Экзамен зачет учебный год 2023 / ECHR_Kononov_v_Latvia_24_07_2008

ȣȤȜȓȦșȟșȠ ȞȔȞ Ȧș, ȦȔȞ Ȝ ȘȤȧȗȜș ȣȢȟȰțȧȲȦȥȓ ȣȤȔȖȔȠȜ ȖȢșȡ- ȡȢȣȟșȡȡȯȩ».

ǦȦȔȦȰȓ 22

«ǗȢȲȲȭȜș ȡș ȣȢȟȰțȧȲȦȥȓ ȡșȢȗȤȔȡȜȫșȡȡȯȠ ȣȤȔȖȢȠ Ȗ Ȗȯ- ȕȢȤș ȥȤșȘȥȦȖ ȡȔȡșȥșȡȜȓ ȖȤșȘȔ ȡșȣȤȜȓȦșȟȲ».

ǬȔȥȦȰ 1 ȥȦȔȦȰȜ 23

«ǟȤȢȠș ȢȗȤȔȡȜȫșȡȜȝ, ȧȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȡȯȩ ȢȥȢȕȯȠȜ ȥȢȗȟȔȬș- ȡȜȓȠȜ, ȖȢȥȣȤșȭȔșȦȥȓ:

<...>

b)ȣȤșȘȔȦșȟȰȥȞȜȧȕȜȖȔȦȰ ȜȟȜ ȤȔȡȜȦȰ ȟȜȪ, ȣȤȜȡȔȘȟșȚȔȭȜȩ

ȞȡȔȥșȟșȡȜȲ ȜȟȜ ȖȢȝȥȞȔȠ ȡșȣȤȜȓȦșȟȓ;

<...>

g) ȜȥȦȤșȕȟȓȦȰȜȟȜțȔȩȖȔȦȯȖȔȦȰȡșȣȤȜȓȦșȟȰȥȞȧȲȥȢȕȥȦȖșȡ- ȡȢȥȦȰ, ȞȤȢȠș ȥȟȧȫȔșȖ, ȞȢȗȘȔ ȣȢȘȢȕȡȢș ȜȥȦȤșȕȟșȡȜș ȜȟȜ țȔ- ȩȖȔȦ ȡȔȥȦȢȓȦșȟȰȡȢ ȖȯțȯȖȔșȦȥȓ ȖȢșȡȡȢȝ ȡșȢȕȩȢȘȜȠȢȥȦȰȲ

<…>».

ǦȦȔȦȰȓ 24

«ǗȢșȡȡȯș ȩȜȦȤȢȥȦȜ Ȝ ȧȣȢȦȤșȕȟșȡȜș ȥȣȢȥȢȕȢȖ, ȡșȢȕȩȢ- ȘȜȠȯȩ Ȟ ȣȢȟȧȫșȡȜȲ ȥȖșȘșȡȜȝ Ȣ ȡșȣȤȜȓȦșȟș Ȝ Ȣ ȠșȥȦȡȢȥȦȜ, ȣȤȜțȡȔȲȦȥȓ ȘȢțȖȢȟșȡȡȯȠȜ».

ǦȦȔȦȰȓ 25

«ǗȢȥȣȤșȭȔșȦȥȓ ȔȦȔȞȢȖȔȦȰ ȜȟȜ ȕȢȠȕȔȤȘȜȤȢȖȔȦȰ ȞȔȞȜȠ ȕȯ ȦȢ ȡȜ ȕȯȟȢ ȥȣȢȥȢȕȢȠ ȡșțȔȭȜȭșȡȡȯș ȗȢȤȢȘȔ, ȥșȟșȡȜȓ, ȚȜ- ȟȜȭȔ ȜȟȜ ȥȦȤȢșȡȜȓ».

ǦȦȔȦȰȓ 28

«ǗȢȥȣȤșȭȔșȦȥȓȢȦȘȔȖȔȦȰȡȔȤȔțȗȤȔȕȟșȡȜșȗȢȤȢȘȜȟȜȠșȥȦ- ȡȢȥȦȰ, ȘȔȚș ȖțȓȦȯș ȣȤȜȥȦȧȣȢȠ.

ǦȦȔȦȰȓ 42

«ǧșȤȤȜȦȢȤȜȓȣȤȜțȡȔșȦȥȓțȔȡȓȦȢȲ, șȥȟȜȢȡȔȘșȝȥȦȖȜȦșȟȰȡȢ ȡȔȩȢȘȜȦȥȓ ȖȢ ȖȟȔȥȦȜ ȡșȣȤȜȓȦșȟȰȥȞȢȝ ȔȤȠȜȜ.

ǜȔȡȓȦȜșȤȔȥȣȤȢȥȦȤȔȡȓșȦȥȓȟȜȬȰȡȔȦșȢȕȟȔȥȦȜ, ȗȘșȱȦȔȖȟȔȥȦȰ ȧȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȔȜȖȥȢȥȦȢȓȡȜȜȣȤȢȓȖȟȓȦȰȥȖȢȲȘșȓȦșȟȰȡȢȥȦȰ».

ǦȦȔȦȰȓ 46

«ǬșȥȦȰȜȣȤȔȖȔȥșȠșȝȡȯș, ȚȜțȡȰȢȦȘșȟȰȡȯȩȟȜȪȜȫȔȥȦȡȔȓ ȥȢȕȥȦȖșȡȡȢȥȦȰ, ȤȔȖȡȢ ȞȔȞ Ȝ ȤșȟȜȗȜȢțȡȯș ȧȕșȚȘșȡȜȓ Ȝ ȢȦ- ȣȤȔȖȟșȡȜș ȢȕȤȓȘȢȖ ȖșȤȯ, ȘȢȟȚȡȯ ȕȯȦȰ ȧȖȔȚȔșȠȯ.

ǬȔȥȦȡȔȓ ȥȢȕȥȦȖșȡȡȢȥȦȰ ȡș ȣȢȘȟșȚȜȦ ȞȢȡȨȜȥȞȔȪȜȜ».

ǦȦȔȦȰȓ 47

«ǘȤȔȕșȚ ȕșțȧȥȟȢȖȡȢ ȖȢȥȣȤșȭȔșȦȥȓ».

ǦȦȔȦȰȓ 50

«ǢȜȞȔȞȢș Ȣȕȭșș ȖțȯȥȞȔȡȜș ȘșȡșȚȡȢș ȜȟȜ ȜȡȢș ȡș ȠȢȚșȦ ȕȯȦȰ ȡȔȟȔȗȔșȠȢ ȡȔ Ȗȥș ȡȔȥșȟșȡȜș țȔ Ȧș ȘșȓȡȜȓ șȘȜȡȜȫȡȯȩ ȟȜȪ, Ȗ ȞȢȜȩ ȡș ȠȢȚșȦ ȕȯȦȰ ȧȥȠȢȦȤșȡȢ ȥȢȟȜȘȔȤȡȢȝ ȢȦȖșȦ- ȥȦȖșȡȡȢȥȦȜ ȡȔȥșȟșȡȜȓ».

B. Нюрнбергский и Токийский трибуналы

1. Устав Международного военного трибунала для Нюрнберга, вынесенный им приговор и «Нюрнбергские принципы»

60. ǝȠșȲȭȜș ȢȦȡȢȬșȡȜș Ȟ ȡȔȥȦȢȓȭșȠȧ Șșȟȧ ȥȦȔȦȰȜ ȧȥ- ȦȔȖȔ ǡșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢ ȖȢșȡȡȢȗȢ ȦȤȜȕȧȡȔȟȔ Șȟȓ ǢȲȤȡȕșȤȗȔ, ȣȤȜȟȢȚșȡȡȢȗȢ Ȟ ǠȢȡȘȢȡȥȞȢȠȧ ȥȢȗȟȔȬșȡȜȲ 1945 ȗȢȘȔ, ȣȤș- ȘȧȥȠȔȦȤȜȖȔȲȦ ȥȟșȘȧȲȭșș:

ǦȦȔȦȰȓ 6

«ǧȤȜȕȧȡȔȟ, ȧȫȤșȚȘșȡȡȯȝ [ǠȢȡȘȢȡȥȞȜȠ] ǦȢȗȟȔȬșȡȜșȠ <…> Șȟȓ ȥȧȘȔ Ȝ ȡȔȞȔțȔȡȜȓ ȗȟȔȖȡȯȩ ȖȢșȡȡȯȩ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȡȜȞȢȖ șȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȜȩ ȥȦȤȔȡ ȢȥȜ, ȜȠșșȦ ȣȤȔȖȢ ȥȧȘȜȦȰ Ȝ ȡȔȞȔțȯȖȔȦȰ

ȟȜȪ, ȞȢȦȢȤȯș, ȘșȝȥȦȖȧȓ Ȗ ȜȡȦșȤșȥȔȩ șȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȜȩ ȥȦȤȔȡ ȢȥȜ ȜȡȘȜȖȜȘȧȔȟȰȡȢ ȜȟȜ Ȗ ȞȔȫșȥȦȖș ȫȟșȡȢȖ ȢȤȗȔȡȜțȔȪȜȜ, ȥȢȖșȤ- ȬȜȟȜ ȟȲȕȢș Ȝț ȥȟșȘȧȲȭȜȩ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȝ.

ǦȟșȘȧȲȭȜș ȘșȝȥȦȖȜȓ ȜȟȜ ȟȲȕȯș Ȝț ȡȜȩ ȓȖȟȓȲȦȥȓ ȣȤș- ȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓȠȜ, ȣȢȘȟșȚȔȭȜȠȜ ȲȤȜȥȘȜȞȪȜȜ ǧȤȜȕȧȡȔȟȔ Ȝ Ȗȟș- ȞȧȭȜȠȜ țȔ ȥȢȕȢȝ ȜȡȘȜȖȜȘȧȔȟȰȡȧȲ ȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖșȡȡȢȥȦȰ:

<...>

(b) ȖȢșȡȡȯș ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓ, Ȕ ȜȠșȡȡȢ: ȡȔȤȧȬșȡȜȓ țȔȞȢ- ȡȢȖ ȜȟȜ ȢȕȯȫȔșȖ ȖȢȝȡȯ. ǟ ȱȦȜȠ ȡȔȤȧȬșȡȜȓȠ ȢȦȡȢȥȓȦȥȓ ȧȕȜȝȥȦȖȔ, ȜȥȦȓțȔȡȜȓ ȜȟȜ ȧȖȢȘ Ȗ ȤȔȕȥȦȖȢ ȜȟȜ Șȟȓ ȘȤȧȗȜȩ Ȫșȟșȝ ȗȤȔȚȘȔȡȥȞȢȗȢ ȡȔȥșȟșȡȜȓ ȢȞȞȧȣȜȤȢȖȔȡȡȢȝ ȦșȤȤȜ- ȦȢȤȜȜ; ȧȕȜȝȥȦȖȔ ȜȟȜ ȜȥȦȓțȔȡȜȓ ȖȢșȡȡȢȣȟșȡȡȯȩ ȜȟȜ ȟȜȪ, ȡȔȩȢȘȓȭȜȩȥȓ Ȗ ȠȢȤș; ȧȕȜȝȥȦȖȔ țȔȟȢȚȡȜȞȢȖ; ȢȗȤȔȕȟșȡȜș ȢȕȭșȥȦȖșȡȡȢȝ ȜȟȜ ȫȔȥȦȡȢȝ ȥȢȕȥȦȖșȡȡȢȥȦȜ; ȕșȥȥȠȯȥȟșȡȡȢș ȤȔțȤȧȬșȡȜș ȗȢȤȢȘȢȖ ȜȟȜ ȘșȤșȖșȡȰ; ȤȔțȢȤșȡȜș, ȡș ȢȣȤȔȖȘȔȡ- ȡȢș ȖȢșȡȡȢȝ ȡșȢȕȩȢȘȜȠȢȥȦȰȲ, Ȝ ȘȤȧȗȜș ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓ; <...>

ǥȧȞȢȖȢȘȜȦșȟȜ, ȢȤȗȔȡȜțȔȦȢȤȯ, ȣȢȘȥȦȤșȞȔȦșȟȜȜȣȢȥȢȕȡȜȞȜ, ȧȫȔȥȦȖȢȖȔȖȬȜșȖȥȢȥȦȔȖȟșȡȜȜȜȟȜȖȢȥȧȭșȥȦȖȟșȡȜȜȢȕȭșȗȢ ȣȟȔȡȔ ȜȟȜ țȔȗȢȖȢȤȔ, ȡȔȣȤȔȖȟșȡȡȢȗȢ Ȟ ȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȜȲ ȟȲȕȯȩ Ȝț ȖȯȬșȧȣȢȠȓȡȧȦȯȩ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȝ, ȡșȥȧȦ ȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖșȡȡȢȥȦȰ țȔȖȥșȘșȝȥȦȖȜȓ, ȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȡȯșȟȲȕȯȠȜȟȜȪȔȠȜȖȪșȟȓȩȢȥȧ- ȭșȥȦȖȟșȡȜȓ ȦȔȞȢȗȢ ȣȟȔȡȔ.

ǦȦȔȦȰȓ 8

«ǧȢȦȨȔȞȦ, ȫȦȢȣȢȘȥȧȘȜȠȯȝȘșȝȥȦȖȢȖȔȟȣȢȤȔȥȣȢȤȓȚșȡȜȲ ȣȤȔȖȜȦșȟȰȥȦȖȔȜȟȜȣȤȜȞȔțȧȡȔȫȔȟȰȡȜȞȔ, ȡșȢȥȖȢȕȢȚȘȔșȦșȗȢ ȢȦ ȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖșȡȡȢȥȦȜ, ȡȢ ȠȢȚșȦ ȤȔȥȥȠȔȦȤȜȖȔȦȰȥȓ ȞȔȞ ȘȢȖȢȘ ȘȟȓȥȠȓȗȫșȡȜȓȡȔȞȔțȔȡȜȓ, șȥȟȜǧȤȜȕȧȡȔȟȣȤȜțȡȔșȦ, ȫȦȢȱȦȢ- ȗȢ ȦȤșȕȧȲȦ ȜȡȦșȤșȥȯ ȣȤȔȖȢȥȧȘȜȓ».

61. ǟ ȡȔȥȦȢȓȭșȠȧ Șșȟȧ ȜȠșȲȦ ȢȦȡȢȬșȡȜș ȥȟșȘȧȲȭȜș ȣȢ- ȟȢȚșȡȜȓȣȤȜȗȢȖȢȤȔǢȲȤȡȕșȤȗȥȞȢȗȢȦȤȜȕȧȡȔȟȔ, ȖȯȡșȥșȡȡȢȗȢ 1 ȢȞȦȓȕȤȓ 1946 ȗȢȘȔ:

«ǧȤȜȕȧȡȔȟ <…> ȥȖȓțȔȡ ȦșȠȜ ȢȣȤșȘșȟșȡȜȓȠȜ, ȞȢȦȢȤȯș ȘȔșȦ ǨȥȦȔȖ ȞȔȞ Ȗ ȢȦȡȢȬșȡȜȜ ȖȢșȡȡȯȩ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȝ, ȦȔȞ

ȜȖ ȢȦȡȢȬșȡȜȜ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȝ ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ȫșȟȢȖșȫȡȢȥȦȜ. ǣȘȡȔ- ȞȢ, ȫȦȢ ȞȔȥȔșȦȥȓ ȖȢșȡȡȯȩ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȝ, ȞȔȞ ȧȚș ȧȞȔțȯȖȔ- ȟȢȥȰ, ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓ, ȢȣȤșȘșȟȓșȠȯș ȥȦȔȦȰșȝ 6 (b) ǨȥȦȔȖȔ, ȧȚș ȣȤȜțȡȔȖȔȟȜȥȰ ȞȔȞ ȖȢșȡȡȯș ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘ- ȡȯȠ ȣȤȔȖȢȠ. ǣȡȜ ȣȤșȘȧȥȠȔȦȤȜȖȔȟȜȥȰ ȥȦȔȦȰȓȠȜ 46, 50, 52

Ȝ56 ǘȔȔȗȥȞȢȝ ȞȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ 1907 ȗȢȘȔ <…>. ǧȢȦ ȨȔȞȦ, ȫȦȢ ȡȔȤȧȬșȡȜș ȱȦȜȩ ȡȢȤȠ ȓȖȟȓȟȢȥȰ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜșȠ, țȔ ȞȢȦȢȤȢș ȢȦȘșȟȰȡȯș ȟȜȪȔ ȣȢȘȟșȚȔȟȜ ȡȔȞȔțȔȡȜȲ, ȥȟȜȬȞȢȠ ȩȢȤȢȬȢ ȜțȖșȥȦșȡ Șȟȓ ȦȢȗȢ, ȫȦȢȕȯ ȘȢȣȧȥȦȜȦȰ ȩȢȦȰ ȦșȡȰ ȥȢȠȡșȡȜȓ. ǗȯȘȖȜȗȔȟȢȥȰ ȧȦȖșȤȚȘșȡȜșȢ ȦȢȠ, ȫȦȢ ǘȔȔȗȥȞȔȓȞȢȡȖșȡȪȜȓ țȘșȥȰ ȡș ȣȤȜȠșȡȜȠȔ Ȗ ȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖȜȜ ȥ ȣȧȡȞȦȢȠ Ȣ ȤȔȥȣȤȢ- ȥȦȤȔȡșȡȜȜ ȘșȝȥȦȖȜȓ ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ Ȗ ȥȦȔȦȰș 2 ǘȔȔȗȥȞȢȝ ȞȢȡ- ȖșȡȪȜȜ 1907 ȗȢȘȔ. <…> ǢșȞȢȦȢȤȯșȖȢȲȲȭȜșȥȦȢȤȢȡȯȖȣȢȥȟșȘȡșȝȖȢȝȡșȡșȕȯȟȜ ȧȫȔȥȦȡȜȞȔȠȜ ȱȦȢȝ ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ.

ǤȢ ȠȡșȡȜȲ ǧȤȜȕȧȡȔȟȔ, ȡșȦ ȡșȢȕȩȢȘȜȠȢȥȦȜ ȤșȬȔȦȰ ȱȦȢȦ ȖȢȣȤȢȥ. ǤȤȔȖȜȟȔ ȖșȘșȡȜȓ ȖȢȝȡȯ ȡȔ ȥȧȬș, ȥȨȢȤȠȧȟȜȤȢ- ȖȔȡȡȯș Ȗ ȞȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ, ȡșȥȢȠȡșȡȡȢ, ȓȖȟȓȟȜȥȰ ȬȔȗȢȠ ȖȣșȤșȘ ȣȢ ȥȤȔȖȡșȡȜȲ ȥ ȥȧȭșȥȦȖȢȖȔȖȬȜȠ ȖȢ ȖȤșȠȓ șș ȣȤȜȡȓȦȜȓ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȯȠ ȣȤȔȖȢȠ. ǢȢ ȞȢȡȖșȡȪȜȓ ȢȣȤșȘșȟșȡȡȢ ȧȥ- ȦȔȡȔȖȟȜȖȔșȦ, ȫȦȢ ȱȦȢ ȕȯȟȔ ȣȢȣȯȦȞȔ “ȣșȤșȥȠȢȦȤșȦȰ ȢȕȭȜș țȔȞȢȡȯȜȢȕȯȫȔȜȖȢȝȡȯ”, ȞȢȦȢȤȯșȢȡȔ, ȦȔȞȜȠȢȕȤȔțȢȠ, ȣȤȜ- țȡȔȟȔ ȥȧȭșȥȦȖȧȲȭȜȠȜ. ǣȘȡȔȞȢ Ȗ 1939 ȗȢȘȧ ȱȦȜ ȣȤȔȖȜȟȔ, ȜțȟȢȚșȡȡȯș Ȗ ȞȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ, ȕȯȟȜ ȣȤȜțȡȔȡȯ ȖȥșȠȜ ȪȜȖȜȟȜ- țȢȖȔȡȡȯȠȜ ȡȔȤȢȘȔȠȜ Ȝ ȤȔȥȥȠȔȦȤȜȖȔȟȜȥȰ ȞȔȞ ȖȯȤȔȚșȡȜș țȔȞȢȡȢȖ Ȝ ȢȕȯȫȔșȖ ȖșȘșȡȜȓ ȖȢȝȡȯ, ȡȔ ȞȢȦȢȤȯș ȜȠșșȦȥȓ ȥȥȯȟȞȔ Ȗ ȥȦȔȦȰș 6 (b) ǨȥȦȔȖȔ.

ǨȦȖșȤȚȘȔȟȢȥȰ ȦȔȞȚș, ȫȦȢ ǘșȤȠȔȡȜȓ ȡș ȕȯȟȔ ȕȢȟșș ȥȖȓțȔ- ȡȔȣȤȔȖȜȟȔȠȜȖșȘșȡȜȓȖȢȝȡȯȡȔȥȧȬșȡȔȠȡȢȗȜȩȦșȤȤȜȦȢȤȜ- ȓȩ, ȢȞȞȧȣȜȤȢȖȔȡȡȯȩ ȖȢ ȖȤșȠȓ ȖȢȝȡȯ, ȣȢȦȢȠȧ ȫȦȢ ǘșȤȠȔȡȜȓ ȣȢȟȡȢȥȦȰȲ ȣȢȞȢȤȜȟȔ ȱȦȜ ȥȦȤȔȡȯ Ȝ ȖȞȟȲȫȜȟȔ Ȝȩ Ȗ ȥȢȥȦȔȖ

Ǘ ȞȔȚȘȢȠ Ȝț ȱȦȜȩ ȥȟȧȫȔșȖ ȟȜȪȔ, ȣȤșȘȧȥȠȢȦȤșȡȡȯș Ȗ ȣȤș- ȘȯȘȧȭȜȩ ȔȕțȔȪȔȩ, ȕȧȘȧȦ, ȢȘȡȔȞȢ, ȣȢȟȰțȢȖȔȦȰȥȓ ȗȧȠȔȡȡȯȠ ȢȕȤȔȭșȡȜșȠ Ȝ Ȗ ȥȟȧȫȔș ȥȧȘșȕȡȢȗȢ ȣȤșȥȟșȘȢȖȔȡȜȓ ȡș ȕȧȘȧȦ ȟȜȬȔȦȰȥȓ ȥȖȢȜȩ ȣȤȔȖ ȡȔ ȥȣȤȔȖșȘȟȜȖȯȝ Ȝ ȡȢȤȠȔȟȰȡȯȝ ȥȧȘ, ȣȤșȘȧȥȠȢȦȤșȡȡȯȝȡȔȥȦȢȓȭșȝǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜșȝ. ǝȠȕȧȘȧȦȦȔȞȚș ȣȢȟȡȢȥȦȰȲ ȣȤșȘȢȥȦȔȖȟșȡȯ Ȗ ȖȢțȠȢȚȡȢ ȞȤȔȦȫȔȝȬȜȝ ȥȤȢȞ, ȥȢȖȠșȥȦȜȠȯȝ ȥ ȕșțȢȣȔȥȡȢȥȦȰȲ ǘȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖȔ ȜȟȜ, Ȗ ȥȢȢȦ- ȖșȦȥȦȖȧȲȭșȠ ȥȟȧȫȔș, ȢȞȞȧȣȜȤȧȲȭșȝ ǙșȤȚȔȖȯ, ȣȤȔȖȔ Ȝ ȣȤșȜȠȧȭșȥȦȖȔ, ȣȤșȘȢȥȦȔȖȟȓșȠȯș ȣȢȞȤȢȖȜȦșȟȰȥȦȖȧșȠȢȠȧ ȟȜȪȧ Ȗ ȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖȜȜ ȥ ȡȔȥȦȢȓȭșȝ ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜșȝ».

67. ǦȦȔȦȰȓ 50 ǤȤȢȦȢȞȢȟȔ I ȢȦ 8 ȜȲȡȓ 1977 ȗ. ȗȟȔȥȜȦ:

«1. ǘȤȔȚȘȔȡȥȞȜȠ ȟȜȪȢȠ ȓȖȟȓșȦȥȓ ȟȲȕȢș ȟȜȪȢ, ȡș ȣȤȜȡȔ- ȘȟșȚȔȭșș ȡȜ Ȟ ȢȘȡȢȝ Ȝț ȞȔȦșȗȢȤȜȝ ȟȜȪ, ȧȞȔțȔȡȡȯȩ Ȗ ȥȦȔ- ȦȰș 4 (Ǖ), (1), (2), (3) Ȝ (6) ǧȤșȦȰșȝ ȞȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ Ȝ Ȗ ȥȦȔȦȰș 43 ȡȔȥȦȢȓȭșȗȢ ǤȤȢȦȢȞȢȟȔ. Ǘ ȥȟȧȫȔș ȥȢȠȡșȡȜȓ ȢȦȡȢȥȜȦșȟȰȡȢ ȦȢȗȢ, ȓȖȟȓșȦȥȓȟȜȞȔȞȢș-ȟȜȕȢȟȜȪȢȗȤȔȚȘȔȡȥȞȜȠȟȜȪȢȠ, ȢȡȢ ȥȫȜȦȔșȦȥȓ ȗȤȔȚȘȔȡȥȞȜȠ ȟȜȪȢȠ.

2.ǘȤȔȚȘȔȡȥȞȢș ȡȔȥșȟșȡȜș ȥȢȥȦȢȜȦ Ȝț Ȗȥșȩ ȟȜȪ, ȓȖȟȓȲ- ȭȜȩȥȓ ȗȤȔȚȘȔȡȥȞȜȠȜ ȟȜȪȔȠȜ.

3.ǤȤȜȥȧȦȥȦȖȜșȥȤșȘȜȗȤȔȚȘȔȡȥȞȢȗȢȡȔȥșȟșȡȜȓȢȦȘșȟȰȡȯȩ ȟȜȪ, ȡș ȣȢȘȣȔȘȔȲȭȜȩ ȣȢȘ ȢȣȤșȘșȟșȡȜș ȗȤȔȚȘȔȡȥȞȜȩ ȟȜȪ, ȡș ȟȜȬȔșȦ ȱȦȢ ȡȔȥșȟșȡȜș șȗȢ ȗȤȔȚȘȔȡȥȞȢȗȢ ȩȔȤȔȞȦșȤȔ».

68.ǥșȬșȡȜșȠ ȢȦ 20 ȡȢȓȕȤȓ 1991 ȗ. ǗșȤȩȢȖȡȯȝ ȥȧȘ ǠȔȦȖȜȜ ȤȔȦȜȨȜȪȜȤȢȖȔȟ ȣȤȜȥȢșȘȜȡșȡȜș ȥȦȤȔȡȯ Ȟ ȤȔțȟȜȫȡȯȠ Ǜș- ȡșȖȥȞȜȠ ȞȢȡȖșȡȪȜȓȠ Ȝ ȘȢȣȢȟȡȜȦșȟȰȡȯȠ ȣȤȢȦȢȞȢȟȔȠ Ȟ ȡȜȠ,

ȖȦȢȠ ȫȜȥȟș Ȟ ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ Ȣ țȔȭȜȦș ȗȤȔȚȘȔȡȥȞȢȗȢ ȡȔȥșȟșȡȜȓ ȖȢ ȖȤșȠȓ ȖȢȝȡȯ ȢȦ 12 ȔȖȗȧȥȦȔ 1949 ȗ. Ȝ Ȟ ǙȢȣȢȟȡȜȦșȟȰȡȢȠȧ ȣȤȢȦȢȞȢȟȧ ȢȦ 8 ȜȲȡȓ 1977 ȗ., ȞȔȥȔȲȭșȠȧȥȓ țȔȭȜȦȯ ȚșȤȦȖ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȯȩ ȖȢȢȤȧȚșȡȡȯȩ ȞȢȡȨȟȜȞȦȢȖ. ǥȔȦȜȨȜȞȔȪȜȓ ȖȥȦȧȣȜȟȔ Ȗ ȥȜȟȧ 24 ȜȲȡȓ 1992 ȗ.

2. Конвенция о неприменимости срока давности к военным преступлениям и преступлениям против человечества

69. ǝȠșȲȭȜș ȢȦȡȢȬșȡȜș Ȟ ȡȔȥȦȢȓȭșȠȧ Șșȟȧ ȣȢȟȢȚșȡȜȓ ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ Ȣ ȡșȣȤȜȠșȡȜȠȢȥȦȜ ȥȤȢȞȔ ȘȔȖȡȢȥȦȜ Ȟ ȖȢșȡȡȯȠ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓȠȜȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓȠȣȤȢȦȜȖȫșȟȢȖșȫșȥȦȖȔ, ȞȢȦȢ- ȤȔȓ ȕȯȟȔ ȣȤȜȡȓȦȔ ǘșȡșȤȔȟȰȡȢȝ ǕȥȥȔȠȕȟșșȝ ǣǣǢ 26 ȡȢȓȕȤȓ 1968 ȗ. Ȝ ȖȥȦȧȣȜȟȔ Ȗ ȥȜȟȧ 11 ȡȢȓȕȤȓ 1970 ȗ., ȣȤșȘȧȥȠȔȦȤȜ- ȖȔȲȦ ȥȟșȘȧȲȭșș:

ǦȦȔȦȰȓ 1

«ǢȜȞȔȞȜș ȥȤȢȞȜ ȘȔȖȡȢȥȦȜ ȡș ȣȤȜȠșȡȓȲȦȥȓ Ȟ ȥȟșȘȧȲȭȜȠ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓȠ, ȡșțȔȖȜȥȜȠȢ ȢȦ ȖȤșȠșȡȜ Ȝȩ ȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȜȓ: Ȕ) ȖȢșȡȡȯș ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓ, ȞȔȞ ȢȡȜ ȢȣȤșȘșȟȓȲȦȥȓ Ȗ ȧȥȦȔȖș ǢȲȤȡȕșȤȗȥȞȢȗȢ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢ ȖȢșȡȡȢȗȢ ȦȤȜȕȧȡȔȟȔ ȢȦ 8 ȔȖȗȧȥȦȔ 1945 ȗȢȘȔ Ȝ ȣȢȘȦȖșȤȚȘȔȲȦȥȓ ȤșțȢȟȲȪȜȓȠȜ 3 (I) ȢȦ 13 ȨșȖȤȔȟȓ 1946 ȗȢȘȔ Ȝ 95 (I) ȢȦ 11 ȘșȞȔȕȤȓ 1946 ȗȢȘȔ ǘșȡșȤȔȟȰȡȢȝ ǕȥȥȔȠȕȟșȜ ǣȤȗȔȡȜțȔȪȜȜ ǣȕȮșȘȜȡșȡȡȯȩ ǢȔ- ȪȜȝ, Ȕ ȦȔȞȚș, Ȗ ȫȔȥȦȡȢȥȦȜ, “ȥșȤȰșțȡȯș ȡȔȤȧȬșȡȜȓ”, ȣșȤș- ȫȜȥȟșȡȡȯșȖǛșȡșȖȥȞȜȩȞȢȡȖșȡȪȜȓȩȢțȔȭȜȦșȚșȤȦȖȖȢȝȡȯ ȢȦ 12 ȔȖȗȧȥȦȔ 1949 ȗȢȘȔ; <...>».

ǦȦȔȦȰȓ 2

«Ǘ ȥȟȧȫȔș ȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȜȓ ȞȔȞȢȗȢ-ȟȜȕȢ Ȝț ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȝ, ȧȣȢȠȓȡȧȦȯȩ Ȗ ȥȦȔȦȰș 1, ȣȢȟȢȚșȡȜȓ ȡȔȥȦȢȓȭșȝ ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ ȣȤȜȠșȡȓȲȦȥȓ Ȟ ȣȤșȘȥȦȔȖȜȦșȟȓȠ ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖșȡȡȯȩ ȖȟȔȥȦșȝ Ȝ ȫȔȥȦȡȯȠ ȟȜȪȔȠ, ȞȢȦȢȤȯș ȖȯȥȦȧȣȔȲȦ Ȗ ȞȔȫșȥȦȖș ȜȥȣȢȟ- ȡȜȦșȟșȝ ȱȦȜȩ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȝ ȜȟȜ ȥȢȧȫȔȥȦȡȜȞȢȖ ȦȔȞȜȩ ȣȤș- ȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȝ, ȜȟȜ ȡșȣȢȥȤșȘȥȦȖșȡȡȢ ȣȢȘȥȦȤșȞȔȲȦ ȘȤȧȗȜȩ ȟȜȪ Ȟ ȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȜȲ ȦȔȞȜȩ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȝ, ȜȟȜ ȧȫȔȥȦȖȧȲȦ Ȗ țȔȗȢ- ȖȢȤș Șȟȓ Ȝȩ ȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȜȓ, ȡșțȔȖȜȥȜȠȢ ȢȦ ȥȦșȣșȡȜ Ȝȩ țȔȖșȤ- ȬșȡȡȢȥȦȜ, ȤȔȖȡȢ ȞȔȞ Ȝ Ȟ ȣȤșȘȥȦȔȖȜȦșȟȓȠ ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖșȡȡȯȩ ȖȟȔȥȦșȝ, ȘȢȣȧȥȞȔȲȭȜȠ Ȝȩ ȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȜș».

ǦȦȔȦȰȓ 4

«ǘȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖȔ — ȧȫȔȥȦȡȜȞȜ ȡȔȥȦȢȓȭșȝ ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ Ȣȕȓ- țȧȲȦȥȓ ȣȤȜȡȓȦȰ Ȗ ȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖȜȜ ȥ Ȝȩ ȞȢȡȥȦȜȦȧȪȜȢȡȡȢȝ ȣȤȢȪșȘȧȤȢȝ ȟȲȕȯș țȔȞȢȡȢȘȔȦșȟȰȡȯș ȜȟȜ Ȝȡȯș ȠșȤȯ, ȡș- ȢȕȩȢȘȜȠȯș Șȟȓ ȢȕșȥȣșȫșȡȜȓ ȦȢȗȢ, ȫȦȢȕȯ ȥȤȢȞ ȘȔȖȡȢȥȦȜ, ȧȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȡȯȝ țȔȞȢȡȢȠ ȜȟȜ ȜȡȯȠ ȣȧȦșȠ, ȡș ȣȤȜȠșȡȓȟȥȓ Ȟ ȥȧȘșȕȡȢȠȧ ȣȤșȥȟșȘȢȖȔȡȜȲ Ȝ ȡȔȞȔțȔȡȜȲ țȔ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓ, ȧȞȔțȔȡȡȯș Ȗ ȥȦȔȦȰȓȩ 1 Ȝ 2 ȡȔȥȦȢȓȭșȝ ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ, Ȝ ȫȦȢȕȯ ȦȔȠ, ȗȘș ȦȔȞȢȝ ȥȤȢȞ ȣȤȜȠșȡȓșȦȥȓ Ȟ ȱȦȜȠ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓȠ, Ȣȡ ȕȯȟ ȢȦȠșȡșȡ».

70.Ǘ ȢȦȡȢȬșȡȜȜ ǠȔȦȖȜȜ ȖȯȬșȧȣȢȠȓȡȧȦȔȓ ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȓ ȖȥȦȧȣȜȟȔ Ȗ ȥȜȟȧ 13 ȜȲȟȓ 1992 ȗ.

V.ПРАКТИКА ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВА: КРАСНОДАРСКИЙ И ХАРЬКОВСКИЙ ПРОЦЕССЫ

71.Ǘ ȖȢȝȡș ȥ ȨȔȬȜȥȦȥȞȢȝ ǘșȤȠȔȡȜșȝ, ȡȔȫȔȖȬșȝȥȓ 22 ȜȲȡȓ 1941 ȗ., ǦȢȖșȦȥȞȜȝ ǦȢȲț ȥȤȔțȧ Țș ȧȕșȘȜȟ ȥȖȢ- Ȝȩ ȥȢȲțȡȜȞȢȖ ȡȔ ǜȔȣȔȘș Ȗ ȡșȢȕȩȢȘȜȠȢȥȦȜ ȤȔȥȥȠȔȦȤȜȖȔȦȰ ȘșȟȔ ȖȢșȡȡȯȩ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȡȜȞȢȖ Ȗ ȡȔȪȜȢȡȔȟȰȡȯȩ ȥȧȘȔȩ. ǨȞȔțȢȠ ǤȤșțȜȘȜȧȠȔ ǗșȤȩȢȖȡȢȗȢ ǦȢȖșȦȔ ǦǦǦǥ ȢȦ 2 ȡȢȓȕȤȓ 1942 ȗ. ȕȯȟȔ ȥȢțȘȔȡȔ ǬȤșțȖȯȫȔȝȡȔȓ ǘȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖșȡȡȔȓ ǟȢȠȜȥȥȜȓ ȣȢ ȧȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȲ Ȝ ȤȔȥȥȟșȘȢȖȔȡȜȲ țȟȢȘșȓȡȜȝ ȡșȠșȪȞȢ-ȨȔ- ȬȜȥȦȥȞȜȩ țȔȩȖȔȦȫȜȞȢȖ Ȝ Ȝȩ ȥȢȢȕȭȡȜȞȢȖ Ȝ ȣȤȜȫȜȡșȡȡȢȗȢ ȜȠȜ ȧȭșȤȕȔ ȗȤȔȚȘȔȡȔȠ, ȞȢȟȩȢțȔȠ Ȝ ȢȕȭșȥȦȖșȡȡȯȠ ȢȤȗȔ- ȡȜțȔȪȜȓȠ, ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖșȡȡȯȠ ȣȤșȘȣȤȜȓȦȜȓȠ Ȝ ȧȫȤșȚȘșȡȜȓȠ

ǦǦǦǥ. ǦȢȕȤȔȡȡȔȓ ȱȦȢȝ ȞȢȠȜȥȥȜșȝ ȜȡȨȢȤȠȔȪȜȓ ȜȥȣȢȟȰ- țȢȖȔȟȔȥȰ Șȟȓ ȥȧȘȔ ȡȔȘ ȟȜȪȔȠȜ, ȣȢȘȢțȤșȖȔșȠȯȠȜ Ȗ ȥȢȖșȤ- ȬșȡȜȜ ȖȢșȡȡȯȩ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȝ, — ȥȡȔȫȔȟȔ ȡȔȘ ȥȢȖșȦȥȞȜȠȜ ȗȤȔȚȘȔȡȔȠȜ, ȢȕȖȜȡȓȖȬȜȠȜȥȓ Ȗ ȥȢȦȤȧȘȡȜȫșȥȦȖș ȥ ȡșȠȪȔȠȜ, Ȕ ȣȢȦȢȠ, ȣȢ ȥȢȗȟȔȬșȡȜȲ ȥ ǦȢȲțȡȯȠȜ ȘșȤȚȔȖȔȠȜ, Ȝ ȡȔȘ ȥȔȠȜȠȜ ȡșȠȪȔȠȜ.

72.ǤȢ ȣȢȖȢȘȧ ȠȔȦșȤȜȔȟȰȡȢ-ȣȤȔȖȢȖȯȩ ȡȢȤȠ ȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȢ- ȗȢ ȣȤȔȖȔ, ȣȢȘȟșȚȔȭȜȩ ȣȤȜȠșȡșȡȜȲ Ȟ ȖȯȬșȧȣȢȠȓȡȧȦȯȠ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓȠ, 19 ȔȣȤșȟȓ 1943 ȗ. ǤȤșțȜȘȜȧȠ ǗșȤȩȢȖȡȢȗȢ ǦȢȖșȦȔ ǦǦǦǥ ȜțȘȔȟ ǨȞȔț «ǣ ȠșȤȔȩ ȡȔȞȔțȔȡȜȓ Șȟȓ ȡșȠșȪ- ȞȢ-ȨȔȬȜȥȦȥȞȜȩ țȟȢȘșșȖ, ȖȜȡȢȖȡȯȩ Ȗ ȧȕȜȝȥȦȖȔȩ Ȝ ȜȥȦȓ- țȔȡȜȓȩ ȥȢȖșȦȥȞȢȗȢ ȗȤȔȚȘȔȡȥȞȢȗȢ ȡȔȥșȟșȡȜȓ Ȝ ȣȟșȡȡȯȩ ȞȤȔȥȡȢȔȤȠșȝȪșȖ, Șȟȓ ȬȣȜȢȡȢȖ Ȝ ȜțȠșȡȡȜȞȢȖ ǥȢȘȜȡȯ Ȝț ȫȜȥȟȔ ȥȢȖșȦȥȞȜȩ ȗȤȔȚȘȔȡ Ȝ Ȝȩ ȣȢȥȢȕȡȜȞȢȖ». ǨȞȔțȢȠ ȣȤș- ȘȧȥȠȔȦȤȜȖȔȟȢȥȰ ȡȔȞȔțȔȡȜș Ȗ ȖȜȘș ȥȠșȤȦȡȢȝ ȞȔțȡȜ ȫșȤșț ȣȢȖșȬșȡȜș Șȟȓ ȡșȠșȪȞȢ-ȨȔȬȜȥȦȥȞȜȩ țȟȢȘșșȖ Ȝ ȡȔȞȔțȔȡȜș Ȗ ȖȜȘș ȥȥȯȟȞȜ Ȗ ȞȔȦȢȤȚȡȯș ȤȔȕȢȦȯ Șȟȓ Ȝȩ ȣȢȥȢȕȡȜȞȢȖ Ȝț ȠșȥȦȡȢȗȢ ȡȔȥșȟșȡȜȓ.

73.ǤșȤȖȯȝ ȣȤȢȪșȥȥ, Ȗ ȤȔȠȞȔȩ ȞȢȦȢȤȢȗȢ ȜȥȣȢȟȰțȢȖȔȟȜȥȰ ȣȢȟȢȚșȡȜȓ ǨȞȔțȔ ȢȦ 19 ȔȣȤșȟȓ 1943 ȗ. Ȝ ȜȡȨȢȤȠȔȪȜȓ, ȥȢȕ- ȤȔȡȡȔȓ ǬȤșțȖȯȫȔȝȡȢȝ ǟȢȠȜȥȥȜșȝ, ȥȢȥȦȢȓȟȥȓ Ȗ ȗ. ǟȤȔȥȡȢȘȔ- Ȥș 14—16 ȜȲȟȓ 1943 ȗ. ǢșȥȠȢȦȤȓ ȡȔ ȦȢ ȫȦȢ ȥȢȕȤȔȡȡȯș ǟȢ- ȠȜȥȥȜșȝ ȠȔȦșȤȜȔȟȯ ȞȔȥȔȟȜȥȰ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȝ ȣȤșȘȥȦȔȖȜȦșȟșȝ ȨȔȬȜȥȦȥȞȜȩ ȢȞȞȧȣȔȪȜȢȡȡȯȩ ȥȜȟ (ȠȔȥȥȢȖȯș ȞȔțȡȜ ȘșȥȓȦȞȢȖ Ȧȯȥȓȫ ȗȤȔȚȘȔȡȥȞȜȩ ȚȜȦșȟșȝ, Ȗ ȦȢȠ ȫȜȥȟș ȚșȡȭȜȡ, ȘșȦșȝ, ȥȦȔȤȜȞȢȖ Ȝ ȖȢșȡȡȢȣȟșȡȡȯȩ), ȢȕȖȜȡșȡȜș ȕȯȟȢ ȣȤșȘȮȓȖȟșȡȢ ȟȜȬȰ ȢȘȜȡȡȔȘȪȔȦȜ ȥȢȖșȦȥȞȜȠ ȗȤȔȚȘȔȡȔȠ, ȞȢȦȢȤȯș ȥȢȦȤȧȘ- ȡȜȫȔȟȜ ȥ ȡșȠȪȔȠȜ ȜȟȜ ȣȢȠȢȗȔȟȜ ȜȠ. ǝȠșȡȡȢ ȢȡȜ Ȝ ȣȤșȘ- ȥȦȔȟȜ ȣșȤșȘ ȥȧȘȢȠ. ǗȢȥșȠȰ ȣȢȘȥȧȘȜȠȯȩ ȕȯȟȜ ȣȤȜȗȢȖȢȤșȡȯ Ȟ ȥȠșȤȦȡȢȝ ȞȔțȡȜ țȔ ȧȕȜȝȥȦȖȢ Ȝ ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖșȡȡȧȲ ȜțȠșȡȧ. ǣȥȦȔȟȰȡȯȠ ȦȤșȠ ȕȯȟȢ ȡȔțȡȔȫșȡȢ ȡȔȞȔțȔȡȜș Ȗ ȖȜȘș ȥȥȯȟȞȜ Ȗ ȞȔȦȢȤȚȡȯș ȤȔȕȢȦȯ ȡȔ ȥȤȢȞȜ, ȡș ȣȤșȖȯȬȔȲȭȜș 20 ȟșȦ.

74.ǤșȤȖȯȝȣȤȢȪșȥȥȡȔȘȨȔȬȜȥȦȥȞȜȠȜȖȢșȡȡȯȠȜȣȤșȥȦȧȣ- ȡȜȞȔȠȜ ȥȢȥȦȢȓȟȥȓ Ȗ ȗ. ǪȔȤȰȞȢȖș (ȡȯȡș ȗ. ǪȔȤȰȞiȖ, ǨȞȤȔȜȡȔ) 15—18 ȘșȞȔȕȤȓ 1943 ȗ. ǝȠ ȕȯȟȢ ȣȤșȘȮȓȖȟșȡȢ ȢȕȖȜȡșȡȜș Ȗ ȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȜȜ ȤȓȘȔ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȝ — ȢȦȤȔȖȟșȡȜș ȗȔțȢȠ ȡș- ȥȞȢȟȰȞȜȩ Ȧȯȥȓȫ ȚȜȦșȟșȝ ǪȔȤȰȞȢȖȔ Ȝ ǪȔȤȰȞȢȖȥȞȢȝ ȢȕȟȔȥȦȜ ȖȥȣșȪȜȔȟȰȡȢȢȕȢȤȧȘȢȖȔȡȡȯȩȖȔȗȢȡȔȩ, ȣȯȦȞȜȖȢșȡȡȢȣȟșȡȡȯȩ Ȝ ȠȜȤȡȯȩ ȚȜȦșȟșȝ Ȝ ȚșȥȦȢȞȢș ȢȕȤȔȭșȡȜș ȥ ȡȜȠȜ, ȤȔțȤȧȬș- ȡȜș ȥșȟșȡȜȝ, ȔȦȔȞȚșȧȡȜȫȦȢȚșȡȜș (ȜȡȢȗȘȔȥȢȚȚșȡȜșțȔȚȜ- ȖȢ) ȚșȡȭȜȡ, ȘșȦșȝ, ȥȦȔȤȜȞȢȖ, ȤȔȡșȡȯȩ Ȝ ȖȢșȡȡȢȣȟșȡȡȯȩ.

ȦȜ ǪȔȤȰȞȢȖȥȞȜȝ ȣȤȢȪșȥȥ, ȞȢȦȢȤȯȝ ȥȢȥȦȢȓȟȥȓ ȣȤȜȠșȤȡȢ țȔ ȬșȥȦȰ ȠșȥȓȪșȖ ȘȢ ȦȢȗȢ, ȞȔȞ țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȲ ȕȯȟȢ ȣȤșȘȮȓȖȟșȡȢ ȢȕȖȜȡșȡȜș (ȥȠ. ȖȯȬș, ȣȧȡȞȦȯ 71—75 ȡȔȥȦȢȓȭșȗȢ ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖ- ȟșȡȜȓ). Ǘȥș ȱȦȜ ȠșȤȯ ȣȢȟȧȫȜȟȜ ȬȜȤȢȞȢș ȢȥȖșȭșȡȜș Ȗ ȥȤșȘ- ȥȦȖȔȩ ȠȔȥȥȢȖȢȝ ȜȡȨȢȤȠȔȪȜȜ Ȝ Ȗ ǦǦǦǥ, Ȝ țȔ ȤȧȕșȚȢȠ, Ȗ ȦȢȠ ȫȜȥȟș Ȝ Ȗ ȢȨȜȪȜȔȟȰȡȢȠ ȣșȫȔȦȡȢȠ ȢȤȗȔȡș ǟȤȔȥȡȢȝ ǕȤȠȜȜ. ǤȢȱȦȢȠȧ țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȰ ȡș ȠȢȗ ȡș țȡȔȦȰ, ȫȦȢ Ȣȡ ȥȢȖșȤȬȔșȦ Ȧș Țș ȘșȝȥȦȖȜȓ, țȔ ȞȢȦȢȤȯș ȠȡȢȗȜȠ ȡșȠȪȔȠ ȧȚș ȕȯȟȜ Ȗȯȡșȥșȡȯ ȢȕȖȜȡȜȦșȟȰȡȯș ȣȤȜȗȢȖȢȤȯ.

89.ǜȔȓȖȜȦșȟȰ ȧȦȖșȤȚȘȔȟ, ȕȧȘȦȢ ȕȯ Ȣȡ ȡș ȠȢȗ ȣȤșȘȖȜȘșȦȰ, ȫȦȢ ȢȘȡȔȚȘȯ ȢȕȥȦȢȓȦșȟȰȥȦȖȔ ȥȟȢȚȔȦȥȓ ȦȔȞȜȠ ȢȕȤȔțȢȠ, ȫȦȢ Ȣȡ ȣȤșȘȥȦȔȡșȦ ȣșȤșȘ ȥȧȘȢȠ ȣȢ ȢȕȖȜȡșȡȜȲ Ȗ ȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȜȜ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓ. ǤȢ ȥȟȢȖȔȠ ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖȔ-ȢȦȖșȦȫȜȞȔ, ȱȦȢȦ ȘȢ- ȖȢȘ ȕȯȟ ȢȣȤȢȖșȤȗȡȧȦ ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜșȠ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȣȢ Șșȟȧ «ǦȦȤșȟșȪ, ǟșȥȥȟșȤ Ȝ ǟȤșȡȪ ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ǘșȤȠȔȡȜȜ»

[Streletz, Kessler and Krenz v. Germany] (ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜș ǖȢȟȰȬȢȝ ǤȔȟȔȦȯ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ, ȚȔȟȢȕȯ ǔ 34044/96,

ǔ35532/97 Ȝǔ 44801/98, § 79—83 Ȝ88—89, ǦȕȢȤȡȜȞ ȣȢȥ-

ȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȝ Ȝ ȤșȬșȡȜȝ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȣȢ ȣȤȔȖȔȠ ȫșȟȢ- ȖșȞȔ [ECHR] 2001-II). Ǘ ȟȲȕȢȠ ȥȟȧȫȔș ȡȔȘșȚȘȔ țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȓ ȡȔ ȦȢ, ȫȦȢ ȣȢ ȣȢȟȜȦȜȫșȥȞȜȠ ȥȢȢȕȤȔȚșȡȜȓȠ Ȣȡ ȢȥȦȔȡșȦȥȓ ȕșțȡȔȞȔțȔȡȡȯȠ, ȜȟȜ ȘȔȚș șȗȢ ȧȖșȤșȡȡȢȥȦȰ Ȗ ȱȦȢȠ ȡș ȓȖȟȓ- ȲȦȥȓȘȢȥȦȔȦȢȫȡȯȠȢȥȡȢȖȔȡȜșȠȘȟȓȦȢȗȢ, ȫȦȢȕȯȡșȖȯȡȢȥȜȦȰ șȠȧ ȢȕȖȜȡȜȦșȟȰȡȢȗȢ ȣȤȜȗȢȖȢȤȔ. ǦȥȯȟȔȓȥȰ ȣȢ ȱȦȢȠȧ ȣȢȖȢ- Șȧ ȡȔ ȡșȠșȪȞȢȗȢ ȦșȢȤșȦȜȞȔ ȣȤȔȖȔ ǥȧȘȢȟȰȨȔ ȨȢȡ ǝșȤȜȡȗȔ, ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖȢ-ȢȦȖșȦȫȜȞ ȧȦȖșȤȚȘȔșȦ, ȫȦȢ Ȗ ȢȥȡȢȖș ȣȤȜȡȪȜȣȔ ȖșȤȩȢȖșȡȥȦȖȔ ȣȤȔȖȔ ȟșȚȜȦ ȨȢȤȠȔȟȰȡȢș țȡȔȫșȡȜș ȨȢȤȠȧȟȜ- ȤȢȖȢȞ ȲȤȜȘȜȫșȥȞȜȩ ȡȢȤȠ. ǚȥȟȜ ȥȦȔȖȜȦȰ ȪșȟȰȲ ȥȢȩȤȔȡșȡȜș ȖșȤȩȢȖșȡȥȦȖȔ ȣȤȔȖȔ, ȦȢ Ȝȩ ȢȕȮșȞȦȜȖȡȢș țȡȔȫșȡȜș ȘȢȟȚȡȢ ȢȥȦȔȖȔȦȰȥȓ ȡșțȔȖȜȥȜȠȯȠ Ȝ Ȗ ȞȢȡșȫȡȢȠ ȥȫșȦș ȕȯȦȰ ȥȦȤȢȗȢ ȢȦȘșȟșȡȢ ȢȦ ȟȲȕȢȗȢ ȥȧȕȮșȞȦȜȖȡȢȗȢ Ȝ ȣȤȢȜțȖȢȟȰȡȢȗȢ ȦȢȟȞȢ- ȖȔȡȜȓ, ȡșȖȔȚȡȢ, Ȗ ȞȔȞȢȝ ȠșȤș ȢȡȢ ȣȤșȢȕȟȔȘȔȟȢ Ȗ ȞȔȫșȥȦȖș «ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖșȡȡȢȝ ȣȤȔȞȦȜȞȜ» — ȦșȠ ȕȢȟșș șȥȟȜ ȣȤșȢȕȟȔȘȔ- Ȳȭșș ȣȤȢȜțȖȢȟȰȡȢș ȦȢȟȞȢȖȔȡȜș «țȔȞȢȡȔ Ȗ (ȕșț)ȘșȝȥȦȖȜȜ», ȣȤȢȦȜȖȢȤșȫȔȭșș ȣȜȥȔȡȢȠȧ ȣȤȔȖȧ, ȖȯțȖȔȡȢ ȥȦȢȟȞȡȢȖșȡȜȓȠȜ ȜȥȣȢȟȡȜȦșȟȰȡȢȝ, țȔȞȢȡȢȘȔȦșȟȰȡȢȝȜȥȧȘșȕȡȢȝȖșȦȖșȝȖȟȔȥȦȜ Ȗ ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖș. ǦȢȩȤȔȡȓȦȰ Ȗ ȣȤȔȖș ȘșȟșȡȜș ȡȔ ȢȕȮșȞȦȜȖȡȢș ȜȥȧȕȮșȞȦȜȖȡȢș— șȘȜȡȥȦȖșȡȡȯȝȥȣȢȥȢȕȗȔȤȔȡȦȜȤȢȖȔȦȰ, ȫȦȢ ȡȜȞȦȢ ȡș ȕȧȘșȦ ȥȦȢȓȦȰ ȡȔȘ ȡȜȠ.

90.ǤȓȦȯȝ ȖȢȣȤȢȥ, ȥȨȢȤȠȧȟȜȤȢȖȔȡȡȯȝ ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖȢȠ-ȢȦ- ȖșȦȫȜȞȢȠ, țȔȞȟȲȫȔșȦȥȓȖȦȢȠ, ȖȢțȠȢȚȡȢȟȜȖȥȨșȤșȖȢșȡȡȯȩ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȝȗȢȖȢȤȜȦȰȢȕȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖșȡȡȢȥȦȜȟȜȫȡȢȥȦȜ, ȡșțȔ- ȦȤȔȗȜȖȔȓ ȣȤȜ ȱȦȢȠ ȖȢȣȤȢȥ Ȣȕ ȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖșȡȡȢȥȦȜ ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖȔ. ǢȔ ȡșȗȢ ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖȢ-ȢȦȖșȦȫȜȞ ȦȔȞȚș ȢȦȖșȫȔșȦ ȧȦȖșȤȘȜ- ȦșȟȰȡȢ. ǤȢ șȗȢ ȠȡșȡȜȲ, ȩȢȦȓ ȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖșȡȡȢȥȦȰ ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖȔ Ȝ ȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖșȡȡȢȥȦȰ ȟȜȫȡȢȥȦȜ ȡș ȓȖȟȓȲȦȥȓ ȖțȔȜȠȡȢ ȜȥȞȟȲ- ȫȔȲȭȜȠȜ, ȢȡȜ ȡș ȓȖȟȓȲȦȥȓ Ȝ ȖțȔȜȠȢțȔȖȜȥȜȠȯȠȜ, ȦȔȞ ȞȔȞ ȣȤșȥȟșȘȧȲȦ ȘȖș ȤȔțȡȯș ȪșȟȜ: ȣșȤȖȯȝ ȖȜȘ ȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖșȡȡȢȥȦȜ ȧȥȦȤȔȡȓșȦȖȤșȘȡȯșȣȢȥȟșȘȥȦȖȜȓȜȣȤȜȠȜȤȓșȦȡȔȪȜȜ, ȔȖȦȢȤȢȝ ȢȕșȥȣșȫȜȖȔșȦ țȔȞȢȡȡȢȥȦȰ Ȝ ȣȢțȖȢȟȓșȦ ȜțȕșȚȔȦȰ ȕșțȡȔȞȔțȔȡ- ȡȢȥȦȜ. ǘȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖȢ-ȢȦȖșȦȫȜȞ ȢȕȤȔȭȔșȦ ȖȡȜȠȔȡȜș ȡȔ ȦȢ, ȫȦȢ ȜȠșȡȡȢ ȣȤȜȡȪȜȣ ȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖșȡȡȢȥȦȜ ȟȜȫȡȢȥȦȜ, Ȕ ȡș ȣȤȜȡȪȜȣ ȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖșȡȡȢȥȦȜ ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖȔ ȣȢȥȟȧȚȜȟ ȢȥȡȢȖȔȡȜșȠ Șȟȓ ȥȢțȘȔȡȜȓ ǡșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢ ȖȢșȡȡȢȗȢ ȦȤȜȕȧȡȔȟȔ ȣȢ ȕȯȖȬșȝ dzȗȢȥȟȔȖȜȜ, ǡșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢȖȢșȡȡȢȗȢȦȤȜȕȧȡȔȟȔȣȢǥȧȔȡȘș Ȝ ǡșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢ ȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȢȗȢ ȥȧȘȔ.

91.ǢȔȞȢȡșȪ, ȬșȥȦȢȝ Ȝ ȣȢȥȟșȘȡȜȝ ȖȢȣȤȢȥ, țȔȘȔȡȡȯȝ ȗȢȥȧ- ȘȔȤȥȦȖȢȠ-ȢȦȖșȦȫȜȞȢȠ, țȔȞȟȲȫȔșȦȥȓ Ȗ ȦȢȠ, ȜȠșȟȔ ȟȜ ǠȔȦȖȜȓ ȣȤȔȖȢ ȣȤȜȖȟșȞȔȦȰ țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȓ Ȟ ȥȧȘȧ țȔ ȡȔȤȧȬșȡȜȓ țȔȞȢȡȢȖ Ȝ ȢȕȯȫȔșȖ ȖȢȝȡȯ. Ǘ ȥȖȓțȜ ȥ ȱȦȜȠ ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖȢ-ȢȦȖșȦȫȜȞ ȪȜȦȜȤȧșȦ ȤșȬșȡȜș, ȖȯȡșȥșȡȡȢș ǤȢȥȦȢȓȡȡȢȝ ȣȔȟȔȦȢȝ ȠșȚ- ȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢ ȣȤȔȖȢȥȧȘȜȓ 7 ȥșȡȦȓȕȤȓ 1927 ȗ. ȣȢ Șșȟȧ Ȣ ȖȢșȡ- ȡȢȠ ȞȢȤȔȕȟș «ǠȢȦȢȥ» (ǦȕȢȤȡȜȞ ȤșȬșȡȜȝ ǤȢȥȦȢȓȡȡȢȝ ȣȔ- ȟȔȦȯ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢ ȣȤȔȖȢȥȧȘȜȓ [Collection of Judgments of the PCIJ], ǦșȤȜȓ «Ǖ», ǔ 10), Ȗ ȞȢȦȢȤȢȠ ȧȞȔțȯȖȔȟȢȥȰ: ȖȢȣȤȢȥ țȔȞȟȲȫȔșȦȥȓ ȡș Ȗ ȦȢȠ, ȤȔțȤșȬȔșȦȥȓ ȟȜ ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖȧ ȢȥȧȭșȥȦȖȟȓȦȰ ȥȖȢȲ ȲȤȜȥȘȜȞȪȜȲ ȣȢ ȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȢȠȧ Șșȟȧ, Ȕ Ȗ ȦȢȠ, șȥȦȰ ȟȜ ȞȔȞȜș-ȟȜȕȢ ȣȤșȣȓȦȥȦȖȜȓ, ȠșȬȔȲȭȜș șȠȧ ȱȦȢ

ȥȘșȟȔȦȰ. Ǘ ȡȔȥȦȢȓȭșȠ Șșȟș ȡȜȫȦȢ ȡș ȠșȬȔȟȢ ǠȔȦȖȜȜ ȡȔȫȔȦȰ ȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȢșȣȤșȥȟșȘȢȖȔȡȜșȜ ȣȤȜȖȟșȫȰ Ȟ ȥȧȘȧ ȢȘȡȢȗȢȜț ȥȖȢȜȩ ȥȢȕȥȦȖșȡȡȯȩ ȗȤȔȚȘȔȡ țȔ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜș, ȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȡȢș ȡȔ șș ȥȢȕȥȦȖșȡȡȢȝ ȦșȤȤȜȦȢȤȜȜ. ǙȔȟșș, ǠȔȦȖȜȓ ȕȯȟȔ ȡș ȦȢȟȰȞȢ ȖȣȤȔȖș, ȡȢȜȢȕȓțȔȡȔ— ȜȖȣȤȔȖȢȖȢȠ, ȜȖȠȢȤȔȟȰȡȢȠȢȦȡȢȬș- ȡȜȜ — ȣȤșȘȔȦȰ ȥȧȘȧ ȟȜȪ, ȖȜȡȢȖȡȯȩ Ȗ ȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȜȜ ȖȢșȡȡȯȩ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȝ Ȗ ȢȦȡȢȬșȡȜȜ ȥȖȢȜȩ ȥȢȕȥȦȖșȡȡȯȩ ȗȤȔȚȘȔȡ.

92.ǟȤȢȠș ȦȢȗȢ, ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖȢ-ȢȦȖșȦȫȜȞ ȣȢȘȫșȤȞȜȖȔșȦ ȖȔȚ- ȡȢȥȦȰ ȦȔȞȢȗȢ ȤȢȘȔ ȣȤȢȪșȥȥȢȖ Șȟȓ ȖȢȥȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȓ ȘșȠȢȞȤȔ- ȦȜȜ, ȧȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȓ ȜȥȦȢȤȜȫșȥȞȢȝ ȜȥȦȜȡȯ Ȝ ȗȔȤȔȡȦȜȤȢȖȔȡȜȓ ȣȤȔȖȢȥȧȘȜȓ ȚșȤȦȖȔȠ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȝ ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ȫșȟȢȖșȫșȥȦȖȔ

ȜȖȢșȡȡȯȩ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȝ. Ǘ ȥȖȓțȜ ȥ ȱȦȜȠ ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖȢ-ȢȦ- ȖșȦȫȜȞ ȥȥȯȟȔșȦȥȓ ȡȔ ȖȯȖȢȘȯ, Ȟ ȞȢȦȢȤȯȠ ȣȤȜȬșȟ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝ- ȥȞȜȝ ǦȧȘ ȣȢ Șșȟȧ «ǟȢȟȰȞ Ȝ ǟȜȥȟȯȝ ȣȤȢȦȜȖ DzȥȦȢȡȜȜ» [Kolk and Kislyiy v. Estonia] (ȤșȬșȡȜș ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ, ȚȔ- ȟȢȕȯ ǔ 23052/04 Ȝ ǔ 24018/04, ǦȕȢȤȡȜȞ ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȝ

ȜȤșȬșȡȜȝ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȣȢ ȣȤȔȖȔȠ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ [ECHR] 2006-I). ǤȢȠȡșȡȜȲȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖȔ-ȢȦȖșȦȫȜȞȔ, ȡșȥȠȢȦȤȓȡȔȖȥș ȣȤȢȕȟșȠȯ ȣȤȔȞȦȜȫșȥȞȢȗȢ ȣȟȔȡȔ, ȥ ȞȢȦȢȤȯȠȜ ȥȦȢȟȞȡȧȟȜȥȰ ȖȟȔȥȦȜ ǠȔȦȖȜȜ, ȱȦȜ ȣȤȢȪșȥȥȯ ȢȫșȡȰ ȖȔȚȡȯ, ȦȔȞ ȞȔȞ ȢȡȜ ȣȢ- ȠȢȗȔȲȦ ȖȢȥȣȢȟȡȜȦȰ ȡșȘȢȥȦȔȦȞȜ ǢȲȤȡȕșȤȗȥȞȢȗȢ ȣȤȢȪșȥȥȔ, ȞȢȦȢȤȯȝ ȖȢ ȠȡȢȗȢȠ ȘȔȖȔȟ ȣȤȜȠșȤ ȣȤȔȖȢȥȧȘȜȓ ȣȢȕșȘȜȦșȟșȝ: Ȟ ȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖșȡȡȢȥȦȜ țȔ ȥȖȢȜ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓ ȕȯȟȜ ȣȤȜȖȟșȫșȡȯ ȨȔȬȜȥȦȯ, ȖȦȢȖȤșȠȓȞȔȞȖȢȣȜȲȭȜșȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓǦȢȲțȡȯȩ ȘșȤȚȔȖ ȢȥȦȔȟȜȥȰ ȕșțȡȔȞȔțȔȡȡȯȠȜ.

93.ǤȤȜȡȜȠȔȓȖȢȖȡȜȠȔȡȜșȱȦȜȘȢȖȢȘȯ, ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖȢ-ȢȦȖșȦ- ȫȜȞ ȥȫȜȦȔșȦ, ȫȦȢ ȘșȝȥȦȖȜȓ țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȓ 27 ȠȔȓ 1944 ȗ. ȢȕȤȔțȢ- ȖȯȖȔȟȜ «ȥȢȥȦȔȖ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓ ȣȢ ȡȔȪȜȢȡȔȟȰȡȢȠȧ țȔȞȢȡȢȘȔ- ȦșȟȰȥȦȖȧ[Ȝ] ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȠȧȣȤȔȖȧ» ȣȢȥȠȯȥȟȧȣȢȟȢȚșȡȜȝ ȣȧȡȞȦȔ 1 ȥȦȔȦȰȜ 7 ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ Ȝ ȫȦȢ, Ȗ ȟȲȕȢȠ ȥȟȧȫȔș, ȱȦȜ ȘșȝȥȦȖȜȓ«[ȓȖȟȓȟȜȥȰ] ȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȢȡȔȞȔțȧșȠȯȠȜȖȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖȜȜ ȥ ȢȕȭȜȠȜ ȣȤȜȡȪȜȣȔȠȜ ȣȤȔȖȔ, ȣȤȜțȡȔȡȡȯȠȜ ȪȜȖȜȟȜțȢȖȔȡ- ȡȯȠȜ ȥȦȤȔȡȔȠȜ» ȣȢ ȥȠȯȥȟȧ ȣȢȟȢȚșȡȜȝ ȣȧȡȞȦȔ 2 ȥȦȔȦȰȜ 7 ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ. ǦȟșȘȢȖȔȦșȟȰȡȢ, ȣȢȡȔȥȦȢȓȭșȠȧȘșȟȧȦȤșȕȢȖȔȡȜȓ ȥȦȔȦȰȜ 7 ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ ȡȔȤȧȬșȡȯ ȡș ȕȯȟȜ.

2.Доводы заявителя

94.ǜȔȓȖȜȦșȟȰ ȡș ȥȢȗȟȔȥșȡ ȥ ȘȢȖȢȘȔȠȜ ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖȔ-ȢȦ- ȖșȦȫȜȞȔ. ǤȤșȚȘș ȖȥșȗȢ, Ȣȡ ȧȦȖșȤȚȘȔșȦ, ȫȦȢ ȞȖȔȟȜȨȜȞȔȪȜȓ șȗȢ ȘșȝȥȦȖȜȝ ȟȔȦȖȜȝȥȞȜȠȜ ȥȧȘȔȠȜ ȢȥȡȢȖȯȖȔȟȔȥȰ ȡȔ ȢȬȜ- ȕȢȫȡȢȠ ȧȕșȚȘșȡȜȜ, ȫȦȢ ǠȔȦȖȜȓ Ȗ ȦȢ ȖȤșȠȓ ȕȯȟȔ ȡșțȔȞȢȡȡȢ ȢȞȞȧȣȜȤȢȖȔȡȔ ǦǦǦǥ, Ȕ țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȰ ȓȖȟȓȟȥȓ ȣȤșȘȥȦȔȖȜȦșȟșȠ ȢȞȞȧȣȔȪȜȢȡȡȯȩ ȥȜȟ. ǤȢ șȗȢ ȠȡșȡȜȲ, Ȗ 1940 ȗȢȘȧ ǠȔȦȖȜȓ ȡȔ țȔȞȢȡȡȯȩ ȢȥȡȢȖȔȡȜȓȩ ȖȢȬȟȔ Ȗ ȥȢȥȦȔȖ ǦȢȖșȦȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȢȲțȔ; ȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖșȡȡȢ ȟȲȘȜ, ȣȤȢȚȜȖȔȖȬȜș ȡȔ ȱȦȢȝ ȦșȤȤȜȦȢȤȜȜ, ȖȞȟȲȫȔȓ șȗȢ ȥȔȠȢȗȢ Ȝ ȚȜȦșȟșȝ ȘșȤșȖȡȜ ǡȔȟȯș ǖȔȦȯ, ȥȦȔȟȜ ȗȤȔȚȘȔȡȔȠȜ ǦǦǦǥ. Ǧ ȘȤȧȗȢȝ ȥȦȢȤȢȡȯ, Ȗ 1941 ȗȢȘȧ ǠȔȦȖȜȓ ȕȯȟȔ ȢȞȞȧȣȜȤȢȖȔȡȔ ȨȔȬȜȥȦȥȞȢȝ ǘșȤȠȔȡȜșȝ, Ȝ țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȰ, ȕȧȘȧȫȜ ȥȢȖșȦȥȞȜȠ ȗȤȔȚȘȔȡȜȡȢȠ, ȖȥșȗȢ ȟȜȬȰ țȔȭȜȭȔȟ ȥȖȢȲ ȥȦȤȔȡȧȢȦȢȞȞȧȣȔȡȦȢȖ, ȥȤȔȚȔȓȥȰȡȔȥȖȢșȝȥȢȕȥȦȖșȡȡȢȝțșȠȟș. ǙȔȚșșȥȟȜȥȠȢȦȤșȦȰȡȔȱȦȢȥȥȧȕȮșȞȦȜȖȡȢȝȦȢȫȞȜțȤșȡȜȓ, Ȣȡ ȘșȝȥȦȖȢȖȔȟ ȞȔȞ țȔȭȜȦȡȜȞ ȥȖȢșȝ ȤȢȘȜȡȯ, Ȕ ȡș ȞȔȞ țȔȩȖȔȦȫȜȞ. ǙșȝȥȦȖȜȦșȟȰȡȢ, Ȗ ȦȢ ȖȤșȠȓ ȡș ȕȯȟȢ ȢȦȘșȟȰȡȢȝ ȟȔȦȖȜȝȥȞȢȝ ȔȤȠȜȜ, ȞȢȦȢȤȔȓ ȥȤȔȚȔȟȔȥȰ ȕȯ ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ǦȢȖșȦȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȢȲțȔ. ǤȢȱȦȢȠȧ țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȰ ȖȯȥȦȧȣȔșȦ ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ȦșȢȤȜȜ «ȘȖȢȝȡȢȝ ȢȞ- ȞȧȣȔȪȜȜ», ȞȢȦȢȤȢȝ ȣȤȜȘșȤȚȜȖȔȲȦȥȓ ȖȟȔȥȦȜ ǠȔȦȖȜȜ. Ǘ ȥȖȢ- Ȝȩ țȔȠșȫȔȡȜȓȩ, ȣȤșȘȥȦȔȖȟșȡȡȯȩ ȣȢȥȟș ȖȯȡșȥșȡȜȓ ȤșȬșȡȜȓ ȢȣȤȜșȠȟșȠȢȥȦȜșȗȢȚȔȟȢȕȯ ȘȟȓȘȔȟȰȡșȝȬșȗȢȤȔȥȥȠȢȦȤșȡȜȓ ȣȢ ȥȧȭșȥȦȖȧ, țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȰ ȘȢȕȔȖȜȟ, ȫȦȢ, ȣȢ șȗȢ ȠȡșȡȜȲ, ȱȦȜ ȖȢȣȤȢȥȯ Ȗ ȘșȝȥȦȖȜȦșȟȰȡȢȥȦȜ ȡș ȜȠșȲȦ ȡȜȞȔȞȢȗȢ ȢȦȡȢȬșȡȜȓ Ȟ ȡȔȥȦȢȓȭșȠȧ Șșȟȧ.

95.ǜȔȓȖȜȦșȟȰȥȫȜȦȔșȦ, ȫȦȢȖȯȡșȥșȡȜșșȠȧȢȕȖȜȡȜȦșȟȰȡȢȗȢ ȣȤȜȗȢȖȢȤȔ ȣȤȢȦȜȖȢȤșȫȜȦ ȦȤșȕȢȖȔȡȜȓȠ ȥȦȔȦȰȜ 7 ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ, ȦȔȞȞȔȞȢȡȢȡșȢȩȖȔȦȯȖȔșȦȥȓȡȜȢȘȡȜȠȜțȦȤșȩȣȤșȘȧȥȠȢȦȤșȡ- ȡȯȩ Ȗ ȱȦȢȝ ȥȦȔȦȰșȜȥȞȟȲȫșȡȜȝ. ǚȗȢ ȘșȝȥȦȖȜȓ ȣȢ ȢȦȡȢȬșȡȜȲ ȞȚȜȦșȟȓȠȘșȤșȖȡȜǡȔȟȯșǖȔȦȯȡșȓȖȟȓȟȜȥȰȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜșȠ ȡȜ ȣȢ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȠȧ ȣȤȔȖȧ, ȡȜ ȣȢ ȡȔȪȜȢȡȔȟȰȡȢȠȧ țȔȞȢ-

ȣȢȢȣȤșȘșȟșȡȜȲȡșȠȢȗȕȯȦȰȖȜȡȢȖșȡȖȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȜȜȖȢșȡȡȢȗȢ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓ. ǢȔȦȢȦȥȟȧȫȔȝ, șȥȟȜǦȧȘȥȱȦȜȠȡșȥȢȗȟȔȥȜȦȥȓ, țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȰ ȧȦȖșȤȚȘȔșȦ: ȘȔȚș șȥȟȜ ȣȤșȘȣȢȟȢȚȜȦȰ, ȫȦȢ Ȣȡ ȥȢ- ȖșȤȬȜȟȢȘȡȢȜȟȜȡșȥȞȢȟȰȞȢȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȝȣȢȢȕȭșȠȧȣȤȔȖȧ, ȖȢȦȡȢȬșȡȜȜȡȜȩȘȔȖȡȢȜȥȦșȞȟȜȥȤȢȞȜȘȔȖȡȢȥȦȜȣȤȜȖȟșȫșȡȜȓ Ȟ ȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȢȝ ȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖșȡȡȢȥȦȜ. ǦȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖșȡȡȢ ȣȢ șȗȢ Șșȟȧ ȜȠșȟȢ ȠșȥȦȢ ȡȔȤȧȬșȡȜș ȦȤșȕȢȖȔȡȜȝ ȥȦȔȦȰȜ 7 ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ.

3. Доводы государства, вступившего в производство по делу

вкачестве третьей стороны

104.ǥȢȥȥȜȝȥȞȔȓǩșȘșȤȔȪȜȓ, ȣȢȥȧȭșȥȦȖȧ, ȥȢȗȟȔȥȡȔȥȘȢȖȢ- ȘȔȠȜțȔȓȖȜȦșȟȓ. ǚșȘȢȖȢȘȯ ȥȖȢȘȓȦȥȓ Ȟ ȦȢȠȧ, ȫȦȢ ȟȔȦȖȜȝȥȞȜȠ ȥȧȘȔȠȡșȥȟșȘȢȖȔȟȢȣȤȜȠșȡȓȦȰȣȢȔȡȔȟȢȗȜȜȧȥȦȔȖǢȲȤȡȕșȤȗ- ȥȞȢȗȢ ȦȤȜȕȧȡȔȟȔ, ȪșȟȰȲ ȞȢȦȢȤȢȗȢ ȓȖȟȓȟȢȥȰ ȣȤȜȖȟșȫșȡȜș Ȟ ȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖșȡȡȢȥȦȜ țȔ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓ ȥȦȤȔȡ ȢȥȜ ȡȔ ȢȞȞȧȣȜȤȢ- ȖȔȡȡȢȝ ȦșȤȤȜȦȢȤȜȜ, Ȟ țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȲ, ȥȤȔȚȔȖȬșȠȧȥȓȡȔ ȥȦȢȤȢȡș ȔȡȦȜȗȜȦȟșȤȢȖȥȞȢȝ ȞȢȔȟȜȪȜȜ Ȗ ȥȖȢșȝ ȥȢȕȥȦȖșȡȡȢȝ ȥȦȤȔȡș,

ǦǦǦǥ. ǤȢȘȢȕȡȔȓ ȤȔȥȬȜȤȜȦșȟȰȡȔȓ ȦȤȔȞȦȢȖȞȔ ȘșȝȥȦȖȜȓ Ǩȥ- ȦȔȖȔ ȡșȘȢȣȧȥȦȜȠȔ Ȝ ȓȖȡȢ ȣȤȢȦȜȖȢȤșȫȜȦ ȣȤȜȗȢȖȢȤȧ ǢȲȤȡ- ȕșȤȗȥȞȢȗȢȦȤȜȕȧȡȔȟȔ, ȡȔȞȢȦȢȤȢȠȢȥȡȢȖȔȡȔȖȥȓȣȢȥȟșȖȢșȡȡȔȓ ȣȢȟȜȦȜȞȢ-ȣȤȔȖȢȖȔȓ ȥȜȥȦșȠȔ.

105.ǥȢȥȥȜȝȥȞȔȓ ǩșȘșȤȔȪȜȓ, ȞȔȞ Ȝ țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȰ, ȢȕȤȔȭȔșȦ ȢȥȢȕȢș ȖȡȜȠȔȡȜș ȡȔ ȤȔțȟȜȫȜș ȠșȚȘȧ ȖȢșȡȡȯȠȜ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟș- ȡȜȓȠȜ (ȣȢ ȥȠȯȥȟȧ ȣȢȟȢȚșȡȜȝ ȧȥȦȔȖȔ ǢȲȤȡȕșȤȗȥȞȢȗȢ ȦȤȜ- ȕȧȡȔȟȔ) Ȝ ȖȢȜȡȥȞȜȠȜ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓȠȜ (ȣȢ ȥȢȖșȦȥȞȢȠȧ țȔȞȢ- ȡȢȘȔȦșȟȰȥȦȖȧ). ǧȔȞ, Ȗ ǨȗȢȟȢȖȡȢȠ ȞȢȘșȞȥș ǥǦǩǦǥ 1926 ȗȢȘȔ ȡșȕȯȟȢȥȦȔȦȰȜ, ȔȡȔȟȢȗȜȫȡȢȝȥȦȔȦȰș68-3 ǨȗȢȟȢȖȡȢȗȢȞȢȘșȞ- ȥȔ ǠȔȦȖȜȜ, ȡȔ ȢȥȡȢȖȔȡȜȜ ȞȢȦȢȤȢȝ țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȲ ȕȯȟ Ȗȯȡșȥșȡ ȢȕȖȜȡȜȦșȟȰȡȯȝ ȣȤȜȗȢȖȢȤ. ǙȔȚș șȥȟȜ ȣȤșȘȣȢȟȢȚȜȦȰ, ȫȦȢ țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȰ ȘșȝȥȦȖȜȦșȟȰȡȢ ȥȢȖșȤȬȜȟ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜș, ȣȤșȘȧȥ- ȠȢȦȤșȡȡȢș ǨȗȢȟȢȖȡȯȠ ȞȢȘșȞȥȢȠ ǠȔȦȖȜȜ, Ȗ ȢȦȡȢȬșȡȜȜ ȡșȗȢ ȘȔȖȡȢ ȜȥȦșȞ ȥȤȢȞ ȘȔȖȡȢȥȦȜ Ȗ ȥȜȟȧ ȥȦȔȦȰȜ 14 ȱȦȢȗȢ ǟȢȘșȞȥȔ. Ǘ ȢȦȡȢȬșȡȜȜ ȡȔȜȕȢȟșș ȦȓȚȞȜȩ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȝ ȥȤȢȞ ȘȔȖȡȢȥ- ȦȜ ȥȢȥȦȔȖȟȓșȦ ȘșȥȓȦȰ ȟșȦ, Ȝ ȥȟșȘȧșȦ ȥȫȜȦȔȦȰ, ȫȦȢ Ȣȡ ȜȥȦșȞ Ȗ 1954 ȗȢȘȧ; ȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖșȡȡȢ țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȓ ȧȚș ȡșȟȰțȓ ȣȤȜȖȟș- ȞȔȦȰ Ȟ ȥȧȘȧțȔ șȗȢ ȘșȝȥȦȖȜȓ. ǗȯȡșȥșȡȜș șȠȧ ȢȕȖȜȡȜȦșȟȰȡȢȗȢ ȣȤȜȗȢȖȢȤȔ ȡȔ ȢȥȡȢȖȔȡȜȜ ȥȦȔȦȰȜ 68-3 ǨȗȢȟȢȖȡȢȗȢ ȞȢȘșȞȥȔ — ȤșțȧȟȰȦȔȦ ȦȢȗȢ, ȫȦȢ ȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖȧȲȭȜȠ ȡȢȤȠȔȠ ȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȢȗȢ ȣȤȔȖȔ ȕȯȟȔ ȣȤȜȘȔȡȔ ȢȕȤȔȦȡȔȓ ȥȜȟȔ.

106.ǥȢȥȥȜȝȥȞȔȓ ǩșȘșȤȔȪȜȓ ȥȢȗȟȔȥȡȔ ȥ ȧȦȖșȤȚȘșȡȜșȠ țȔ- ȓȖȜȦșȟȓ, ȫȦȢ ȘșȖȓȦȰ șȗȢ ȚșȤȦȖ ȕȯȟȜ ȡș «ȠȜȤȡȯȠȜ ȚȜȦș- ȟȓȠȜ», Ȕ «ȞȢȠȕȔȦȔȡȦȔȠȜ». Ǘ ȟȲȕȢȠ ȥȟȧȫȔș ȢȡȜ ȥșȤȰșțȡȢ țȟȢȧȣȢȦȤșȕȜȟȜ ȥȖȢȜȠ ȥȦȔȦȧȥȢȠ ȗȤȔȚȘȔȡȥȞȜȩ ȟȜȪ, ȢȞȔțȔȖ ȔȞȦȜȖȡȧȲ ȣȢȘȘșȤȚȞȧ ȢȘȡȢȝ Ȝț ȖȢȲȲȭȜȩ ȥȦȢȤȢȡ Ȝ ȣȢȟȧȫȜȖ ȢȤȧȚȜș. ǟȢȗȘȔ ȕȢȝȪȯ ȢȦȤȓȘȔ ȣȢȘ ȞȢȠȔȡȘȢȖȔȡȜșȠ ȠȔȝȢȤȔ ǬȧȗȧȡȢȖȔ ȧȞȤȯȟȜȥȰ Ȗ ȥȔȤȔș ǡșȝȞȧȟȔ ǟȤȧȣȡȜȞȔ, ȚȜȦșȟȜ ȘșȤșȖȡȜ ȠȢȗȟȜ ȕȯ ȖȯȗȡȔȦȰ Ȝȩ ȢȦȦȧȘȔ Ȝ ȢȦȞȔțȔȦȰȥȓ ȣȤșȘȢ- ȥȦȔȖȟȓȦȰ ȜȠ ȧȕșȚȜȭș, ȢȣȔȥȔȝȥȓ ȢȡȜ țȔ ȥȖȢȲ ȕșțȢȣȔȥȡȢȥȦȰ. ǗȠșȥȦȢ ȱȦȢȗȢ ȢȡȜ ȤșȬȜȟȜ ȖȯȘȔȦȰ Ȝȩ ȡșȠȪȔȠ. ǤȤȜȖșȘșȡȡȢș ȥȢȢȕȤȔȚșȡȜșȢȦȡȢȥȜȦȥȓȜȞȦȤșȠȚșȡȭȜȡȔȠ, ȞȢȦȢȤȯșȖȱȦȢȠ ȧȫȔȥȦȖȢȖȔȟȜ. ǨȦȖșȤȚȘșȡȜș, ȫȦȢ ȚȜȦșȟȜ ȘșȤșȖȡȜ ǡȔȟȯș ǖȔȦȯ ȕȯȟȜ ȖȣȤȔȖș ȣȢȟȧȫȜȦȰ ȢȤȧȚȜș ȢȦ ȗȜȦȟșȤȢȖȥȞȜȩ ȢȞ- ȞȧȣȔȡȦȢȖ, ȫȦȢȕȯ ȜȥȣȢȟȰțȢȖȔȦȰ șȗȢ Șȟȓ «ȥȔȠȢȢȕȢȤȢȡȯ» ȢȦ ȣȔȤȦȜțȔȡ, ȥȤȔȚȔȖȬȜȩȥȓ ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ȨȔȬȜȥȦȢȖ, ȡșȟȢȗȜȫȡȢ, ȦȔȞ ȞȔȞȱȦȜȣȔȤȦȜțȔȡȯȕȯȟȜȦȔȞȜȠȜȚșȥȢȖșȦȥȞȜȠȜȗȤȔȚȘȔȡȔȠȜ, ȞȔȞ Ȝ ȢȡȜ ȥȔȠȜ, Ȝ ȡșȣȤȜșȠȟșȠȢ, ȦȔȞ ȞȔȞ ȢȡȢ ȣȤȢȦȜȖȢȤșȫȜȦ ȘȧȩȧȣȤȜȗȢȖȢȤȔǢȲȤȡȕșȤȗȥȞȢȗȢȦȤȜȕȧȡȔȟȔ. ǦȢȦȤȧȘȡȜȫșȥȦȖȢ ȥ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȡȯȠ ȨȔȬȜȥȦȥȞȜȠ ȤșȚȜȠȢȠ ȡȜ ȣȤȜ ȞȔȞȜȩ ȢȕȥȦȢȓ- ȦșȟȰȥȦȖȔȩ ȡș ȠȢȚșȦ ȕȯȦȰ ȟșȗȜȦȜȠȡȯȠ.

107.ǥȢȥȥȜȝȥȞȔȓ ǩșȘșȤȔȪȜȓ ȣȢȘȫșȤȞȜȖȔșȦ, ȫȦȢ ȚȜȦșȟȓȠ ȘșȤșȖȡȜ ȡș ȕȯȟȔ «ȧȥȦȤȢșȡȔ Ȥșțȡȓ», Ȕ ȢȡȜ ȕȯȟȜ «ȞȔțȡșȡȯ» ȣȢȥȟș ȦȢȗȢ, ȞȔȞ Ȗ ȢȦȡȢȬșȡȜȜ ȡȜȩ Ȗȯȡșȥ ȣȤȜȗȢȖȢȤ ȖȢșȡȡȯȝ ȦȤȜȕȧȡȔȟ, ȥȢțȘȔȡȡȯȝȖȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖȜȜȥțȔȞȢȡȔȠȜȖȢȝȡȯ, ȜȫȦȢ ȡȔȞȔțȔȡȜș, ȞȢȦȢȤȢȠȧ ȢȡȜ ȣȢȘȖșȤȗȟȜȥȰ, ȕȯȟȢ ȥȣȤȔȖșȘȟȜȖȯȠ

Ȝ ȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖȢȖȔȟȢ ȦȓȚșȥȦȜ ȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȡȢȗȢ ȜȠȜ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟș- ȡȜȓ. ǦȟșȘȢȖȔȦșȟȰȡȢ, ȢȣșȤȔȪȜȓ27 ȠȔȓ1944 ȗ. ȣȢ ȥȔȠȢȝȥȖȢșȝ ȣȤȜȤȢȘș ȜȠșȟȔ Ȗ ȖȯȥȬșȝ ȥȦșȣșȡȜ ȜțȕȜȤȔȦșȟȰȡȯȝ ȩȔȤȔȞȦșȤ, ȦȔȞ ȞȔȞ ȢȡȔ ȕȯȟȔ ȡȔȣȤȔȖȟșȡȔ ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ȘșȖȓȦȜ ȞȢȡȞȤșȦȡȯȩ ȟȜȪ, ȥȢȖșȤȬȜȖȬȜȩ ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖșȡȡȧȲ ȜțȠșȡȧ, Ȕ ȡș ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ȢȥȦȔȟȰȡȯȩȚȜȦșȟșȝȘșȤșȖȡȜ, ȞȢȦȢȤȯȩȥȣȤȔȖșȘȟȜȖȢȢȥȦȔȖȜȟȜ Ȗ ȣȢȞȢș.

B. Оценка обстоятельств дела, данная Европейским Судом

1.Обстоятельства дела и их юридическая квалификация

108.ǤȤșȘȖȔȤȜȦșȟȰȡȢ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȜȝ ǦȧȘ ȢȦȠșȫȔșȦ, ȫȦȢ ȗȢ- ȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖȢ-ȢȦȖșȦȫȜȞ ȢȥȣȔȤȜȖȔșȦ ȣȤȔȖȢȠȢȫȜș ǦȧȘȔ ȥȦȔȖȜȦȰ ȣȢȘ ȥȢȠȡșȡȜș ȖȯȖȢȘȯ ȟȔȦȖȜȝȥȞȜȩ ȥȧȘȢȖ ȣȢ ȖȢȣȤȢȥȔȠ ȨȔȞȦȔ Ȝ ȖȢȣȤȢȥȔȠ ȣȤȔȖȔ. Ǘ ȥȖȓțȜ ȥ ȱȦȜȠ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȜȝ ǦȧȘ ȖȡȢȖȰ ȣȢȘȦȖșȤȚȘȔșȦ, ȫȦȢ Ȗ ȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖȜȜ ȥȢ ȥȦȔȦȰșȝ 19 ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ șȗȢ șȘȜȡȥȦȖșȡȡȢȝ ȢȕȓțȔȡȡȢȥȦȰȲ ȓȖȟȓșȦȥȓ ȢȕșȥȣșȫșȡȜș ȥȢȕ- ȟȲȘșȡȜȓ ȢȕȓțȔȦșȟȰȥȦȖ, ȣȤȜȡȓȦȯȩ ȡȔ ȥșȕȓ ǙȢȗȢȖȔȤȜȖȔȲȭȜ- ȠȜȥȓǦȦȢȤȢȡȔȠȜ— ȧȫȔȥȦȡȜȞȔȠȜǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ. ǦȟșȘȢȖȔȦșȟȰȡȢ, Ȗ ȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖȜȜ ȥ ȣȤȜȡȪȜȣȢȠ ȥȧȕȥȜȘȜȔȤȡȢȥȦȜ, ȡșȢȦȘșȟȜȠȯȠ ȢȦ ȥȜȥȦșȠȯ țȔȭȜȦȯ ȣȤȔȖ ȟȜȫȡȢȥȦȜ, ȧȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȡȢȝ ǟȢȡȖșȡ- ȪȜșȝ, ȧȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜșȢȕȥȦȢȓȦșȟȰȥȦȖȘșȟȔȜȦȢȟȞȢȖȔȡȜșȡȔȪȜȢ- ȡȔȟȰȡȢȗȢ țȔȞȢȡȢȘȔȦșȟȰȥȦȖȔ Ȗ ȣȤȜȡȪȜȣș ȢȦȡȢȥȜȦȥȓ Ȟ ȜȥȞȟȲ- ȫȜȦșȟȰȡȢȝ ȞȢȠȣșȦșȡȪȜȜ ȡȔȪȜȢȡȔȟȰȡȯȩ ȥȧȘȢȖ. ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȜȝ ǦȧȘ ȡș ȠȢȚșȦ ȥȦȔȖȜȦȰ ȣȢȘ ȥȢȠȡșȡȜș ȢȪșȡȞȧ, ȣȤȢȜțȖșȘșȡȡȧȲ ȡȔȪȜȢȡȔȟȰȡȯȠȜ ȖȟȔȥȦȓȠȜ, țȔ ȜȥȞȟȲȫșȡȜșȠ ȥȟȧȫȔșȖ ȢȫșȖȜȘ- ȡȢȗȢ Ȝ ȓȖȡȢȗȢ ȣȤȢȜțȖȢȟȔ (ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜș ǖȢȟȰȬȢȝ ǤȔȟȔȦȯ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȣȢ Șșȟȧ «ǘȔȤȥȜȔ ǥȧȜț ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ǝȥȣȔȡȜȜ»

[García Ruiz v. Spain], ȚȔȟȢȕȔ ǔ 30544/96, § 28—29, ǦȕȢȤ-

ȡȜȞȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȝȜȤșȬșȡȜȝǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢǦȧȘȔȣȢȣȤȔȖȔȠ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ [ECHR] 1999-I). DzȦȢ Ȣȕȭșș ȣȤȔȖȜȟȢ, ȜțȡȔȫȔȟȰȡȢ ȥȨȢȤȠȧȟȜȤȢȖȔȡȡȢșȣȤȜȠșȡȜȦșȟȰȡȢȞȣȧȡȞȦȧ1 ȥȦȔȦȰȜ6 ǟȢȡ- ȖșȡȪȜȜ, țȔȭȜȭȔȲȭșȠȧȣȤȔȖȢȡȔȥȣȤȔȖșȘȟȜȖȢșȥȧȘșȕȡȢșȤȔț- ȕȜȤȔȦșȟȰȥȦȖȢ, ȣȤȜȠșȡȓșȦȥȓ ȞȢ ȖȥșȠ ȠȔȦșȤȜȔȟȰȡȢ-ȣȤȔȖȢȖȯȠ ȣȢȟȢȚșȡȜȓȠ ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ (ȥȠ., Ȗ ȫȜȥȟș ȣȤȢȫȜȩ ȜȥȦȢȫȡȜȞȢȖ, ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜșǖȢȟȰȬȢȝǤȔȟȔȦȯǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢǦȧȘȔȣȢȘșȟȧ «ǦȯȥȢșȖȔ Ȝ ȘȤȧȗȜș țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȜ ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ǠȔȦȖȜȜ» [Sisojeva and Others v. Latvia], ȚȔȟȢȕȔ ǔ 60654/00, § 89, ǦȕȢȤȡȜȞ ȣȢȥȦȔ- ȡȢȖȟșȡȜȝȜȤșȬșȡȜȝǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢǦȧȘȔȣȢȣȤȔȖȔȠȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ [ECHR] 2007 — ..., Ȕ ȦȔȞȚș ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜș ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȢȦ 12 ȜȲȟȓ 2007 ȗ. ȣȢ Șșȟȧ «ǕȞȪȜȢȡșȤȡȢș ȢȕȭșȥȦȖȢ “ǙȜșȡȔ” Ȝ ǣțȢȟȜȡȰȬ ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ǠȔȦȖȜȜ» [a/s Diena and OzoliƇš v. Latvia], ȚȔȟȢȕȔ ǔ 16657/03, § 66).

109.ǨȞȔțȔȡȡȢș ȣȤȔȖȜȟȢ ȣȤȜȠșȡȓșȦȥȓ Ȝ Ȗ Ȧșȩ ȥȟȧȫȔȓȩ, ȞȢȗȘȔ ȡȔȪȜȢȡȔȟȰȡȢș țȔȞȢȡȢȘȔȦșȟȰȥȦȖȢ ȥȥȯȟȔșȦȥȓ ȡȔ ȡȢȤȠȯ ȢȕȭșȗȢ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢ ȣȤȔȖȔ ȜȟȜ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȯȩ ȥȢȗȟȔ- ȬșȡȜȝ. ǟȢȗȘȔȡȔȪȜȢȡȔȟȰȡȯșȥȧȘȯȢȥȧȭșȥȦȖȟȓȲȦȦȢȟȞȢȖȔȡȜș ȱȦȜȩ ȡȢȤȠ, ȤȢȟȰ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȢȗȤȔȡȜȫȜȖȔșȦȥȓ ȧȥȦȔ- ȡȢȖȟșȡȜșȠ ȦȢȗȢ, ȡș ȡȔȤȧȬȔȲȦ ȟȜ ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȲ ȣȢȥȟșȘȥȦȖȜȓ ȦȔȞȢȗȢ ȦȢȟȞȢȖȔȡȜȓ (ȥȠ. ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜș ǖȢȟȰȬȢȝ ǤȔȟȔȦȯ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȣȢ Șșȟȧ «ǨȱȝȦ Ȝ ǟșȡȡșȘȜ ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ǘșȤ-

ȠȔȡȜȜ» [Waite and Kennedy v. Germany], ȚȔȟȢȕȔǔ26083/94, § 54, ǦȕȢȤȡȜȞȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȝȜȤșȬșȡȜȝǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢǦȧȘȔ ȣȢ ȣȤȔȖȔȠ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ [ECHR] 1999-I).

110.ǣȘȡȔȞȢ ȥȜȦȧȔȪȜȓ ȠșȡȓșȦȥȓ, ȞȢȗȘȔ ȡȔ ȖȡȧȦȤȜȗȢȥȧȘȔȤ- ȥȦȖșȡȡȢș ȣȤȔȖȢ ȡșȣȢȥȤșȘȥȦȖșȡȡȢ ȥȥȯȟȔșȦȥȓ ȡș ȡȔȪȜȢȡȔȟȰ- ȡȢș țȔȞȢȡȢȘȔȦșȟȰȥȦȖȢ, Ȕ ȥȔȠȔ ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȓ. Ǘ ȦȔȞȜȩ ȥȟȧȫȔȓȩ ȡșȥȢȕȟȲȘșȡȜșȡȔȪȜȢȡȔȟȰȡȢȗȢțȔȞȢȡȢȘȔȦșȟȰȥȦȖȔȠȢȚșȦȥȔȠȢ ȣȢ ȥșȕș ȣȤȜȖșȥȦȜ Ȟ ȡȔȤȧȬșȡȜȲ ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ. ǦȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖșȡȡȢ Ȗ ȥȜȟȧ ȣȤȜȡȪȜȣȔ jura novit curia1 ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȜȝ ǦȧȘ ȠȢȚșȦ ȜȘȢȟȚșȡȞȢȡȦȤȢȟȜȤȢȖȔȦȰȥȢȕȟȲȘșȡȜșȱȦȜȩȡȢȤȠ(ȥȠ., ȖȫȜȥ- ȟșȠȡȢȗȜȩ ȘȤȧȗȜȩ ȜȥȦȢȫȡȜȞȢȖ, ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜș ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȢȦ 10 ȜȲȡȓ 1996 ȗ. ȣȢ Șșȟȧ «ǖșȡȩȱȠ ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ǦȢșȘȜȡșȡ-

ȡȢȗȢǟȢȤȢȟșȖȥȦȖȔ» [Benham v. the United Kingdom], ǦȕȢȤȡȜȞ ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȝ Ȝ ȤșȬșȡȜȝ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢǦȧȘȔȣȢ ȣȤȔȖȔȠ ȫș-

ȟȢȖșȞȔ [Reports of Judgments and Decisions] 1996-III, ȥ. 753, § 41, Ȕ ȦȔȞȚș ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜș ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȣȢ Șșȟȧ «ǘȧȥȜȡȥȞȜȝ ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ǥȢȥȥȜȜ» [Gusinskiy v. Russia], ȚȔȟȢ- ȕȔ ǔ 70276/01, § 66, ǦȕȢȤȡȜȞ ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȝ Ȝ ȤșȬșȡȜȝ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȣȢ ȣȤȔȖȔȠ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ [ECHR] 2004-IV). ǝȠșȡȡȢ ȱȦȢȦ ȣȤȜȡȪȜȣ ȜȥȣȢȟȰțȧșȦȥȓ, ȞȢȗȘȔ ȤșȫȰ ȜȘșȦ Ȣ ȥȦȔ- ȦȰș7 ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ, ȦȔȞȞȔȞȣȤȜȠșȡșȡȜșȡȢȤȠȯ ȡȔȪȜȢȡȔȟȰȡȢȗȢ ȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȢȗȢȣȤȔȖȔȞȘșȓȡȜȲ, ȞȢȦȢȤȢșȱȦȢȝȡȢȤȠȢȝȡșȢȩȖȔȦȯ- ȖȔșȦȥȓ, ȓȖȡȢ ȖȩȢȘȜȦ Ȗ ȣȤȢȦȜȖȢȤșȫȜș ȥ ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜșȝ. Ǘ ȦȔȞȜȩ ȢȕȥȦȢȓȦșȟȰȥȦȖȔȩ ǦȧȘ ȘȢȟȚșȡ ȜȠșȦȰ ȣȤȔȖȢ ȤșȬȔȦȰ, ȕȯȟȔ ȟȜ ȥȢȕȟȲȘșȡȔ ȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖȧȲȭȔȓ ȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȢ-ȣȤȔȖȢȖȔȓ ȡȢȤȠȔ, ȦȔȞ ȞȔȞ Ȗ ȣȤȢȦȜȖȡȢȠ ȥȟȧȫȔș ȥȦȔȦȰȓ 7 ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ ȢȞȔțȔȟȔȥȰ ȕȯ ȟȜȬșȡȔ ȖȥȓȞȢȝ ȪșȟȜ (ȥȠ., Ȗ ȫȜȥȟș ȣȤȢȫȜȩ ȜȥȦȢȫȡȜȞȢȖ, Ȥș- ȬșȡȜș ǟȢȠȜȥȥȜȜ ȣȢ ȣȤȔȖȔȠ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ ȢȦ 24 ȥșȡȦȓȕȤȓ 1963 ȗ. ȣȢ Șșȟȧ «X. ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ǩșȘșȤȔȦȜȖȡȢȝ ǥșȥȣȧȕȟȜȞȜ ǘșȤȠȔȡȜȜ»

[X. v. Federal Republic of Germany], ȚȔȟȢȕȔǔ1169/61, ǚȚș-

ȗȢȘȡȜȞ ȣȢ ȣȤȔȖȔȠ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ [Yearbook], ǔ 6, ȥ. 520, Ȕ ȦȔȞ- Țș ȤșȬșȡȜș ǟȢȠȜȥȥȜȜ ȣȢ ȣȤȔȖȔȠ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ ȢȦ 22 ȔȣȤșȟȓ 1965 ȗ. ȣȢ Șșȟȧ «X. ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ǕȖȥȦȤȜȜ» [X. v. Austria], ȚȔȟȢȕȔ

ǔ1852/63, ǚȚșȗȢȘȡȜȞ ȣȢ ȣȤȔȖȔȠ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ [Yearbook], ǔ 8, ȥ. 198). ǦȧȘ ȣȢȟȔȗȔșȦ, ȫȦȢ ȜȠșȡȡȢ ȱȦȢȦ ȣȤȜȡȪȜȣ ȘșȝȥȦȖȧșȦ Ȗ ȥȜȦȧȔȪȜȓȩ, Ȗ ȞȢȦȢȤȯȩ, ȞȔȞ Ȗ ȡȔȥȦȢȓȭșȠ Șșȟș, ȡȔȪȜȢȡȔȟȰ- ȡȯș ȥȧȘȯ ȣȤȜȠșȡȓȟȜ ȡȢȤȠȯ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢ ȣȤȔȖȔ.

111.ǙȔȟșș, Ȗ ȡȔȥȦȢȓȭșȠ Șșȟș ȡșȢȕȩȢȘȜȠȢ ȦȭȔȦșȟȰȡȢ ȤȔțȗȤȔȡȜȫȜȖȔȦȰ ȥȧȭșȥȦȖȢȖȔȡȜș ȨȔȞȦȢȖ Ȝ Ȝȩ ȲȤȜȘȜȫșȥȞȧȲ ȞȖȔȟȜȨȜȞȔȪȜȲ. ǣȦȡȢȥȜȦșȟȰȡȢ ȖȯȖȢȘȢȖ ȟȔȦȖȜȝȥȞȜȩ ȥȧȘȢȖ ȣȢ ȖȢȣȤȢȥȔȠ ȣȤȔȖȔ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȜȝ ǦȧȘ ȧȚș ȣȤȜȬșȟ Ȟ ȖȯȖȢȘȧ, ȫȦȢ ȣȤȢȪșȘȧȤȔ, ȣȢȥȤșȘȥȦȖȢȠ ȞȢȦȢȤȢȝ ȕȯȟ ȢȥȧȚȘșȡ țȔȓȖȜ- ȦșȟȰ, ȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖȧșȦ ȦȤșȕȢȖȔȡȜȓȠ ȥȣȤȔȖșȘȟȜȖȢȗȢ ȥȧȘșȕȡȢȗȢ ȤȔțȕȜȤȔȦșȟȰȥȦȖȔ, ȣȤșȘȮȓȖȟȓșȠȯȠ ȣȧȡȞȦȢȠ 1 ȥȦȔȦȰȜ 6 ǟȢȡ- ȖșȡȪȜȜ (ȥȠ. ȤșȬșȡȜș ȣȢ ȖȢȣȤȢȥȧ Ȣ ȣȤȜșȠȟșȠȢȥȦȜ ȡȔȥȦȢȓ- ȭșȝȚȔȟȢȕȯȘȟȓȘȔȟȰȡșȝȬșȗȢȤȔȥȥȠȢȦȤșȡȜȓȣȢȥȧȭșȥȦȖȧȢȦ 20 ȥșȡȦȓȕȤȓ 2007 ȗ.). Ǘ ȱȦȢȝ ȥȜȦȧȔȪȜȜ ȧ ǦȧȘȔ ȡșȦ ȢȥȡȢȖȔȡȜȝ ȢȥȣȔȤȜȖȔȦȰ ȢȥȡȢȖȔȡȡȢș ȡȔ ȨȔȞȦȔȩ ȢȣȜȥȔȡȜș ȥȢȕȯȦȜȝ, ȣȤȢ- ȜțȢȬșȘȬȜȩ Ȗ ȘșȤșȖȡș ǡȔȟȯș ǖȔȦȯ, ȞȢȦȢȤȢș ȥȢȘșȤȚȔȟȢȥȰ ȖȢ ȖȥȦȧȣȜȖȬșȠ Ȗ ȥȜȟȧ ȣȤȜȗȢȖȢȤș ȥȧȘȔ ȣșȤȖȢȝ ȜȡȥȦȔȡȪȜȜ (ȦȢ șȥȦȰ Ȗ ȤșȬșȡȜȜ ǟȢȟȟșȗȜȜ ȣȢ ȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȯȠ ȘșȟȔȠ ǗșȤȩȢȖȡȢȗȢ ȥȧȘȔ ǠȔȦȖȜȜ ȢȦ 30 ȔȣȤșȟȓ 2004 ȗ.), ȢȥȦȔȖȟșȡȡȢȠ ȕșț ȜțȠșȡș- ȡȜȓǦșȡȔȦȢȠǗșȤȩȢȖȡȢȗȢȥȧȘȔǠȔȦȖȜȜ. ǢȔȣȤȢȦȜȖ, ǦȧȘȠȢȚșȦ Ȝ ȘȢȟȚșȡ ȤȔȥȥȠȢȦȤșȦȰ ȞȖȔȟȜȨȜȞȔȪȜȲ ȱȦȜȩ ȥȢȕȯȦȜȝ ȣȢ ȡȔ- ȪȜȢȡȔȟȰȡȢȠȧ țȔȞȢȡȢȘȔȦșȟȰȥȦȖȧ Ȝ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȠȧ ȣȤȔȖȧ, Șȟȓ ȦȢȗȢ ȫȦȢȕȯ ȢȣȤșȘșȟȜȦȰ, ȥȢȕȟȲȘȔȟȜȥȰ ȟȜ Ȗ ȢȦȡȢȬșȡȜȜ țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȓ ȗȔȤȔȡȦȜȜ, ȧȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȡȯș ȥȦȔȦȰșȝ 7 ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ. ǤȤȜ ȖȯȣȢȟȡșȡȜȜ ȱȦȢȝ țȔȘȔȫȜ ǦȧȘ ȖȣȤȔȖș ȞȖȔȟȜȨȜȪȜȤȢȖȔȦȰ ȢȕȥȦȢȓȦșȟȰȥȦȖȔ ȘșȟȔ, ȖȯȦșȞȔȲȭȜș Ȝț ȣȤșȘȥȦȔȖȟșȡȡȯȩ șȠȧ ȘȢȞȔțȔȦșȟȰȥȦȖ, ȜȡȔȫș, ȫșȠ țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȰ, ȟȜȕȢ Ȗ ȥȟȧȫȔș ȡșȢȕȩȢ- ȘȜȠȢȥȦȜ ȣȢ-ȘȤȧȗȢȠȧ ȢȪșȡȜȖȔȦȰ ȱȦȜ ȢȕȥȦȢȓȦșȟȰȥȦȖȔ. ǟȤȢȠș ȦȢȗȢ, ǦȧȘȘȢȟȚșȡȣȤȜȡȜȠȔȦȰȖȢȖȡȜȠȔȡȜșȡșȦȢȟȰȞȢȣșȤȖȢȡȔ- ȫȔȟȰȡȢȣȢȘȔȡȡȧȲ ȚȔȟȢȕȧ, ȡȢ ȜȘȢȣȢȟȡȓȲȭȜșșșȘȢȞȧȠșȡȦȯ, ȣȤșȘȡȔțȡȔȫșȡȡȯș Șȟȓ ȦȢȗȢ, ȫȦȢȕȯ ȣȤȜȘȔȦȰ șȝ țȔȞȢȡȫșȡȡȯȝ ȖȜȘ, ȧȥȦȤȔȡȜȖ ȣșȤȖȢȡȔȫȔȟȰȡȯș ȣȤȢȕșȟȯ Ȝ ȡșȓȥȡȢȥȦȜ (ȥȠ., Ȗ ȫȜȥȟș ȣȤȢȫȜȩ ȜȥȦȢȫȡȜȞȢȖ, ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜș ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȢȦ 10 ȘșȞȔȕȤȓ 1982 ȗ. ȣȢ Șșȟȧ «ǩȢȦȜ Ȝ ȘȤȧȗȜș țȔȓȖȜ- ȦșȟȜ ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ǝȦȔȟȜȜ» [Foti and Others v. Italy], ȥșȤȜȓ «Ǖ»,

ǔ56, ȥ. 15, § 44, ȔȦȔȞȚșȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜșǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢǦȧȘȔ ȣȢȘșȟȧ«ǥșȩȕȢȞȣȤȢȦȜȖǦȟȢȖșȡȜȜ» [Rehbock v. Slovenia], ȚȔ- ȟȢȕȔ ǔ 29462/95, § 63, ǦȕȢȤȡȜȞ ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȝ Ȝ ȤșȬșȡȜȝ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȣȢ ȣȤȔȖȔȠ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ [ECHR] 2000-XII).

112.ǢȔȞȢȡșȪ, ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȜȝ ǦȧȘ ȢȦȠșȫȔșȦ, ȫȦȢ ȥȦȢȤȢȡȯ Ȝ ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖȢ, ȖȥȦȧȣȜȖȬșș Ȗ ȣȤȢȜțȖȢȘȥȦȖȢ ȣȢ Șșȟȧ Ȗ ȞȔ- ȫșȥȦȖș ȦȤșȦȰșȝ ȥȦȢȤȢȡȯ, ȣȤȜȘȔȲȦ ȕȢȟȰȬȢș țȡȔȫșȡȜș ȡșȞȢ- ȦȢȤȯȠ ȖȢȣȤȢȥȔȠ ȢȕȭșȗȢ ȩȔȤȔȞȦșȤȔ, Ȗ ȫȔȥȦȡȢȥȦȜ ȖȢȣȤȢȥȧ Ȣ țȔȞȢȡȡȢȥȦȜ ȖȞȟȲȫșȡȜȓ ǠȔȦȖȜȜ Ȗ ȥȢȥȦȔȖ ǦȢȖșȦȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȢȲ- țȔ Ȗ 1940 ȗȢȘȧ ȥ ȦȢȫȞȜ țȤșȡȜȓ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢ ȣȧȕȟȜȫȡȢȗȢ ȣȤȔȖȔ Ȝ ȞȢȡȥȦȜȦȧȪȜȢȡȡȢȗȢ ȣȤȔȖȔ, Ȕ ȦȔȞȚș ȖȢȣȤȢȥȧ Ȣ ȦȢȠ, Ȗ ȞȔȞȢȝ ȠșȤșȢȡȢ ȢȦȤȔțȜȟȢȥȰ ȡȔ ȣȤȔȖȢȖȢȠ ȥȦȔȦȧȥșțȔȓȖȜȦșȟȓ

Ȝ ȚȜȦșȟșȝ ȘșȤșȖȡȜ ǡȔȟȯș ǖȔȦȯ ȣȢ ȥȢȥȦȢȓȡȜȲ ȡȔ 27 ȠȔȓ 1944 ȗ. Ǘ ȥȖȓțȜ ȥ ȱȦȜȠ ǦȧȘ ȖȡȢȖȰ țȔȓȖȟȓșȦ, ȫȦȢ Ȣȡ ȣȢ ȠșȤș ȖȢțȠȢȚȡȢȥȦȜ ȡș ȥȦȔȡșȦ ȖȯȤȔȚȔȦȰ ȥȖȢș ȠȡșȡȜș ȣȢ ȖȢȣȤȢȥȔȠ ȥȧȗȧȕȢ ȜȥȦȢȤȜȫșȥȞȢȗȢ ȩȔȤȔȞȦșȤȔ, ȞȢȦȢȤȯș ȡș ȖȩȢȘȓȦ Ȗ șȗȢ ȞȢȠȣșȦșȡȪȜȲ; ȦșȠ ȡș Ƞșȡșș Ȣȡ ȠȢȚșȦ ȣȤȜȡȓȦȰ ȡșȞȢȦȢȤȯș ȢȕȭșȜțȖșȥȦȡȯș ȜȥȦȢȤȜȫșȥȞȜș ȜȥȦȜȡȯ Ȝ ȣȢȟȢȚȜȦȰ Ȝȩ Ȗ Ȣȥ- ȡȢȖȧ ȥȖȢȜȩ ȤȔȥȥȧȚȘșȡȜȝ (ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜș ǖȢȟȰȬȢȝ ǤȔȟȔ- Ȧȯ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȣȢ Șșȟȧ «ǛȘȔȡȢȞ ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ǠȔȦȖȜȜ»

[Ždanoka v. Latvia], ȚȔȟȢȕȔ ǔ 58278/00, § 96, ǦȕȢȤȡȜȞ ȣȢȥ-

ȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȝ Ȝ ȤșȬșȡȜȝ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȣȢ ȣȤȔȖȔȠ ȫșȟȢ- ȖșȞȔ[ECHR] 2006 — ...). ǧșȠȡșȠșȡșșȖȡȔȥȦȢȓȭșȠȘșȟșǦȧȘ ȥȫȜȦȔșȦ, ȫȦȢȤȔȥȥȠȔȦȤȜȖȔȦȰȱȦȜȖȢȣȤȢȥȯȡșȦȡșȢȕȩȢȘȜȠȢȥȦȜ, ȦȔȞȞȔȞȢȡȜȡșȦȢȟȰȞȢȡșȜȗȤȔȲȦȖȘșȟșȤșȬȔȲȭșȝȤȢȟȜ, ȡȢȜ ȖȢȢȕȭș ȡș ȜȠșȲȦ Ȟ ȡșȠȧ ȢȦȡȢȬșȡȜȓ.

2. Вопросы, имеющие отношение к существу жалобы

(a) ǣȕȭȜș ȣȤȜȡȪȜȣȯ

113.ǘȔȤȔȡȦȜȜ, ȣȤșȘȧȥȠȢȦȤșȡȡȯș ȥȦȔȦȰșȝ 7 ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ, ȓȖȟȓȲȦȥȓ ȡșȢȦȮșȠȟșȠȯȠ ȣȤȜȡȪȜȣȢȠ ȖșȤȩȢȖșȡȥȦȖȔ ȣȤȔȖȔ

ȜțȔȡȜȠȔȲȦ ȖȔȚȡșȝȬșș ȠșȥȦȢ Ȗ ȞȢȡȖșȡȪȜȢȡȡȢȝ ȥȜȥȦșȠș țȔȭȜȦȯ ȣȤȔȖ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ. ǤȢȘȦȖșȤȚȘșȡȜșȠ ȱȦȢȗȢ ȓȖȟȓșȦȥȓ ȦȢȦ ȨȔȞȦ, ȫȦȢ, ȥȢȗȟȔȥȡȢ ȥȦȔȦȰș 15 ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ, Ȗ ȥȟȧȫȔș ȖȢȝȡȯ ȜȟȜ ȣȤȜ Ȝȡȯȩ ȫȤșțȖȯȫȔȝȡȯȩ ȢȕȥȦȢȓȦșȟȰȥȦȖȔȩ ȡș ȘȢ- ȣȧȥȞȔșȦȥȓ ȡȜȞȔȞȜȩ ȢȦȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȝ ȢȦ ȢȕȓțȔȦșȟȰȥȦȖ, ȖȯȦș- ȞȔȲȭȜȩ Ȝț ȱȦȢȝ ȥȦȔȦȰȜ. ǟȔȞ ȥȟșȘȧșȦ Ȝț ȢȕȮșȞȦȔ Ȝ ȪșȟȜ ȘȔȡȡȢȝ ȥȦȔȦȰȜ, șș ȥȟșȘȧșȦ ȦȢȟȞȢȖȔȦȰ Ȝ ȣȤȜȠșȡȓȦȰ ȦȔȞȜȠ ȢȕȤȔțȢȠ, ȫȦȢȕȯ ȘȔȦȰ ȱȨȨșȞȦȜȖȡȯș ȗȔȤȔȡȦȜȜ, ȣȤșȣȓȦȥȦȖȧ- ȲȭȜș ȣȤȢȜțȖȢȟȰȡȢȠȧ ȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȢȠȧ ȣȤșȥȟșȘȢȖȔȡȜȲ ȟȜȪȔ, șȗȢ ȢȥȧȚȘșȡȜȲ Ȝ ȡȔȞȔțȔȡȜȲ (ȥȠ. ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜș ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȢȦ 22 ȡȢȓȕȤȓ 1995 ȗ. ȣȢ Șșȟȧ «S.W. ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ǦȢșȘȜȡșȡ-

ȡȢȗȢ ǟȢȤȢȟșȖȥȦȖȔ» [S.W. v. the United Kingdom], ȥșȤȜȓ «Ǖ»,

ǔ 335-B, ȥ. 41, § 34, Ȕ ȦȔȞȚș ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜș ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȢȦ 22 ȡȢȓȕȤȓ 1995 ȗ. ȣȢ Șșȟȧ «C.R. ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ǦȢșȘȜȡșȡ-

ȡȢȗȢ ǟȢȤȢȟșȖȥȦȖȔ» [C.R. v. the United Kingdom], ȥșȤȜȓ «Ǖ»,

ǔ 335-C, ȥ. 68, § 32).

114.ǝț ȧȥȦȢȓȖȬșȝȥȓ ȣȤșȪșȘșȡȦȡȢȝ ȣȤȔȞȦȜȞȜ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝ- ȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȖȯȦșȞȔȲȦ ȥȟșȘȧȲȭȜș ȢȕȭȜș ȣȤȜȡȪȜȣȯ, ȞȔȥȔȲ- ȭȜșȥȓ ȦȢȟȞȢȖȔȡȜȓ ȣȧȡȞȦȔ 1 ȥȦȔȦȰȜ 7 ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ:

(Ȕ) ǦȦȔȦȰȓ 7 ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ țȔȞȤșȣȟȓșȦ, ȣȢȠȜȠȢ ȣȤȢȫșȗȢ, ȣȤȜ- ȡȪȜȣ, ȥȢȗȟȔȥȡȢ ȞȢȦȢȤȢȠȧ ȟȜȬȰ țȔȞȢȡ ȠȢȚșȦ ȢȣȤșȘșȟȓȦȰ ȥȢȥȦȔȖ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓ Ȝ ȧȥȦȔȡȔȖȟȜȖȔȦȰ țȔ ȡșȗȢ ȡȔȞȔțȔȡȜș

(nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege). ǤȢȱȦȢȠȧ ȣșȤȖȢȢȫș-

ȤșȘȡȔȓ țȔȘȔȫȔ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ țȔȞȟȲȫȔșȦȥȓ Ȗ ȦȢȠ, ȫȦȢ- ȕȯ ȧȥȦȔȡȢȖȜȦȰ, ȕȯȟȔ ȟȜ Ȗ ȡȔȪȜȢȡȔȟȰȡȢȠ țȔȞȢȡȢȘȔȦșȟȰȥȦȖș ȜȟȜȖȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȠȣȤȔȖșȣȤșȘȧȥȠȢȦȤșȡȔȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖșȡȡȢȥȦȰ țȔ ȘșȝȥȦȖȜȓ ȢȕȖȜȡȓșȠȢȗȢ, ȞȢȦȢȤȯș ȣȤȜȖșȟȜ Ȟ ȖȢțȕȧȚȘșȡȜȲ ȖȢȦȡȢȬșȡȜȜȡșȗȢȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȢȗȢȘșȟȔȜȟȜ ȞȖȯȡșȥșȡȜȲșȠȧȢȕ- ȖȜȡȜȦșȟȰȡȢȗȢ ȣȤȜȗȢȖȢȤȔ, ȖȢ ȖȤșȠȓ ȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȜȓ ȜȠ ȱȦȜȩ Șșȝ- ȥȦȖȜȝ. ǥȔȥȥȧȚȘȔȓȔȡȔȟȢȗȜȫȡȯȠȢȕȤȔțȢȠ, ȠȢȚȡȢȥȞȔțȔȦȰ, ȫȦȢ ȥȦȔȦȰȓ 7 ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ țȔȣȤșȭȔșȦ, ȖȢ-ȣșȤȖȯȩ, ȤȔȥȣȤȢȥȦȤȔȡȓȦȰ ȥȢȥȦȔȖ ȧȚș ȥȧȭșȥȦȖȧȲȭȜȩ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȝ ȡȔ ȘșȝȥȦȖȜȓ, ȞȢ- ȦȢȤȯș ȤȔȡșș ȡș ȓȖȟȓȟȜȥȰ ȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȢ ȡȔȞȔțȧșȠȯȠȜ, Ȝ, ȖȢ-ȖȦȢ- Ȥȯȩ, ȤȔȥȬȜȤȜȦșȟȰȡȢ ȦȢȟȞȢȖȔȦȰ ȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȢ-ȣȤȔȖȢȖȯș ȡȢȤȠȯ Ȗ ȧȭșȤȕ ȢȕȖȜȡȓșȠȢȠȧ, ȡȔȣȤȜȠșȤ, ȣȢ ȔȡȔȟȢȗȜȜ (ȥȠ., Ȗ ȫȜȥ- ȟș ȣȤȢȫȜȩ ȜȥȦȢȫȡȜȞȢȖ, ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜș ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȣȢ Șșȟȧ «ǟȢȱȠ Ȝ ȘȤȧȗȜș țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȜ ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ǖșȟȰȗȜȜ» [Coëme and Others v. Belgium], ȚȔȟȢȕȯ ǔ 32492/96, ǔ 32547/96, ǔ 32548/96, ǔ 33209/96 Ȝ ǔ 33210/96, § 145, ǦȕȢȤȡȜȞ ȣȢȥ-

ȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȝ Ȝ ȤșȬșȡȜȝ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȣȢ ȣȤȔȖȔȠ ȫșȟȢ-

ȖșȞȔ [ECHR] 2000-VII).

(b) ǤȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓȜȥȔȡȞȪȜȜ, ȣȢȟȔȗȔȲȭȜșȥȓțȔȜȩȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȜș, ȘȢȟȚȡȯȕȯȦȰȫșȦȞȢȢȣȤșȘșȟșȡȯȖțȔȞȢȡȢȘȔȦșȟȰȥȦȖș(ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖ- ȟșȡȜș ǖȢȟȰȬȢȝ ǤȔȟȔȦȯ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȣȢ Șșȟȧ «ǕȬȧȤ ȣȤȢȦȜȖǩȤȔȡȪȜȜ» [Achour v. France], ȚȔȟȢȕȔǔ67335/01, § 41, ǦȕȢȤȡȜȞȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȝȜȤșȬșȡȜȝǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢǦȧȘȔȣȢȣȤȔ- ȖȔȠ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ [ECHR] 2006 — ...). DzȦȢ ȧȥȟȢȖȜș ȖȯȣȢȟȡȓșȦȥȓ,

ȞȢȗȘȔ ȫșȟȢȖșȞ ȠȢȚșȦ, ȜȥȩȢȘȓ Ȝț ȨȢȤȠȧȟȜȤȢȖȞȜ ȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖȧ- ȲȭșȝȥȦȔȦȰȜ, ȢȣȤșȘșȟȜȦȰ, ȣȤȜȕșȗȡȧȖȖȥȟȧȫȔșȡșȢȕȩȢȘȜȠȢȥȦȜ ȞșșȥȧȘșȕȡȢȠȧȦȢȟȞȢȖȔȡȜȲ, țȔȞȔȞȜșȘșȝȥȦȖȜȓȜȟȜȕșțȘșȝȥȦȖȜș ȢȡȠȢȚșȦȕȯȦȰȣȤȜȖȟșȫșȡȞȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȢȝȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖșȡȡȢȥȦȜ(ȣȢȥ- ȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜș ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȢȦ 15 ȡȢȓȕȤȓ 1996 ȗ. ȣȢ Șșȟȧ «ǟȔȡȦȢȡȜȣȤȢȦȜȖǩȤȔȡȪȜȜ» [Cantoni v. France], ǦȕȢȤȡȜȞȣȢȥ- ȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȝȜȤșȬșȡȜȝǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢǦȧȘȔȣȢȣȤȔȖȔȠȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ

[Reports] 1996-V, ȥ. 1627, § 29). ǤȢȡȓȦȜș «ȣȤȔȖȢ», ȧȣȢȦȤșȕȟȓ-

Ȳȭșșȥȓ Ȗ ȥȦȔȦȰș 7 ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ, ȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖȧșȦ ȔȡȔȟȢȗȜȫȡȢȠȧ ȣȢȡȓȦȜȲ, ȞȢȦȢȤȢșȜȥȣȢȟȰțȧșȦȥȓȖȘȤȧȗȜȩȥȦȔȦȰȓȩǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ, ȜȢȩȖȔȦȯȖȔșȦȣȜȥȔȡȢșȣȤȔȖȢ, ȤȔȖȡȢȞȔȞȜȥȧȘșȕȡȧȲȣȤȔȞȦȜȞȧ, ȣȤșȘȣȢȟȔȗȔȓȞȔȫșȥȦȖșȡȡȯșȦȤșȕȢȖȔȡȜȓ, ȖȦȢȠȫȜȥȟșȦȤșȕȢȖȔȡȜȓ ȘȢȥȦȧȣȡȢȥȦȜȜȣȤșȘȥȞȔțȧșȠȢȥȦȜ(ȥȠ. ȧȣȢȠȓȡȧȦȢșȖȯȬșȣȢȥȦȔ- ȡȢȖȟșȡȜș ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȣȢ Șșȟȧ «ǟȢȱȠ Ȝ ȘȤȧȗȜș țȔȓȖȜ- ȦșȟȜȣȤȢȦȜȖǖșȟȰȗȜȜ»).

(c)ǧșȠ ȡș Ƞșȡșș, ȞȔȞ ȕȯ ȫșȦȞȢ ȡȜ ȕȯȟȜ ȥȨȢȤȠȧȟȜȤȢȖȔ- ȡȯȣȤȔȖȢȖȯșȡȢȤȠȯ, ȖȦȢȠȫȜȥȟșȜȡȢȤȠȯȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȢȗȢȣȤȔȖȔ,

ȖȟȲȕȢȝȣȤȔȖȢȖȢȝȥȜȥȦșȠșȡșȜțȕșȚȡȢȣȤȜȥȧȦȥȦȖȧșȦȱȟșȠșȡȦ ȜȩȥȧȘșȕȡȢȗȢȦȢȟȞȢȖȔȡȜȓ. ǗȥșȗȘȔȕȧȘșȦȥȧȭșȥȦȖȢȖȔȦȰȡșȢȕȩȢ- ȘȜȠȢȥȦȰȣȤȢȓȥȡșȡȜȓȡșȓȥȡȯȩȠȢȠșȡȦȢȖȜȔȘȔȣȦȔȪȜȜȣȤȔȖȢȖȯȩ ȡȢȤȠȞȠșȡȓȲȭȜȠȥȓȢȕȥȦȢȓȦșȟȰȥȦȖȔȠ. ǗȥȔȠȢȠȘșȟș, ȖȗȢȥȧ- ȘȔȤȥȦȖȔȩ — ȧȫȔȥȦȡȜȞȔȩ ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ ȣȤȢȗȤșȥȥȜȖȡȢș ȤȔțȖȜȦȜș ȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȢȗȢȣȤȔȖȔȣȢȥȤșȘȥȦȖȢȠȥȧȘșȕȡȢȗȢȣȤȔȖȢȦȖȢȤȫșȥȦȖȔȢȕ- ȭșȣȤȜțȡȔȡȡȢ Ȝ ȓȖȟȓșȦȥȓ ȡșȢȕȩȢȘȜȠȯȠ ȱȟșȠșȡȦȢȠ ȣȤȔȖȢȖȢȝ ȦȤȔȘȜȪȜȜ. ǤȤȜȦȢȟȞȢȖȔȡȜȜȥȦȔȦȰȜ7 ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜȡșȟȰțȓȣȤȜȝ- ȦȜȞȖȯȖȢȘȧ, ȫȦȢȢȡȔțȔȣȤșȭȔșȦȣȢȥȦșȣșȡȡȢșȣȤȢȓȥȡșȡȜșȣȤȔ- ȖȜȟ ȣȤȜȖȟșȫșȡȜȓ Ȟ ȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȢȝ ȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖșȡȡȢȥȦȜ ȣȢȥȤșȘȥȦȖȢȠ ȥȧȘșȕȡȢȗȢȦȢȟȞȢȖȔȡȜȓ, ȢȥȧȭșȥȦȖȟȓșȠȢȗȢȖ ȞȔȚȘȢȠȞȢȡȞȤșȦ- ȡȢȠ Șșȟș, ȧȫȜȦȯȖȔȓ, ȫȦȢ șȗȢ ȤșțȧȟȰȦȔȦ ȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖȧșȦ ȩȔȤȔȞ- ȦșȤȧ ȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȡȢȗȢ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓ Ȝ ȠȢȚȡȢ ȥ ȘȢȥȦȔȦȢȫȡȯȠȜ ȢȥȡȢȖȔȡȜȓȠȜșȗȢȣȤșȘȖȜȘșȦȰ(ȧȣȢȠȓȡȧȦȢșȖȯȬșȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟș- ȡȜșǖȢȟȰȬȢȝǤȔȟȔȦȯǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢǦȧȘȔȣȢȘșȟȧ«ǦȦȤșȟșȪ, ǟșȥȥȟșȤ Ȝ ǟȤșȡȪ ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ǘșȤȠȔȡȜȜ», § 50).

(d)ǣȕȮșȠȣȢȡȓȦȜȓȣȤșȘȥȞȔțȧșȠȢȥȦȜȖțȡȔȫȜȦșȟȰȡȢȝȥȦșȣș- ȡȜ țȔȖȜȥȜȦ ȢȦ ȥȢȘșȤȚȔȡȜȓ ȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖȧȲȭșȗȢȡȢȤȠȔȦȜȖȡȢȗȢ ȣȤȔȖȢȖȢȗȢȔȞȦȔ, ȢȦȢȦȡȢȬșȡȜȝ, ȡȔȞȢȦȢȤȯșȢȡȤȔȥȣȤȢȥȦȤȔȡȓ- șȦȥȓ, ȔȦȔȞȚșȢȦȞȢȟȜȫșȥȦȖȔȟȜȪ, ȞȢȦȢȤȯȠȢȡȔȘȤșȥȢȖȔȡ, ȜȢȦ Ȝȩ ȥȦȔȦȧȥȔ. ǜȔȞȢȡ ȠȢȚșȦ ȢȦȖșȫȔȦȰ ȦȤșȕȢȖȔȡȜȲ ȣȤșȘȥȞȔțȧ- șȠȢȥȦȜ ȘȔȚș ȦȢȗȘȔ, ȞȢȗȘȔ țȔȜȡȦșȤșȥȢȖȔȡȡȢș ȟȜȪȢ ȖȯȡȧȚȘș- ȡȢ ȢȕȤȔȦȜȦȰȥȓ țȔ ȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖȧȲȭșȝ ȲȤȜȘȜȫșȥȞȢȝ ȞȢȡȥȧȟȰ- ȦȔȪȜșȝ, ȫȦȢȕȯ ȢȪșȡȜȦȰ Ȗ ȤȔțȧȠȡȢȝ Ȗ ȢȕȥȦȢȓȦșȟȰȥȦȖȔȩ ȘșȟȔ ȥȦșȣșȡȜ ȖȢțȠȢȚȡȯș ȣȢȥȟșȘȥȦȖȜȓ ȦȢȗȢ ȜȟȜ ȜȡȢȗȢ ȘșȝȥȦȖȜȓ. Ǘ ȢȥȢȕșȡȡȢȥȦȜ ȱȦȢ ȢȦȡȢȥȜȦȥȓ Ȟ ȟȜȪȔȠ, țȔȡȜȠȔȲȭȜȠȥȓ ȣȤȢ- ȨșȥȥȜȢȡȔȟȰȡȢȝ ȘșȓȦșȟȰȡȢȥȦȰȲ, ȞȢȦȢȤȯș ȣȤȜ ȜȥȣȢȟȡșȡȜȜ ȥȖȢȜȩ ȢȕȓțȔȡȡȢȥȦșȝ ȘȢȟȚȡȯ ȘșȝȥȦȖȢȖȔȦȰ ȥ ȕȢȟȰȬȢȝ ȢȥȦȢ- ȤȢȚȡȢȥȦȰȲ. Ǘ ȥȖȓțȜ ȥ ȱȦȜȠ ȠȢȚȡȢ ȢȚȜȘȔȦȰ, ȫȦȢ ȢȡȜ ȢȥȢ- ȕșȡȡȢ ȦȭȔȦșȟȰȡȢ ȣȢȘȢȝȘȧȦ Ȟ ȢȪșȡȞș ȢȣȔȥȡȢȥȦșȝ, ȥȖȓțȔȡȡȯȩ ȥ ȦȔȞȢȗȢ ȤȢȘȔ ȘșȓȦșȟȰȡȢȥȦȰȲ (ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜș ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȢȦ 10 ȢȞȦȓȕȤȓ 2006 ȗ. ȣȢ Șșȟȧ «ǤșȥȥȜȡȢ ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ǩȤȔȡ-

ȪȜȜ» [Pessino v. France], ȚȔȟȢȕȔ ǔ 40403/02, § 33).

(e)ǦȢȗȟȔȥȡȢȢȕȭȜȠȣȤȜȡȪȜȣȔȠȣȤȔȖȔ, ȣȢȘȥȧȘȜȠȯșȡșȠȢȗȧȦ ȢȣȤȔȖȘȯȖȔȦȰȘșȝȥȦȖȜȓ, țȔȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȜșȞȢȦȢȤȯȩȜȠȕȯȟȖȯȡșȥșȡ ȢȕȖȜȡȜȦșȟȰȡȯȝ ȣȤȜȗȢȖȢȤ, ȣȤȢȥȦȢ ȣȢȞȔțȯȖȔȓ, ȫȦȢ ȢȡȜ ȨȔȞȦȜ- ȫșȥȞȜ ȜȠșȟȜ ȠșȥȦȢ Ȝ ȣȢȱȦȢȠȧ ȖȢȬȟȜ Ȗ ȢȕȜȩȢȘ. ǦȟșȘȢȖȔȦșȟȰ- ȡȢ, ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖșȡȡȔȓ ȣȤȔȞȦȜȞȔ, țȔȞȟȲȫȔȲȭȔȓȥȓ Ȗ ȦȢȠ, ȫȦȢȕȯ ȦșȤȣșȦȰȜȟȜȣȢȢȭȤȓȦȰȢȣȤșȘșȟșȡȡȯșȘșȝȥȦȖȜȓ, ȞȢȦȢȤȯșȣȢȡȔ- ȪȜȢȡȔȟȰȡȢȠȧȜȟȜȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȠȧȣȤȔȖȧȥȫȜȦȔȲȦȥȓȣȤșȥȦȧȣ- ȟșȡȜȓȠȜ, ȜȫȧȖȥȦȖȢȕșțȡȔȞȔțȔȡȡȢȥȦȜ, ȞȢȦȢȤȢșȦȔȞȔȓȣȤȔȞȦȜȞȔ ȣȢȤȢȚȘȔșȦ Ȗ Ȧșȩ ȟȲȘȓȩ, ȞȢȦȢȤȯș Ȝȩ ȥȢȖșȤȬȔȲȦ, ȡș ȣȤșȣȓȦ- ȥȦȖȧȲȦ ȦȢȠȧ, ȫȦȢȕȯ ȣȤșȘȔȖȔȦȰ ȱȦȜȩ ȟȲȘșȝ ȥȧȘȧ Ȝ ȡȔțȡȔȫȔȦȰ ȜȠȡȔȞȔțȔȡȜș(ȧȣȢȠȓȡȧȦȢșȖȯȬșȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜșǖȢȟȰȬȢȝǤȔ- ȟȔȦȯ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȣȢ Șșȟȧ «ǦȦȤșȟșȪ, ǟșȥȥȟșȤ Ȝ ǟȤșȡȪ ȣȤȢȦȜȖǘșȤȠȔȡȜȜ», § 74, § 77—79 Ȝ§ 87—88).

(f)Ǘ ȥȟȧȫȔș ȣȤȔȖȢȣȤșșȠȥȦȖȔ ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖ ȜȟȜ ȜțȠșȡșȡȜȓ ȣȢȟȜȦȜȫșȥȞȢȗȢ ȤșȚȜȠȔ ȡȔ ȦșȤȤȜȦȢȤȜȜ ȥȦȤȔȡȯ ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖȢ, ȤȧȞȢȖȢȘȥȦȖȧȲȭșșȥȓȣȤȜȡȪȜȣȢȠȣȤȔȖȔ, ȠȢȚșȦ ȡȔȔȕȥȢȟȲȦȡȢ țȔȞȢȡȡȯȩ ȢȥȡȢȖȔȡȜȓȩ ȖȢțȕȧȘȜȦȰ ȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȢș ȘșȟȢ Ȗ ȢȦȡȢȬș- ȡȜȜ ȟȜȪ, ȥȢȖșȤȬȜȖȬȜȩ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓ ȣȤȜ ȣȤșȚȡșȠ ȤșȚȜȠș;

ȔȡȔȟȢȗȜȫȡȯȠ ȢȕȤȔțȢȠ ȥȧȘȯ ȱȦȢȗȢ ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖȔ, ȣȤȜȬșȘȬȜș ȡȔ ȥȠșȡȧ ȥȧȘȔȠ, ȞȢȦȢȤȯș ȥȧȭșȥȦȖȢȖȔȟȜ ȤȔȡșș, ȡșȟȰțȓ ȞȤȜ- ȦȜȞȢȖȔȦȰ țȔ ȣȤȜȠșȡșȡȜș Ȝ ȦȢȟȞȢȖȔȡȜș ȘșȝȥȦȖȢȖȔȖȬȜȩ Ȗ ȦȢ ȖȤșȠȓ ȣȤȔȖȢȖȯȩ ȡȢȤȠ ȥ ȦȢȫȞȜ țȤșȡȜȓ ȣȤȜȡȪȜȣȢȖ ȣȤȔȖȢȖȢȗȢ ȗȢȥȧȘȔȤȥȦȖȔ (ȦȔȠ Țș, § 81, Ȕ ȦȔȞȚș ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜș ǖȢȟȰȬȢȝ ǤȔȟȔȦȯǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢǦȧȘȔȣȢȘșȟȧ«K.-H.W. ȣȤȢȦȜȖǘșȤȠȔ-

ȡȜȜ» [K.-H.W. v. Germany], ȚȔȟȢȕȔ ǔ 37201/97, § 84, ǦȕȢȤ-

ȡȜȞȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȝȜȤșȬșȡȜȝǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢǦȧȘȔȣȢȣȤȔȖȔȠ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ [ECHR] 2001-II (ȜțȖȟșȫșȡȜȓ)).

115. ǣȦȡȢȥȜȦșȟȰȡȢ ȣȧȡȞȦȔ 2 ȥȦȔȦȰȜ 7 ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ ȞȢȡȖșȡ- ȪȜȢȡȡȯș ȢȤȗȔȡȯ țȔȓȖȟȓȟȜ ȥȟșȘȧȲȭșș:

(Ȕ) ȣȧȡȞȦ 2 ȥȦȔȦȰȜ 7 ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ, ȞȔȥȔȲȭȜȝȥȓ «ȢȥȧȚȘșȡȜȓ ȜȡȔȞȔțȔȡȜȓȟȲȕȢȗȢȟȜȪȔțȔȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȜșȞȔȞȢȗȢ-ȟȜȕȢȘșȓȡȜȓ ȜȟȜ țȔ ȕșțȘșȝȥȦȖȜș, ȞȢȦȢȤȢș Ȗ ȠȢȠșȡȦ șȗȢ ȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȜȓ ȓȖ- ȟȓȟȢȥȰ ȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȯȠ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜșȠ Ȗ ȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖȜȜ ȥ ȢȕȭȜȠȜ ȣȤȜȡȪȜȣȔȠȜ ȣȤȔȖȔ, ȣȤȜțȡȔȡȡȯȠȜ ȪȜȖȜȟȜțȢȖȔȡȡȯȠȜ ȥȦȤȔȡȔ- ȠȜ», ȣȤșȘȥȦȔȖȟȓșȦ ȥȢȕȢȝ ȜȥȞȟȲȫșȡȜș Ȝț ȢȕȭșȗȢ ȣȤȜȡȪȜȣȔ, ȥȨȢȤȠȧȟȜȤȢȖȔȡȡȢȗȢȖȣȧȡȞȦș1 ȱȦȢȝȥȦȔȦȰȜ. ǧȔȞȜȠȢȕȤȔțȢȠ, ȱȦȜ ȘȖȔ ȣȧȡȞȦȔ ȖțȔȜȠȢȥȖȓțȔȡȯ, Ȝ ȦȢȟȞȢȖȔȡȜș ȢȘȡȢȗȢ Ȝț ȡȜȩ ȡș ȘȢȟȚȡȢ ȣȤȢȦȜȖȢȤșȫȜȦȰ ȦȢȟȞȢȖȔȡȜȲ ȘȤȧȗȢȗȢ (ȤșȬșȡȜș ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢǦȧȘȔȢȦ12 ȘșȞȔȕȤȓ2002 ȗ. ȣȢȘșȟȧ«ǧșȥȥȣȤȢ- ȦȜȖ ǠȔȦȖȜȜ» [Tess v. Latvia], ȚȔȟȢȕȔ ǔ 34854/02).

(b) ǟȔȞ ȣȢȞȔțȯȖȔșȦ ȜȥȦȢȤȜȓ ȤȔțȤȔȕȢȦȞȜ ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ, Ȫș- ȟȰȲ ȣȧȡȞȦȔ 2 ȥȦȔȦȰȜ 7 ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ ȓȖȟȓșȦȥȓ ȧȦȢȫȡȜȦȰ, ȫȦȢ ȥȦȔȦȰȓ 7 ȡș ȢȦȡȢȥȜȦȥȓ Ȟ țȔȞȢȡȔȠ, ȣȤȜȡȓȦȯȠ Ȗ ȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȡȢ ȜȥȞȟȲȫȜȦșȟȰȡȯȩ ȢȕȥȦȢȓȦșȟȰȥȦȖȔȩ Ȗ ȞȢȡȪș ǗȦȢȤȢȝ ȠȜȤȢȖȢȝ ȖȢȝȡȯ Ȗ Ȫșȟȓȩ ȣȤșȥșȫșȡȜȓ ȖȢșȡȡȯȩ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȝ, ȣȤșȘȔ- ȦșȟȰȥȦȖȔ Ȝ ȥȢȦȤȧȘȡȜȫșȥȦȖȔ ȥ ȣȤȢȦȜȖȡȜȞȢȠ; ȥȢȢȦȖșȦȥȦȖșȡȡȢ ȢȡȔȡȜȞȢȜȠȢȕȤȔțȢȠȡșȢȥȧȚȘȔșȦȱȦȜțȔȞȢȡȯȥȲȤȜȘȜȫșȥȞȢȝ ȜȟȜ ȠȢȤȔȟȰȡȢȝ ȦȢȫȞȜ țȤșȡȜȓ (ȤșȬșȡȜș ǟȢȠȜȥȥȜȜ ȣȢ ȣȤȔȖȔȠ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ ȢȦ 20 ȜȲȟȓ 1957 ȗ. ȣȢ Șșȟȧ «X. ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ǖșȟȰȗȜȜ» [X. v. Belgium], ȚȔȟȢȕȔ ǔ 268/57, ǚȚșȗȢȘȡȜȞ ȣȢ ȣȤȔȖȔȠ ȫș- ȟȢȖșȞȔ [Yearbook], ǔ 1, ȥ. 241). DzȦȔ ȟȢȗȜȞȔ ȣȤȜȠșȡȜȠȔ Ȝ Ȟ ȥȢȖșȤȬșȡȡȯȠ Ȗ ȦȢ ȖȤșȠȓ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓȠ ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ȫșȟȢȖșȫșȥ- ȦȖȔ (ȤșȬșȡȜș ǟȢȠȜȥȥȜȜ ȣȢ ȣȤȔȖȔȠ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ ȢȦ 13 ȓȡȖȔȤȓ 1997 ȗ. ȣȢ Șșȟȧ «ǧȧȖȰș ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ǩȤȔȡȪȜȜ» [Touvier v. France], ȚȔȟȢȕȔ ǔ 29420/95, ǦȕȢȤȡȜȞ ȤșȬșȡȜȝȜ ȘȢȞȟȔȘȢȖǚȖȤȢȣșȝ- ȥȞȢȝ ȞȢȠȜȥȥȜȜ ȣȢ ȣȤȔȖȔȠ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ [DR] 88, ȥ. 148; Ȕ ȦȔȞȚș ȤșȬșȡȜș ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȣȢ Șșȟȧ «ǤȔȣȢȡ ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ǩȤȔȡ-

ȪȜȜ (ǔ 2)» [Papon v. France (no. 2)], ȚȔȟȢȕȔ ǔ 54210/00,

ǦȕȢȤȡȜȞ ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜȝ Ȝ ȤșȬșȡȜȝ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȣȢ ȣȤȔȖȔȠ ȫșȟȢȖșȞȔ [ECHR] 2001-XII (ȜțȖȟșȫșȡȜȓ)).

(b) ǤȤȜȠșȡșȡȜș ȜțȟȢȚșȡȡȯȩ ȖȯȬș ȣȤȜȡȪȜȣȢȖ Ȗ ȡȔȥȦȢ- ȓȭșȠ Șșȟș

(i) ǟ ȣȧȡȞȦȧ 1 ȥȦȔȦȰȜ 7 ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ

116. ǤȤȜȡȜȠȔȓ ȖȢ ȖȡȜȠȔȡȜș ȜțȟȢȚșȡȡȯș ȖȯȬș ȣȤȜȡȪȜ- ȣȯ, ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȜȝ ǦȧȘ ȢȦȠșȫȔșȦ, ȫȦȢ Ȗ șȗȢ țȔȘȔȫȜ ȡș ȖȩȢȘȜȦ ȖȯȥȞȔțȯȖȔȦȰ ȥȖȢș ȠȡșȡȜș Ȣȕ ȜȡȘȜȖȜȘȧȔȟȰȡȢȝ ȧȗȢȟȢȖȡȢȝ ȢȦ- ȖșȦȥȦȖșȡȡȢȥȦȜ țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȓ, ȣȢȥȞȢȟȰȞȧ ȢȪșȡȞȔ ȱȦȢȗȢ ȖȢȣȤȢȥȔ ȘȢȟȚȡȔȣȤȢȜțȖȢȘȜȦȰȥȓȖȣșȤȖȧȲȢȫșȤșȘȰȡȔȪȜȢȡȔȟȰȡȯȠȜȥȧ- ȘȔȠȜ. ǚȘȜȡȥȦȖșȡȡȔȓ țȔȘȔȫȔ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ — ȢȦȖșȦȜȦȰ ȡȔ ȖȢȣȤȢȥ, ȓȖȟȓȟȜȥȰ ȟȜ ȥ ȦȢȫȞȜ țȤșȡȜȓ ȣȧȡȞȦȔ 1 ȥȦȔȦȰȜ 7 ǟȢȡȖșȡȪȜȜ ȘșȝȥȦȖȜȓ țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȓ 27 ȠȔȓ 1944 ȗ. ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟș- ȡȜȓȠȜ, ȥȢȥȦȔȖ ȞȢȦȢȤȯȩ ȕȯȟ ȢȣȤșȘșȟșȡ Ȗ ȡȔȪȜȢȡȔȟȰȡȢȠ țȔ- ȞȢȡȢȘȔȦșȟȰȥȦȖș ȜȟȜ Ȗ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȠ ȣȤȔȖș ȥ ȘȢȥȦȔȦȢȫȡȢȝ ȥȦșȣșȡȰȲ ȢȥȢțȡȔȡȡȢȥȦȜ Ȝ ȣȤșȘȥȞȔțȧșȠȢȥȦȜ(ȥȠ. ȧȣȢȠȓȡȧȦȢș ȖȯȬș ȣȢȥȦȔȡȢȖȟșȡȜș ǖȢȟȰȬȢȝ ǤȔȟȔȦȯ ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȢȗȢ ǦȧȘȔ ȣȢ Șșȟȧ «K.-H.W. ȣȤȢȦȜȖ ǘșȤȠȔȡȜȜ», § 46).

Ơ. Ǘ ȦȢȠ, ȫȦȢ ȞȔȥȔșȦȥȓ ȠșȚȘȧȡȔȤȢȘȡȢȗȢ ȣȤȔȖȔ

117. ǚȖȤȢȣșȝȥȞȜȝ ǦȧȘ ȢȦȠșȫȔșȦ, ȫȦȢ țȔȓȖȜȦșȟȲ ȕȯȟȢ ȡȔ- țȡȔȫșȡȢ ȡȔȞȔțȔȡȜș Ȗ ȖȜȘș ȟȜȬșȡȜȓ ȥȖȢȕȢȘȯ ȥȢȗȟȔȥȡȢ ȥȦȔ- ȦȰș 68-3 ȣȤșȚȡșȗȢ ǨȗȢȟȢȖȡȢȗȢ ȞȢȘșȞȥȔ, ȖȖșȘșȡȡȢȝ Ȗ Șșȝ- ȥȦȖȜș ǜȔȞȢȡȢȠ «ǣ ȖȢșȡȡȯȩ ȣȤșȥȦȧȣȟșȡȜȓȩ» ȢȦ 6 ȔȣȤșȟȓ