟșș ȥ ȧȫșȦȢȠ ȦȢȗȢ, ȫȦȢ Ȗ ȥȜȟȧ ȘȢȞȧȠșȡȦȔȟȰȡȢ ȣȢȘȦȖșȤȚ-

ǧȔȠ, ȗȘș ȦșȞȥȦ ǘȔȔȗȥȞȢȗȢ ȣȢȟȢȚșȡȜȓ ȢȞȔțȔȟȥȓ ȡșȘȢȥȦȔȦȢȫȡȢ

ȘșȡȡȯȩȣȤȜȫȜȡȜȥȦȢȤȜȫșȥȞȢȗȢȩȔȤȔȞȦșȤȔȢȡȜȡșȜȥȣȯȦȯȖȔȟȜ

ȓȥșȡ Șȟȓ ȕȢȟȰȬȜȡȥȦȖȔ ȥȧȘșȝ, ȢȡȢ, ȥȢȫȦȓ ȩȢȘ ȤȔȥȥȧȚȘșȡȜȝ

ȢȥȢȕȢȝ ȥȜȠȣȔȦȜȜ Ȟ ȥȢȖșȦȥȞȜȠ ȣȔȤȦȜțȔȡȔȠ5. ǚȥȟȜ ȕȢȟȰȬȜȡ-

ȟȔȦȖȜȝȥȞȜȩȥȧȘȢȖȣȢȖșȤȩȡȢȥȦȡȯȠ, ȘȢȟȚȡȢȕȯȟȢȜȥȣȤȢȕȢȖȔȦȰ

ȥȦȖȢ ȥȧȘșȝ ȩȢȦșȟȢ ȘȢȞȔțȔȦȰ, ȫȦȢ ȱȦȜ ȬșȥȦșȤȢ ȠȧȚȫȜȡ Ȝ ȦȤȜ

ȟȲȕȯș ȘȤȧȗȜș ȥȣȢȥȢȕȯ, ȣȤșȘȧȥȠȢȦȤșȡȡȯș ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȯȠ

ȚșȡȭȜȡȯ ȕȯȟȜ ȡș ȗȤȔȚȘȔȡȥȞȜȠȜ ȟȜȪȔȠȜ, Ȕ ȞȢȠȕȔȦȔȡȦȔȠȜ

ȣȤȔȖȢȠ Șȟȓ ȢȣȤșȘșȟșȡȜȓ ȥȨșȤȯ ȘșȝȥȦȖȜȓ ȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖȧȲȭȜȩ

Ȝ Ȗ ȱȦȢȠ ȞȔȫșȥȦȖș ȣȤȜȡȜȠȔȟȜ ȡșȣȢȥȤșȘȥȦȖșȡȡȢș ȧȫȔȥȦȜș

Ȗ ȕȢșȖȯȩȘșȝȥȦȖȜȓȩ(ȠȢȚȡȢȡȔțȯȖȔȦȰȱȦȢȞȢȟȟȔȕȢȤȔȪȜȢȡȜț-

ǘșȤȠȔȡȜȜ» [Jorgic v. Germany], ȚȔȟȢȕȔ ǔ 74613/01, § 114,

ȠȢȠ ȜȟȜ ȞȔȞ-ȦȢ ȣȢ-ȘȤȧȗȢȠȧ), ȢȡȢ ȘȢȟȚȡȢ ȕȯȟȢ, ȣȢ ȞȤȔȝȡșȝ

ǦȕȢȤȡȜȞ ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȝ Ȝ ȤșȬșȡȜȝ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ

ȠșȤș, ȤȔȥȥȠȢȦȤșȦȰȫșȦȯȤș ȣȤȜțȡȔȞȔ ȞȢȠȕȔȦȔȡȦȢȖ, ȢȦȟȜȫȔȲ-

ȣȢ ȣȤȔȖȔȠ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ [ECHR] 2007 — ... (ȜțȖȟșȫșȡȜȓ)). ǟȔȞ

ȭȜȩ Ȝȩ ȢȦ ȡșȞȢȠȕȔȦȔȡȦȢȖ, ȞȢȦȢȤȯș ȧȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȯ ȥȦȔȦȰșȝ 1

Ȝ ǤȔȟȔȦȔ ǦȧȘȔ, Ƞȯ ȥȢȗȟȔȥȡȯ ȥ ȦșȠ, ȫȦȢ țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȰ, ȕȧȘȧȫȜ

ǘȔȔȗȥȞȢȗȢ ȣȢȟȢȚșȡȜȓ, Ȕ ȜȠșȡȡȢ: «1) ȜȠșȲȦ ȖȢ ȗȟȔȖș ȟȜȪȢ,

ȖȢșȡȡȯȠ ȞȢȠȔȡȘȜȤȢȠ, ȘȢȟȚșȡ ȕȯȟ țȡȔȦȰ ȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖȧȲȭȜș

ȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖșȡȡȢș țȔ ȥȖȢȜȩ ȣȢȘȫȜȡșȡȡȯȩ; 2) ȜȠșȲȦ ȢȣȤșȘșȟșȡ-

țȔȞȢȡȯ ȖȢȝȡȯ (ȥȠ. ȣȧȡȞȦ 124 ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȓ).

ȡȯȝȜȓȖȥȦȖșȡȡȢȖȜȘȜȠȯȝȜțȘȔȟȜȢȦȟȜȫȜȦșȟȰȡȯȝțȡȔȞ; 3) ȢȦ-

14. ǟȢȗȘȔ ȤșȫȰ ȜȘșȦ Ȣȕ ȧȠȯȥȟș ȡȔ ȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȜș ȣȤșȥȦȧȣ-

ȞȤȯȦȢ ȡȢȥȓȦ ȢȤȧȚȜș Ȝ 4) ȥȢȕȟȲȘȔȲȦ Ȗ ȥȖȢȜȩ ȘșȝȥȦȖȜȓȩ țȔ-

ȟșȡȜȓ, ȣȤȜȠșȡȓșȦȥȓ ȥȟșȘȧȲȭȜȝ ȞȤȜȦșȤȜȝ: «ǦȧȕȮșȞȦȜȖȡȧȲ

ȞȢȡȯȜȢȕȯȫȔȜȖȢȝȡȯ»1. ǤȤȜȣȤȜȠșȡșȡȜȜȱȦȢȗȢȣȢȘȩȢȘȔǦȧȘ

ȥȦȢȤȢȡȧ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓ ȡșȟȰțȓ ȢȦȤȜȪȔȦȰ, șȥȟȜ ȡșțȔȞȢȡȡȢȥȦȰ

ȜȥȣȯȦȯȖȔșȦ ȥȟșȘȧȲȭȜș ȢȥȡȢȖȡȯș ȦȤȧȘȡȢȥȦȜ. ǗȢ-ȣșȤȖȯȩ,

ȖȢșȡȡȢȗȢ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓ ȢȫșȖȜȘȡȔ Șȟȓ ȤȔțȧȠȡȢȗȢ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ.

Ȣȡ ȡș ȖȣȤȔȖș ȘȢȕȔȖȟȓȦȰ ȡȢȖȯș ȞȤȜȦșȤȜȜ Ȟ ȧȚș ȜȠșȲȭȜȠ-

ǟȢȗȘȔ ȞȔȞȢș-ȦȢ ȘșȝȥȦȖȜș ȢȕȮșȞȦȜȖȡȢ ȣȢ ȥȖȢșȠȧ ȩȔȤȔȞȦșȤȧ

ȥȓ ȡȢȤȠȔȠ ȜȟȜ ȣȢȘȠșȡȓȦȰ ȢȕȭșȣȤȜȡȓȦȢș Ȗ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȠ

ȓȖȟȓșȦȥȓȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜșȠ, ȢȕȖȜȡȓșȠȯȝȡșȠȢȚșȦȕȯȦȰȢȣȤȔȖ-

ȣȤȔȖș ȣȢȡȜȠȔȡȜș ȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖȧȲȭȜȩ ȦșȤȠȜȡȢȖ ȥȖȢȜȠ ȥȢȕ-

ȘȔȡ ȜȥȞȟȲȫȜȦșȟȰȡȢ ȡȔ ȢȥȡȢȖȔȡȜȜ ȦȢȗȢ, ȫȦȢ ȥȧȕȮșȞȦȜȖȡȢ Ȣȡ,

ȥȦȖșȡȡȯȠ Ȝȩ ȣȢȡȜȠȔȡȜșȠ Ȗ Ȫșȟȓȩ ȢȦȡșȥșȡȜȓ Ȧșȩ ȜȟȜ Ȝȡȯȩ

ȣȢ șȗȢ ȧȦȖșȤȚȘșȡȜȲ, ȕȯȟ ȧȖșȤșȡ Ȗ țȔȞȢȡȡȢȥȦȜ ȥȖȢȜȩ Șșȝ-

ȟȜȪȞȞȢȠȕȔȦȔȡȦȔȠ. ǗȢ-ȖȦȢȤȯȩ, ȢȡȡșȠȢȚșȦȣșȤșȥȠȔȦȤȜȖȔȦȰ

ȥȦȖȜȝ»4 ȜȟȜȕȯȟȧȕșȚȘșȡȖȦȢȠ, ȫȦȢȖȥȜȟȧȣȤȢȖȢȘȜȠȢȝȗȢȥȧ-

ȖȥșȘȢȞȔțȔȦșȟȰȥȦȖȔȣȢȘșȟȧ, ȖȞȟȲȫȔȓȣȢȞȔțȔȡȜȓȚșȤȦȖ ȱȦȢȗȢ

ȘȔȤȥȦȖȢȠ ȣȢȟȜȦȜȞȜ Ȣȡ ȡȜȞȢȗȘȔ ȡș ȣȢȘȖșȤȗȡșȦȥȓ ȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȢȠȧ

ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓ (ȥȠ. ȣȧȡȞȦ 36 ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȓ).

ȣȤșȥȟșȘȢȖȔȡȜȲ5. ǧșȠ ȡș Ƞșȡșș ȞȢȠȣșȦșȡȪȜȓ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ

13. Ǘ ȞȢȡșȫȡȢȠ ȜȦȢȗș ȥȨșȤȔ ȣȤȜȠșȡșȡȜȓ ȣȤȜȡȪȜȣȔ ȣȤșȘ-

ǦȧȘȔȡșȡȔȥȦȢȟȰȞȢȖșȟȜȞȔ, ȫȦȢȕȯȣȢțȖȢȟȜȦȰșȠȧȥȡșȢȕȩȢȘȜ-

ȥȞȔțȧșȠȢȥȦȜ, ȞȢȦȢȤȯȝ ȤșȬȜȟȢ ȜȥȣȢȟȰțȢȖȔȦȰ ȕȢȟȰȬȜȡȥȦȖȢ

ȠȯȠ ȧȤȢȖȡșȠ ȘșȦȔȟȜțȔȪȜȜ ȢȪșȡȜȖȔȦȰ ȖȢȣȤȢȥȯ, ȞȔȥȔȲȭȜșȥȓ

ȥȧȘșȝ, ȢȥȦȔșȦȥȓ ȡșȓȥȡȢȝ. ǢșȘȔȖȡȢ Ȗ Șșȟș ǗȔȥȜȟșȖȜȫȔ ǡșȚ-

ȢȕȮșȞȦȜȖȡȢȝ Ȝ ȥȧȕȮșȞȦȜȖȡȢȝ ȥȦȢȤȢȡȯ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓ. DzȦȜ

ȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȯȝ ȦȤȜȕȧȡȔȟ ȣȢ ȕȯȖȬșȝ dzȗȢȥȟȔȖȜȜ, ȥȢȥȟȔȖȬȜȥȰ

ȖȢȣȤȢȥȯȢȦȡȢȥȓȦȥȓȞȞȢȠȣșȦșȡȪȜȜȡȔȪȜȢȡȔȟȰȡȯȩȥȧȘȢȖȜȟȜ,

ȡȔ ȣȤȜȗȢȖȢȤȯ ǢȲȤȡȕșȤȗȥȞȢȗȢ ȦȤȜȕȧȡȔȟȔ, țȔȓȖȜȟ: «Ǚȟȓ ȡȔ-

Ȗ ȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖȧȲȭȜȩ ȥȟȧȫȔȓȩ, ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȯȩ ȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȯȩ

ȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓ ȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȢȝ ȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖșȡȡȢȥȦȜ ȡșȘȢȥȦȔȦȢȫȡȢ, ȢȘȡȔ-

ȦȤȜȕȧȡȔȟȢȖ.

ȞȢ, ȧȥȦȔȡȢȖȜȦȰ, ȫȦȢ ȘșȝȥȦȖȜș, Ȣ ȞȢȦȢȤȢȠ ȜȘșȦ ȤșȫȰ, ȕȯȟȢ

ǤȢȱȦȢȠȧ, ȣȤȜȡȜȠȔȓ ȖȢ ȖȡȜȠȔȡȜș Ȗȥș ȜțȟȢȚșȡȡȯș ȖȯȬș

ȡșțȔȞȢȡȡȢ ȥ ȦȢȫȞȜ țȤșȡȜȓ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢ ȣȤȔȖȔ, Ȗ ȦȢȠ

ȥȢȢȕȤȔȚșȡȜȓ, Ƞȯ ȡș ȧȖșȤșȡȯ, ȫȦȢ ȟȔȦȖȜȝȥȞȜș ȥȧȘȯ ȣȤȜ Ȗȯ-

ȥȠȯȥȟș, ȫȦȢ ȢȡȢ ȠȢȚșȦ ȣȢȖȟșȫȰ țȔ ȥȢȕȢȝ ȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖșȡȡȢȥȦȰ

ȡșȥșȡȜȜ țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȲ ȢȕȖȜȡȜȦșȟȰȡȢȗȢ ȣȤȜȗȢȖȢȤȔ ȖȯȬȟȜ țȔ

ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖȔ, ȡȔȤȧȬȜȖȬșȗȢȱȦȢȦțȔȣȤșȦ<…> ǦȧȘșȕȡȔȓȣȔȟȔ-

ȤȔȠȞȜ ȠȔȦșȤȜȔȟȰȡȢ-ȣȤȔȖȢȖȢȗȢ ȢȣȤșȘșȟșȡȜȓ ȣȢȡȓȦȜȓ ȖȢșȡ-

ȦȔȘȢȟȚȡȔȧȕșȘȜȦȰȥȓ, ȫȦȢȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜș, ȖȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȜȜȞȢȦȢ-

ȡȢȗȢ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓ Ȗ ȦȢȠ ȖȜȘș, Ȗ ȞȢȦȢȤȢȠ ȢȡȢ ȥȧȭșȥȦȖȢ-

ȤȢȗȢ ȢȕȖȜȡȓșȦȥȓ ȣȢȘȥȧȘȜȠȯȝ, ȘȢȥȦȔȦȢȫȡȢ ȫșȦȞȢ ȢȣȤșȘșȟșȡȢ

ȖȔȟȢ Ȗ 1944 ȗȢȘȧ. ǡȯ ȦȖșȤȘȢ ȧȕșȚȘșȡȯ, ȫȦȢ ȟȔȦȖȜȝȥȞȜș

Ȗ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȠȢȕȯȫȡȢȠ ȣȤȔȖș, ȦȔȞ, ȫȦȢȕȯșȗȢȢȕȭȜȝȩȔ-

ȥȧȘȯ ȡȔȩȢȘȜȟȜȥȰ Ȗ ȟȧȫȬșȠ ȣȢȟȢȚșȡȜȜ, ȡșȚșȟȜ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝ-

ȤȔȞȦșȤ, ȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȔȓȡȔȞȔțȧșȠȢȥȦȰȜȢȤȜșȡȦȜȤȢȖȢȫȡȔȓȥȦșȣșȡȰ

ȥȞȜȝ ǦȧȘ, ȫȦȢȕȯ ȤȔțȤșȬȜȦȰ ȘșȟȢ ǟȢȡȢȡȢȖȔ. ǡȯ ȣȤȜȩȢȘȜȠ

ȦȓȚșȥȦȜ ȕȯȟȜ Ȗ ȘȢȥȦȔȦȢȫȡȢȝ ȥȦșȣșȡȜ ȣȤșȘȥȞȔțȧșȠȯ Ȝ ȘȢ-

Ȟ ȖȯȖȢȘȧ, ȫȦȢ ȣȢ Șșȟȧ ȦȤșȕȢȖȔȡȜȓ ȥȦȔȦȰȜ 7 ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ ȡȔ-

ȥȦȧȣȡȯ. ǤȤȢȜțȖȢȘȓ ȱȦȧ ȢȪșȡȞȧ, ǦȧȘșȕȡȔȓ ȣȔȟȔȦȔ ȣȤȜȡȜȠȔșȦ

ȤȧȬșȡȯ ȡș ȕȯȟȜ.

ȖȢȖȡȜȠȔȡȜșȥȣșȪȜȨȜȞȧȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢȣȤȔȖȔ, ȖȫȔȥȦȡȢȥȦȜ,

ОСОБОЕ МНЕНИЕ СУДЬИ ДЭВИДА ТОР БЬОРГВИНССОНА

ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢ ȢȕȯȫȡȢȗȢ ȣȤȔȖȔ. ǧȤșȕȢȖȔȡȜș, ȥȢȗȟȔȥȡȢ ȞȢ-

ȦȢȤȢȠȧ ȥȢȥȦȔȖ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓ ȘȢȟȚșȡ ȕȯȦȰ ȢȣȤșȘșȟșȡ ȥ ȘȢ-

ȥȦȔȦȢȫȡȢȝȫșȦȞȢȥȦȰȲ, ȨȔȞȦȜȫșȥȞȜȓȖȟȓșȦȥȓȫȔȥȦȰȲȦȤșȕȢȖȔ-

Ǘ ȘȢȣȢȟȡșȡȜș Ȟ ȥȢȖȠșȥȦȡȢȠȧ ȢȥȢȕȢȠȧ ȠȡșȡȜȲ ȓ ȩȢȦșȟ ȕȯ

ȡȜȓ nullum crimen sine lege2. ǗȱȦȢȠȞȢȡȦșȞȥȦșȢȡȢȜ ȘȢȟȚȡȢ

ȢȕȤȔȦȜȦȰ ȢȥȢȕȢș ȖȡȜȠȔȡȜș ȡȔ ȥȟșȘȧȲȭȜș ȠȢȠșȡȦȯ.

ȢȪșȡȜȖȔȦȰȥȓ»3. Ǘ Șșȟș «ǦȦȤșȟșȪ, ǟșȥȥȟșȤ Ȝ ǟȤșȡȪ ȣȤȢȦȜȖ

1. ǪȢȘ ȤȔȥȥȧȚȘșȡȜȝ ȕȢȟȰȬȜȡȥȦȖȔ ȥȧȘșȝ ȢȥȡȢȖȯȖȔșȦȥȓ,

ǘșȤȠȔȡȜȜ» (ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜș ǖȢȟȰȬȢȝ ǤȔȟȔȦȯ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ

ȣȢ ȥȧȦȜ, ȡȔ ȖȯȖȢȘș, ȫȦȢ ȚșȤȦȖȯ ȕȢȝȡȜ Ȗ ȘșȤșȖȡș ǡȔȟȯș

ǦȧȘȔ, ȚȔȟȢȕȯǔ34044/96, ǔ35532/97 Ȝǔ44801/98, ǦȕȢȤ-

ǖȔȦȯ ȖȖȜȘȧ ȥȖȢȜȩ ȢȦȡȢȬșȡȜȝ ȥ ȡșȠșȪȞȜȠȜ ȖȢȢȤȧȚșȡȡȯȠȜ

ȡȜȞ ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȝ Ȝ ȤșȬșȡȜȝ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȣȢ ȣȤȔ-

ȥȜȟȔȠȜȡșȢȦȡȢȥȜȟȜȥȰȞȗȤȔȚȘȔȡȥȞȢȠȧȡȔȥșȟșȡȜȲȜȡșȣȢȟȰ-

ȖȔȠ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ [ECHR] 2001-II) ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȜȝ ǦȧȘ, ȞȢȦȢȤȢȗȢ

țȢȖȔȟȜȥȰ țȔȭȜȦȢȝ ȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖȧȲȭȜȩ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢ-ȣȤȔȖȢ-

ȜȡȦșȤșȥȢȖȔȟȢ ȣȤșȚȘș ȖȥșȗȢ ȦȢ, ȞȔȞ ȥȧȘȯ ǘșȤȠȔȡȜȜ ȣȤȜȠș-

ȖȯȩȡȢȤȠ, ȧȥȦȔȡȔȖȟȜȖȔȲȭȜȩȘȢȣȧȥȦȜȠȯșȥȤșȘȥȦȖȔȜȠșȦȢȘȯ

ȡȓȟȜ ȡȔȪȜȢȡȔȟȰȡȢș ȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȢș țȔȞȢȡȢȘȔȦșȟȰȥȦȖȢ, ȣȤȜȬșȟ,

ȖșȘșȡȜȓ ȖȢȝȡȯ. DzȦȢ ȢȕȮȓȥȡȓșȦ, ȣȢȫșȠȧ ȕȢȟȰȬȜȡȥȦȖȢ ȥȧȘșȝ

Ȗ ȫȔȥȦȡȢȥȦȜ, ȞȥȟșȘȧȲȭșȠȧȖȯȖȢȘȧ: «ǦȧȘȣȢȟȔȗȔșȦ, ȫȦȢȘșȝ-

ȢȗȤȔȡȜȫȜȟȢȥȰ ȤȔȥȥȠȢȦȤșȡȜșȠ ȖȢȣȤȢȥȔ Ȣ ȣȤșȘȣȢȟȔȗȔșȠȢȠ

ȥȦȖȜȓ țȔȓȖȜȦșȟșȝ ȡȔ ȠȢȠșȡȦ Ȝȩ ȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȜȓ ȦȔȞȚș ȓȖȟȓȟȜȥȰ

ȡȔȤȧȬșȡȜȜ ȦȤșȕȢȖȔȡȜȝ ȣȧȡȞȦȔ 1 ȥȦȔȦȰȜ 7 ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ.

ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓȠȜ, ȢȣȤșȘșȟșȡȡȯȠȜ ȥ ȘȢȥȦȔȦȢȫȡȢȝ ȥȦșȣșȡȰȲ

Ǘ ȥȖȓțȜ ȥ ȱȦȜȠ ȥȟșȘȧșȦ ȣȢȘȫșȤȞȡȧȦȰ: ȟȔȦȖȜȝȥȞȜș ȥȧȘȯ ȧȥ-

ȘȢȥȦȧȣȡȢȥȦȜ Ȝ ȣȤșȘȥȞȔțȧșȠȢȥȦȜ ȡȢȤȠȔȠȜ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢ

ȦȔȡȢȖȜȟȜ, ȫȦȢțȔȓȖȜȦșȟȰȖȞȔȫșȥȦȖșȞȢȠȔȡȘȜȤȔ, ȥȤȔȚȔȖȬșȗȢ-

ȣȤȔȖȔ Ȗ ȢȕȟȔȥȦȜ ȣȤȔȖ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ» (§ 105). ǡȯ ȢȥȦȔșȠȥȓ ȣȤȜ

ȥȓȖȥȢȥȦȔȖșȖȢȢȤȧȚșȡȡȯȩȥȜȟǦȢȖșȦȥȞȢȗȢǦȢȲțȔ, ȣȤȜȡȜȠȔȟ

ȠȡșȡȜȜ, ȫȦȢ, ȣȤȜȡȜȠȔȓȖȢȖȡȜȠȔȡȜșȖȥșȜȠșȲȭȜșȢȦȡȢȬșȡȜș

ȧȫȔȥȦȜșȖȕȢȝȡșȖȘșȤșȖȡșǡȔȟȯșǖȔȦȯ27 ȠȔȓ1944 ȗ. ǟȤȢȠș

Ȟ Șșȟȧ ȡȢȤȠȔȦȜȖȡȯș ȣȢȟȢȚșȡȜȓ ȘșȝȥȦȖȢȖȔȖȬșȗȢ Ȗ ȦȢ ȖȤșȠȓ

ȦȢȗȢ, ȟȔȦȖȜȝȥȞȜș ȥȧȘȯ, ȣȤȢȖșȘȓ ȖȥșȥȦȢȤȢȡȡșș Ȝ ȦȭȔȦșȟȰȡȢș

ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢ ȣȤȔȖȔ, ȠȢȚȡȢ ȥȞȔțȔȦȰ, ȫȦȢ ȧȕȜȝȥȦȖȢ ȗȤȔȚ-

ȤȔȥȥȟșȘȢȖȔȡȜș, ȣȤȜȬȟȜ Ȟ ȖȯȖȢȘȧ, ȫȦȢ ȧȕȜȦȯș ȕȯȟȜ ȗȤȔȚ-

ȘȔȡȥȞȜȩ ȟȜȪ ȡșȣȤȜȓȦșȟȰȥȞȢȝ ȡȔȪȜȜ, ȡș ȖȯțȖȔȡȡȢș ȢȫșȖȜȘ-

ȘȔȡȥȞȜȠȜȟȜȪȔȠȜȜȣȢȟȰțȢȖȔȟȜȥȰțȔȭȜȦȢȝȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖȧȲȭȜȩ

ȡȢȝ ȖȢșȡȡȢȝ ȡșȢȕȩȢȘȜȠȢȥȦȰȲ, ȣȤșȘȥȦȔȖȟȓșȦ ȥȢȕȢȝ ȖȢșȡȡȢș

ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢ-ȣȤȔȖȢȖȯȩȡȢȤȠ. ǙȔȟșș, ȢȡȜȞȖȔȟȜȨȜȪȜȤȢȖȔȟȜ

ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜșȜȫȦȢ«ȥȧȭȡȢȥȦȰȘȔȡȡȢȗȢȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓ» ȕȯȟȔ

ȘșȝȥȦȖȜȓțȔȓȖȜȦșȟȓȞȔȞȖȢșȡȡȯșȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓȣȢȣȢȘȟșȚȔȖ-

ȢȣȤșȘșȟșȡȔ ȡȢȤȠȔȠȜ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢ ȣȤȔȖȔ ȥ ȘȢȥȦȔȦȢȫȡȢȝ

ȬȜȠȣȤȜȠșȡșȡȜȲȡȢȤȠȔȠȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢȜȡȔȪȜȢȡȔȟȰȡȢȗȢ

ȥȦșȣșȡȰȲ ȘȢȥȦȧȣȡȢȥȦȜ Ȝ ȣȤșȘȥȞȔțȧșȠȢȥȦȜ (ȥȠ. ȦȔȞȚș ȣȢȥ-

ȣȤȔȖȔ. ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȜȝ ǦȧȘ ȡș ȠȢȚșȦ ȢȣȤȢȖșȤȗȡȧȦȰ ȱȦȢȦ ȖȯȖȢȘ

ȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜș ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȣȢ Șșȟȧ «ǞȢȤȗȜȫ ȣȤȢȦȜȖ

ȜȟȜȖȯȖȢȘȯȟȔȦȖȜȝȥȞȜȩȥȧȘȢȖȣȢȣȢȖȢȘȧȢȕȥȦȢȓȦșȟȰȥȦȖȘșȟȔ

ȜȣȤȜȠșȡȜȠȢȗȢțȔȞȢȡȢȘȔȦșȟȰȥȦȖȔ. ǟȢȗȘȔȕȢȟȰȬȜȡȥȦȖȢȥȧȘșȝ

Ȗș ȢȘȜȡȔȞȢȖȢ ȡșțȔȞȢȡȡȧȲ ȪșȟȰ ȢȥȧȭșȥȦȖȟȓȦȰ ȞȢȡȦȤȢȟȰ ȡȔȘ

Ȗȥș-ȦȔȞȜȥȘșȟȔȟȢȱȦȢ, ȢȡȢȖȯȬȟȢțȔȤȔȠȞȜȣȢȖȦȢȤȡȢȝȲȤȜȘȜ-

șș ȦșȤȤȜȦȢȤȜșȝ. ǨȕȜȝȥȦȖȔ Ȗ ȘșȤșȖȡș ǡȔȟȯș ǖȔȦȯ ȣȤȢȜȥ-

ȫșȥȞȢȝ ȞȖȔȟȜȨȜȞȔȪȜȜ ȣȤșȘȥȦȔȖȟșȡȡȯȩ ǦȧȘȧ ȘȢȞȔțȔȦșȟȰȥȦȖ

ȩȢȘȜȟȜ ȜȠșȡȡȢ Ȗ ȱȦȜȩ ȧȥȟȢȖȜȓȩ. ǚȥȟȜ ȤȔȥȥȠȔȦȤȜȖȔȦȰ ȘșȟȢ

(ȥȠ. ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜșǖȢȟȰȬȢȝǤȔȟȔȦȯǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢǦȧȘȔȢȦ

Ȗ ȱȦȢȠ ȜȥȦȢȤȜȫșȥȞȢȠ ȞȢȡȦșȞȥȦș, ȠȢȚȡȢ ȥȞȔțȔȦȰ, ȫȦȢ Ȗ Ȧșȩ

22 ȠȔȤȦȔ 2001 ȗ. ȣȢ Șșȟȧ «ǦȦȤșȟșȪ, ǟșȥȥȟșȤ Ȝ ǟȤșȡȪ ȣȤȢȦȜȖ

țȟȢȘșȓȡȜȓȩ, ȞȢȦȢȤȯș ȜȥȣȯȦȔȟȜ ȡȔ ȥșȕș ȗȤȔȚȘȔȡȥȞȜș ȚȜȦș-

ǘșȤȠȔȡȜȜ», § 111). ǧȢ, ȫȦȢ ȡȔ ȥȔȠȢȠ Șșȟș ȥȘșȟȔȟȢ ȕȢȟȰȬȜȡ-

ȟȜ ǠȔȦȖȜȜ, ȖȜȡȢȖȡȯ ȣȢȘȫȜȡșȡȡȯș ȖȢșȡȡȢȗȢ ȣȤșȘȥȦȔȖȜȦșȟȓ

ȥȦȖȢ ȥȧȘșȝ, ȥȟșȘȧșȦ, ȥȞȢȤșș, ȤȔȥȥȠȔȦȤȜȖȔȦȰ ȞȔȞ ȣșȤșȢȪșȡȞȧ

ǦȢȖșȦȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȢȲțȔ; ǦǦǦǥ ȕȯȟ ȡș ȢȥȖȢȕȢȘȜȦșȟșȠ ǠȔȦȖȜȜ,

ȞȟȲȫșȖȯȩ ȖȯȖȢȘȢȖ ȟȔȦȖȜȝȥȞȜȩ ȥȧȘȢȖ ȣȢ ȖȢȣȤȢȥȔȠ ȨȔȞȦȔ,

Ȕ ȖȤȔȚȘșȕȡȢȝ ȢȞȞȧȣȔȪȜȢȡȡȢȝ ȘșȤȚȔȖȢȝ.

Ȕ ȱȦȢ ȜȘșȦ ȖȤȔțȤșț ȥ ȧȥȦȢȓȖȬșȝȥȓ ȣȤșȪșȘșȡȦȡȢȝ ȣȤȔȞȦȜȞȢȝ

ǖȧȘȧȫȜ ȢȞȞȧȣȜȤȢȖȔȡȡȢȝ ǦȢȖșȦȥȞȜȠ ǦȢȲțȢȠ ȘȢ 1991 ȗȢȘȔ,

ǦȧȘȔ, ȞȢȦȢȤȔȓ ȣȤȜțȡȔȒȦ, ȫȦȢ ȧȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜș ȢȕȥȦȢȓȦșȟȰȥȦȖ

ǠȔȦȖȜȓȡșȠȢȗȟȔȣȤȜțȖȔȦȰȥȢȖșȦȥȞȜȩȖȢșȡȡȢȥȟȧȚȔȭȜȩȞȢȦȖșȦ-

ȘșȟȔ Ȝ ȦȢȟȞȢȖȔȡȜș ȡȔȪȜȢȡȔȟȰȡȢȗȢ țȔȞȢȡȢȘȔȦșȟȰȥȦȖȔ, Ȗ ȦȢȠ

ȥȦȖșȡȡȢȥȦȜțȔȜȩȣȤșȘȣȢȟȔȗȔșȠȯșȖȢșȡȡȯșȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓȣȤȢ-

ȫȜȥȟș țȔȞȢȡȢȘȔȦșȟȰȥȦȖȔ, ȢȦȥȯȟȔȲȭșȗȢ Ȟ ȡȢȤȠȔȠ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔ-

ȦȜȖȟȔȦȯȬȥȞȢȗȢȡȔȤȢȘȔȖȤșȠșȡǗȦȢȤȢȝȠȜȤȢȖȢȝȖȢȝȡȯȖȣȟȢȦȰ

ȤȢȘȡȢȗȢ ȣȤȔȖȔ, ȓȖȟȓșȦȥȓ Ȗ ȣșȤȖȧȲ ȢȫșȤșȘȰ țȔȘȔȫșȝ ȡȔȪȜȢ-

ȘȢȖȢȥȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȓȡșțȔȖȜȥȜȠȢȥȦȜǠȔȦȖȜȜȖ1991 ȗȢȘȧ.

ȡȔȟȰȡȯȩ ȖȟȔȥȦșȝ, Ȗ ȢȥȢȕșȡȡȢȥȦȜ ȥȧȘȢȖ.

DzȦȢȦȜȥȦȢȤȜȫșȥȞȜȝȞȢȡȦșȞȥȦȖȔȚșȡȖȡȔȥȦȢȓȭșȠȘșȟșȣȢȦȤșȠ

2. Ǚȟȓ ȦȢȗȢ ȫȦȢȕȯ șȭș ȟȧȫȬș ȣȢȡȓȦȰ ȣȢȟȢȚșȡȜș ȚșȤȦȖ,

ȣȤȜȫȜȡȔȠ. ǗȢ-ȣșȤȖȯȩ, ȢȡȢȕȮȓȥȡȓșȦȡșȟșȗȞȜȝȖȯȕȢȤ, ȞȢȦȢȤȯȝ

ȣȢȟșțȡȢȦȔȞȚșȣȢȠșȥȦȜȦȰȥȢȕȯȦȜȓ, ȣȤȢȜțȢȬșȘȬȜșȖȘșȤșȖȡș

ȘȢȟȚȡȢ ȕȯȟȢ ȥȘșȟȔȦȰ ȕȢȟȰȬȜȡȥȦȖȢ ȠȜȤȡȯȩ ȚȜȦșȟșȝ ǠȔȦȖȜȜ

ǡȔȟȯș ǖȔȦȯ 27 ȠȔȓ 1944 ȗ., Ȗ ȕȢȟșș ȬȜȤȢȞȜȝ ȜȥȦȢȤȜȫșȥȞȜȝ

Ȗ ȥȖȢȜȩ ȢȦȡȢȬșȡȜȓȩ ȥ ȢȞȞȧȣȔȪȜȢȡȡȯȠȜ ȥȜȟȔȠȜ. ǗȢ-ȖȦȢȤȯȩ,

ȞȢȡȦșȞȥȦ.

ȢȡȣȢțȖȢȟȓșȦȣȢȡȓȦȰ, ȣȢȫșȠȧȓȥȢȗȟȔȥșȡȥȕȢȟȰȬȜȡȥȦȖȢȠȥȧȘșȝ

ǠȔȦȖȜȝȥȞȔȓ ǥșȥȣȧȕȟȜȞȔ ȕȯȟȔ ȣȤȢȖȢțȗȟȔȬșȡȔ Ȗ 1918 ȗȢȘȧ.

ȖȦȢȠ, ȫȦȢ, ȡșȥȠȢȦȤȓȡȔȘȢȖȢȘȯțȔȓȖȜȦșȟȓ, șȗȢȘșȝȥȦȖȜȓȞȔȞȥȢ-

Ǘ 1940 ȗȢȘȧ ǦȢȖșȦȥȞȜȝ ǦȢȲț ȔȡȡșȞȥȜȤȢȖȔȟ ǠȔȦȖȜȲ. ǟȔȞ

ȖșȦȥȞȢȗȢȖȢșȡȡȢȥȟȧȚȔȭșȗȢȡșȥȟșȘȧșȦȥȫȜȦȔȦȰȡȔȣȤȔȖȟșȡȡȯȠȜ

ȢȣȜȥȔȡȢ Ȗ ȣȧȡȞȦș9 ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȓ, Ȗ 1941 ȗȢȘȧ ǠȔȦȖȜȓ ȕȯȟȔ

ȣȤȢȦȜȖșȗȢȥȢȕȥȦȖșȡȡȢȗȢȡȔȤȢȘȔȜ, ȦȔȞȜȠȢȕȤȔțȢȠ, ȡșȢȩȖȔȦȯ-

ȢȞȞȧȣȜȤȢȖȔȡȔ ǘșȤȠȔȡȜșȝ Ȝ șȭș ȤȔț ǦȢȖșȦȥȞȜȠ ǦȢȲțȢȠ

ȖȔȲȭȜȠȜȥȓȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢ-ȣȤȔȖȢȖȯȠȜȡȢȤȠȔȠȜȢȘȢȣȧȥȦȜȠȯȩ

Ȗ ȞȢȡȪș ǗȦȢȤȢȝ ȠȜȤȢȖȢȝ ȖȢȝȡȯ. ǤȢȥȟș ȤȔȥȣȔȘȔ ǦȢȖșȦȥȞȢȗȢ

ȥȤșȘȥȦȖȔȩȜȠșȦȢȘȔȩȖșȘșȡȜȓȖȢȝȡȯ. Ǘ-ȦȤșȦȰȜȩ, ȢȡȢȕȮȓȥȡȓșȦ,

ǦȢȲțȔ ǠȔȦȖȜȓ ȖȡȢȖȰ ȢȕȤșȟȔ ȡșțȔȖȜȥȜȠȢȥȦȰ Ȗ 1991 ȗȢȘȧ.

ȣȢȫșȠȧțȔȓȖȜȦșȟȲȟȜȬȰȖ1998 ȗȢȘȧȕȯȟȢȣȤșȘȮȓȖȟșȡȢȢȕȖȜ-

ǙȤȧȗȜȠȜ ȥȟȢȖȔȠȜ, ȥ 1940 ȗȢȘȔ ȣȢ 1991 ȗȢȘ ǠȔȦȖȜȓ ȕȯȟȔ

ȡșȡȜș Ȗ ȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȜȜ ȖȢșȡȡȯȩ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȝ Ȗ ȥȖȓțȜ ȥ șȗȢ ȤȢ-

ȚșȤȦȖȢȝ ȖȤȔȚȘșȕȡȢȝ ȢȞȞȧȣȔȪȜȜ ȜȡȢȥȦȤȔȡȡȯȠȜ ȘșȤȚȔȖȔȠȜ.

ȟȰȲȖȥȢȕȯȦȜȓȩȖȘșȤșȖȡșǡȔȟȯșǖȔȦȯ.

ǟȢȗȘȔ ȣȤȢȜȥȩȢȘȜȟȜ ȥȢȕȯȦȜȓ, Ȣ ȞȢȦȢȤȯȩ ȜȘșȦ ȤșȫȰ Ȗ Șșȟș,

3. ǤȢ Șșȟȧ ȡș ȢȥȣȔȤȜȖȔșȦȥȓ, ȫȦȢ ȣȧȡȞȦ 2 ȥȦȔȦȰȜ 7 ǟȢȡȖșȡ-

ȘȖȔ ȦȢȦȔȟȜȦȔȤȡȯȩ ȤșȚȜȠȔ — Ȗ ȨȔȬȜȥȦȥȞȢȝ ǘșȤȠȔȡȜȜ Ȝ Ȗ

ȪȜȜ ȥȥȯȟȔșȦȥȓ, ȣȢȠȜȠȢ ȣȤȢȫșȗȢ, ȡȔ ȖȢșȡȡȯș ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓ,

ǦȢȖșȦȥȞȢȠ ǦȢȲțș — ȕȢȤȢȟȜȥȰ ȠșȚȘȧ ȥȢȕȢȝ țȔ ȦșȤȤȜȦȢȤȜȲ

ȞȔȞ ȱȦȢȦ ȦșȤȠȜȡ ȢȣȤșȘșȟșȡ Ȗ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȠ ȣȤȔȖș. ǤȢȘȢȕ-

ǠȔȦȖȜȜ, ȣȢȟȡȢȥȦȰȲ ȜȗȡȢȤȜȤȧȓ ȣȤȔȖȢ ȟȔȦȖȜȝȥȞȢȗȢ ȡȔȤȢȘȔ

ȡȢ ȦȢȠȧ, ȞȔȞ ȲȤȜȘȜȫșȥȞȢș ȣȢȡȓȦȜș «ȖȢșȡȡȢș ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜș»

ȡȔ ȥȔȠȢȢȣȤșȘșȟșȡȜș, ȞȢȦȢȤȢș ȖȥșȗȘȔ ȕȯȟȢ Ȝ ȢȥȦȔșȦȥȓ șȗȢ

ȡș ȣȤȜȘȔșȦ țȡȔȫșȡȜȓ ȦȢȠȧ, ȞȔȞȢș ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖȢ ȣȤșȘȥȦȔȖȟȓȲȦ

ȕȔțȢȖȯȠ țȔȞȢȡȡȯȠ ȦȤșȕȢȖȔȡȜșȠ. ǫșȟȰȲ ǦȢȖșȦȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȢȲ-

ȣȤșȘȣȢȟȔȗȔșȠȯșȣȤșȥȦȧȣȡȜȞȜȞȔȞȖȢșȡȡȢȥȟȧȚȔȭȜș, ȣȧȡȞȦ2

țȔ ȕȯȟȢ ȡș «ȢȥȖȢȕȢȘȜȦȰ» ǠȔȦȖȜȲ ȢȦ ȨȔȬȜȥȦȥȞȢȝ ǘșȤȠȔȡȜȜ

ȥȦȔȦȰȜ7 ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜȦȔȞȚșȡșȘșȟȔșȦȱȦȢȗȢȤȔțȟȜȫȜȓ. ǟȖȔȟȜ-

Ȝ ȖȡȢȖȰ ȣȤșȘȢȥȦȔȖȜȦȰ șȝ ȥȦȔȦȧȥ ȡșțȔȖȜȥȜȠȢȗȢ ȥȧȖșȤșȡȡȢȗȢ

ȨȜȞȔȪȜȓ ȦȢȗȢ ȜȟȜ ȜȡȢȗȢ ȘșȓȡȜȓ ȞȔȞ ȖȢșȡȡȢȗȢ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓ

ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖȔ, ȔȖȢȥȥȦȔȡȢȖȜȦȰȞȢȡȦȤȢȟȰȡȔȘǠȔȦȖȜșȝȜȥȘșȟȔȦȰ

țȔȖȜȥȜȦ ȢȦ ȩȔȤȔȞȦșȤȔ ȥȔȠȢȗȢ ȱȦȢȗȢ ȘșȓȡȜȓ Ȝ ȢȕȥȦȢȓȦșȟȰȥȦȖ,

șș ȢȘȡȢȝ Ȝț ȥȢȖșȦȥȞȜȩ ȥȢȪȜȔȟȜȥȦȜȫșȥȞȜȩ ȤșȥȣȧȕȟȜȞ. ǝȥȦȢ-

Ȗ ȞȢȦȢȤȯȩ ȢȡȢ ȜȠșȟȢ ȠșȥȦȢ, Ȕ ȡș ȢȦ ȦȢȗȢ, ȞȔȞȧȲ ȥȦȤȔȡȧ

ȤȜȓ ȧȫȜȦ ȡȔȥ, ȫȦȢ ȦȔȞȔȓ ȥȜȦȧȔȪȜȓ ȧȣȤȢȭȔșȦ ȧȥȟȢȖȜȓ ȖȢȝ-

ȣȤșȘȥȦȔȖȟȓșȦ ȟȜȪȢ, șȗȢ ȥȢȖșȤȬȜȖȬșș.

ȡȯ, Ȗ ȞȢȦȢȤȢȝ Ȣȕș ȘșȤȚȔȖȯ ȥȞȟȢȡȡȯ Ȟ ȦȢȠȧ, ȫȦȢȕȯ ȜȥȞȔȦȰ

4. ǤȤȔȖȢȥȧȘȜș ȥȖșȤȬȜȟȢȥȰ, ȦȔȞ ȞȔȞ țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȰ ȣȤșȘȥȦȔȟ

ȡȔȢȞȞȧȣȜȤȢȖȔȡȡȢȝȦșȤȤȜȦȢȤȜȜȟȜȪ, ȞȢȦȢȤȯș, ȖȢțȠȢȚȡȢ, ȥȢ-

ȣșȤșȘ ȥȧȘȢȠ Ȝ ȕȯȟ ȢȥȧȚȘșȡ țȔ Ȧȧ ȤȢȟȰ, ȞȢȦȢȤȧȲ Ȣȡ ȥȯȗȤȔȟ

ȦȤȧȘȡȜȫȔȲȦ ȥ ȡșȣȤȜȓȦșȟșȠ, Ȝ ȜȥȣȢȟȰțȢȖȔȦȰ ȥȖȢȜ ȥȢȕȥȦȖșȡ-

Ȗ ȥȢȕȯȦȜȓȩ Ȗ ȘșȤșȖȡș ǡȔȟȯș ǖȔȦȯ 27 ȠȔȓ 1944 ȗ. ǚȗȢ ȣȤȜ-

ȡȯș ȞȤȜȦșȤȜȜ — ȖȢșȡȡȯș, ȣȢȟȜȦȜȫșȥȞȜș ȜȟȜ ȞȔȞȜș-ȟȜȕȢ

ȗȢȖȢȤȜȟȜ Ȟ ȡșȕȢȟȰȬȢȠȧ ȥȤȢȞȧ ȟȜȬșȡȜȓ ȥȖȢȕȢȘȯ — ȢȘȜȡ

Ȝȡȯș — Șȟȓ ȢȣȤșȘșȟșȡȜȓ ȦȢȗȢ, ȞȢȗȢ ȥȟșȘȧșȦ, Ȕ ȞȢȗȢ ȡș ȥȟș-

ȗȢȘ Ȝ ȖȢȥșȠȰ ȠșȥȓȪșȖ, ȣȤȜȡȓȖ ȖȢ ȖȡȜȠȔȡȜș șȗȢ ȣȤșȞȟȢȡȡȯȝ

ȘȧșȦ ȥȫȜȦȔȦȰ ȞȢȟȟȔȕȢȤȔȪȜȢȡȜȥȦȢȠ, Ȗ ȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖȜȜ ȥȢ ȥȖȢ-

ȖȢțȤȔȥȦ Ȝ ȡșȠȢȭȡȢȥȦȰ. ǖȢȟșș ȖȔȚȡȯȠ ȣȤșȘȥȦȔȖȟȓșȦȥȓ ȦȢ,

ȜȠȜ ȥȢȕȥȦȖșȡȡȯȠȜ ȪșȟȓȠȜ Ȝ ȜȡȦșȤșȥȔȠȜ. ǣȘȡȔȞȢ ȥ ȦȢȫȞȜ

ȫȦȢ ȡȔ țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȓ ȕȯȟȔ ȖȢțȟȢȚșȡȔ ȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖșȡȡȢȥȦȰ țȔ ȥȢ-

țȤșȡȜȓ ǠȔȦȖȜȜ ȘșȝȥȦȖȜȓ ȢȕșȜȩ ȘșȤȚȔȖ ȜȠșȟȜ Ȗ ȥȖȢșȝ ȢȥȡȢ-

ȖșȤȬȒȡȡȯș ȜȠ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓ.

ǤșȤșȖȢȘ ȥ ȔȡȗȟȜȝȥȞȢȗȢ ȓțȯȞȔ.

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