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INDEX
accession of EU to ECHR, 8–9, 23, 301–33, 398
Bosphorus doctrine and, 310–12, 332 co-respondent mechanism and,
325–31, 398
current suspension of negotiations, 319–20
‘Discussion Document’ on (ECJ), 315–16, 321
European Commission and, 313, 315, 322
new issues raised by, xi, 4 point or purpose of, 330–3
prior involvement mechanism and, 313–17, 320, 328, 331–2, 398
procedural issues and, 58 relationship between ECJ and
ECtHR prior to, 301–8 role of European courts in
negotiations, 312–18 administration and budget of ECtHR,
291–8
administrative discretion, origins in concept of margin of appreciation in, 64–5
Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organisation (ILOAT), 337
admissibility criteria, 36–8, 51–3, 55–9, 391
advisory opinion of ECtHR on election of judges, 268–71
advisory opinions, 48–50 Albania
legal representation in, 48 remedies in unfair domestic legal
proceedings, 152
Alexy, Robert, 75, 82
Andenas, Mads, vii, 22, 181, 392, 397–8, 401
Andorra
legal representation in, 48 responsibility for administration of
justice in, 351
Arai-Takahashi, Yutaka, vii, 21, 62, 397, 399
Armenia, legal representation in, 48 Article 46 judgments, 161, 166–71 asymmetrical relationship between ECJ
and ECtHR, 302–3 Austria
court fees in, 46
legal representation in, 48 authority-based legitimacy, 126–35 autonomous concepts doctrine, 113,
122, 124, 189–90
Azerbaijan, legal representation in, 48
Bandinter, Robert, 236 Barkhuysen, T., 55 Belgium
judges, nomination of, 267 legal representation in, 48
national implementation of ECHR rights in, 204–6, 260
Bernhardt, Rudolf, 1 Bernstorff, Jochen von, 234
Besselink, Leonard, vii, 23, 301, 392, 398, 400–1
Bingham, Lord, 203–4
Bjorge, Eirik, vii, 22, 181, 392, 397–9, 401
blacklists, UN, 338 Bogdandy, Armin von, 183
430
index |
431 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina
pilot judgment procedures involving, 163–4
remedies in unfair domestic legal proceedings, 152
UN peacekeepers and military operations in, 344, 356
Bosphorus doctrine, 310–12, 332, 380–3, 400
Bratza, Sir Nicholas, 213 Brauch, J. A., 81 Breyer, S., 42
Brighton Declaration (2012), 3, 6, 8, 43–54, 178, 299
budget and administration of ECtHR, 291–8
Bulgaria, pilot judgment procedures involving, 162
Cameron, Iain, vii, 20–1, 25, 390, 394–7 Canada, on travel bans, 371
Carozza, Paolo G., 91 Cassese, Antonio, 352, 356
CDDH (Steering Committee for Human Rights), 44–7, 50–1, 279
Centre for Advanced Study, Norway, xi Chechnya, 171, 174
Christoffersen, Jonas, 2, 4 CJEU. See Court of Justice of the
European Union (CJEU) and ECtHR
Clarke, Kenneth, 166 coordination-based legitimacy, 133–5 co-respondent mechanism, 325–31, 398 Cohen-Eliya, Moshe, 94, 104
CoM. See Committee of Ministers comity, principle of, 15–16, 401 commitment-based legitimacy, 126,
136–41
committee form, decision of cases in, 53 Committee of Ministers (CoM)
advisory opinion of ECtHR on election of judges and, 268–71
budget of ECtHR and, 291–4 expert panel to advise on election of
judges, 272–5
implementation of Court judgments by, 275–91, 398
judges, involvement in election of, 264, 266, 268–75, 296–8
Liaison Committee, 295 relationship with ECtHR and
PACE, 264, 288, 299–300, 395, 397
remedies used by ECtHR and, 152, 161, 176, 179
Resolution (97)9 on status and conditions of service of ECtHR judges, 296–8
unfair domestic legal proceedings, re-opening of, 152
voting rights, 319–20
common law, development of rights in, 203–4
competing rights and freedoms, balancing, 77–8
consistency issues case law, 53–4, 60
margin of appreciation doctrine, 79–80
principles, Court obligation of consistency of, 140 constitutional issues, 11, 106, 332,
390–1, 394, 402
Costa, Jean-Paul, 186, 272, 294–5 Council of Europe institutions and ECtHR, 8, 22–3, 263–300.
See also Committee of Ministers; Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe
autonomy of ECtHR, 294–8 budget and administration, 291–8
implementation of Court judgments, 275–91, 398
judges, election of, 264–75
judicial role of Court, expansion of, 263–4
relationship between PACE, CoM, and ECtHR, 264, 288, 299–300, 394–5
court fees, proposal to introduce, 46–7
Court of First Instance of the European Union (CFI; now General Court), on freezing orders,
374–6
432 |
index |
Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and ECtHR.
See also European Court of Justice CFI (now General Court) on freezing
orders, 374–6
EU and ECtHR, relationship between, 8–9, 23
general interpretative guidelines for national courts, CJEU’s efforts to create, 49
prior review by CJEU, 392 proportionality, use of principle
of, 19
relationship between, xi, 4 subsidiarity principle and, 400
CPT (European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment), 207
Crawford, James, 181, 190 Croatia, legal representation in, 48
cultural values, recognition/rejection of, 97–103
Czech Republic
legal representation in, 48 national implementation of
ECHR rights in, 184–5, 192, 202–3, 260
damages, pecuniary and nonpecuniary, 147–8
de minimis rule, 391, 396
democratic control and independence of Court, balancing, 14
detainees, release of, 157–60 Directorate General for Human Rights,
265
Dublin Regulation, 333
Dworkin, Ronald, 76, 82–3, 86, 124, 140
dynamic interpretation doctrine, 2, 21, 106–41, 397
after reform of Protocol 11 (1998), 115–22
autonomous concepts doctrine and, 113, 122, 124
before reform of Protocol 11 (1998), 109–15
common or shared standards as factor, 108
constitutions and, 106 emergent consensus or common
value, reliance on, 116–22 human rights law and, 107–8 legitimacy of moral reading of
ECHR, 125–6.
See also legitimacy of ECtHR margin of appreciation versus, 89,
113–15, 121, 125, 188
moral reading of ECHR, 122–5, 397 national implementation of ECHR
rights and, 185–6, 188, 190–2, 259
present-day standards as factor, 108 respondent state’s standards,
decisive importance not assigned to, 109
ECHR. See European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
ECJ. See European Court of Justice ECSC (European Coal and Steel
Community) protections regarding international organisations, 334
ECtHR. See European Court of Human Rights
effective control doctrine, 350–7 effectiveness, principle of, 10–12, 17–19, 263, 278, 396–8
efficiency of ECtHR system, 395–6 Eisenhower, Dwight, 42
enforced disappearance cases, 171 erga omnes, 3, 53
Estonia, legal representation in, 48 EULEX, 359
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) protections regarding international organisations, 334
European Commission, on accession of EU to ECHR, 313, 315, 322
European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT), 207
index |
433 |
European consensus
dynamic interpretation doctrine and, 109–15
margin of appreciation doctrine and, 87–9, 99–100
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR). See also accession of EU to ECHR; dynamic interpretation doctrine; national implementation of ECHR rights
effectiveness, principle of, 17–19 effectuation of, ECtHR’s focus on, 2 extra-territorial jurisdiction under
Article 1 ECHR, 361–6, 392, 398
immunity of EU action under (Bosphorus doctrine), 310–12, 332
moral reading of, 122–5
procedural statute, creation of, 44–6 European Court of Human Rights
(ECtHR), xi
accession of EU to ECHR and, 8–9, 23, 301–33, 398.
See also accession of EU to ECHR
advisory opinions on election of judges, 268–71
autonomy of, 294–8
budget and administration, 291–8 changing circumstances and
institutional setting, in 1–6 CJEU and, xi, 4. See also Court of
Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and ECtHR
common legal principles guiding analysis of, xii, 10–12
Council of Europe institutions and, 8, 22–3, 263–300. See also Council of Europe institutions and ECtHR
democratic control and independence of Court, balancing, 14
dynamic interpretation doctrine, 2, 21, 106–41, 397.
See also dynamic interpretation doctrine
ECJ, relationship to, 301–8, 317 efficiency of, 395–6
EU and, 8–9, 23, 301–33.
See also European Union and ECtHR
expert panel to advise on election of judges, 272–5
extra-territiorial jurisdiction, 361–6, 392, 398
implementation of judgments, role in, 276, 291
importance of decisions for fundamental rights conceptions, 391
international organisations and, 9–10, 334–5
judges, Court involvement in election of, 268–75
judicial cooperation and interaction, principles governing, 15–17
judicial role, expansion of, 263–4 jus dicere role of, 263
legitimacy issues, 12–15, 389–94. See also legitimacy of ECtHR
margin of appreciation doctrine, 21, 62–105. See also margin of appreciation doctrine
member states and, 6–8, 20–1 national courts and, 22, 181–262,
397–8. See also national implementation of ECHR rights
procedural issues, 20–1, 25–61. See also procedural issues
remedies, 22, 142–80, 397. See also remedies
success rates of applicants, 391 UN and, 4, 24, 334–88, 392.
See also United Nations and ECtHR
European Court of Justice (ECJ) accession negotiations, role in,
312–18
autonomy and uniqueness, efforts to protect, 331
co-respondent mechanism and, 329, 331
434 |
index |
European Court of Justice (ECJ) (cont.) ‘Discussion Document’ on accession negotiations, 315–16, 321 exhaustion of domestic remedies,
332
freezing orders, on 372–87
Joint Communication with ECtHR on accession, 317
national enforcement of international directions or orders, on 367–8
prior involvement mechanism, 313–17, 320, 328, 331–2, 398
relationship between ECtHR and ECJ prior to EU accession to ECHR, 301–8
standard of scrutiny for claims regarding fundamental rights, 303
European Union and ECtHR, 8–9, 23, 301–33. See also accession of EU to ECHR
Bosphorus doctrine, 310–12, 332 co-respondent mechanism, 325–31,
398
ECJ and ECtHR, 301–8
Foreign and Security Policy of EU, 319–20
national enforcement of international directions or orders, 367–8
evolutive interpretation. See dynamic interpretation
exhaustion of domestic remedies, 53, 332
expert panel to advise on election of judges, 272–5
expertise-based legitimacy, 129–33 extra-territorial jurisdiction of ECtHR,
361–6, 392, 398
FAO (Food and Agriculture
Organisation), 337
fees, proposal to introduce, 46–7 filtering, 33–5, 50–1, 57 Føllesdal, Andreas, viii, 1, 389
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), 337
Foreign and Security Policy, EU, 319–20
France
accession of EU to ECHR, objections to, 319
administrative discretion in, 65 Andorra, responsibility for
administration of justice in, 351 appeals accepted by Cours de
Cassation, 56
legal representation in, 48 national implementation of ECHR
rights in, 194–7, 217, 219, 236, 260
Franck, Thomas, 14 freezing orders, 372–87 FREMP (Working Party on
Fundamental Rights, Citizens Rights and Free Movement of Persons), 318, 320
Gaja, Giorgio, 346
General Court (formerly Court of First Instance of the European Union or CFI), on freezing orders, 374–6
Georgia, legal representation in, 48 Germany
administrative discretion in, 65 federal responsibility for interests of
Länder in, 341
national implementation of ECHR rights in, 183, 218–37, 239, 260–1
pilot judgment procedures involving, 163
Giegerich, Thomas, 219
good faith, obligation of ECtHR to reason in, 140
Grant, Ruth W., 276
Greece, pilot judgment procedures involving, 163
Greer, Stephen, 74, 84–5
Group of Wise Persons Report (2007), 30–2, 57, 295
Guyomar, Mattias, 195, 217
Habermas, Jürgen, 104–5
Hale, Lady, 193, 203–4
index |
435 |
Hart, H. L. A., 72–3
Hölderlin, Friedrich, 233
HRC (Human Rights Committee),
UN, 339
Huber, Max, 192
Human Rights Committee (HRC),
UN, 339
Hungary, legal representation in, 48
IACtHR. See Inter-American Court of Human Rights
ICCPR. See International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
ICESCR (International Covenant on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights), no withdrawal from ratification of, 107
ICJ (International Court of Justice), responsibility doctrine of, 353, 355–6
ICTY (International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia), 336, 352
ILC (International Law Commission), 346, 349–50
ILOAT (Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organisation), 337
immunity of EU action under ECHR (Bosphorus doctrine), 310–12, 332
implementation of ECHR rights Court judgments, CoM
implementation of, 275–91, 398
national implementation.
See national implementation of ECHR rights
implied powers doctrine, 10–12, 15, 263, 278, 394–5
inadmissibility criteria, 36–8, 51–3, 55–9, 391
inconsistency. See consistency issues independence of the Court and
democratic control, balancing, 14
individual rights and public interests, balancing, 74–7
institutional/structural dimension of subsidiarity and margin of appreciation, 92–3
Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR)
budget of, 293 remedies of, 22, 172–7
interim measures, requests for, 52 Interlaken Declaration (2010), 6, 35,
43–54, 178
International Court of Justice (ICJ), responsibility doctrine of, 353, 355–6
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
ECHR and, 339
no withdrawal from ratification of, 107
International Covenant on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), no withdrawal from ratification of, 107
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), 336, 352
international directions or orders, national enforcement of. See national enforcement
of international directions or orders
International Law Commission (ILC), 346, 349–50
international organisations.
See also specific institutions
ECSC and, 334
ECtHR and, 9–10, 334–5 legitimacy of, 11
interpretation of ECHR. See dynamic interpretation doctrine, margin of appreciation doctrine
Iraq, international military operations in, 347, 359, 364–6
Italy
legal representation in, 48 national implementation of ECHR
rights in, 237–9, 260 repetitive cases, 41
Izmir Declaration (2011), 6, 43–54
436 |
index |
Joint Communication of ECJ and ECtHR on accession, 317
judges
advisory opinion of ECtHR on election of, 268–71
CoM involvement in election of, 264, 266, 268–75, 296–8
Court involvement in election of, 268–75
election to ECtHR by PACE, 264–75 expert panel to advise on election of,
272–5
member states, nomination by, 266–7, 302–3
national implementation of ECHR rights and, 259
procedural issues and, 33–5, 38 Resolution (97)9 on status and
conditions of service of, 296–8 judicial cooperation and interaction,
principles governing, 15–17 judicial deference and judicial restraint,
65
judicial dialogue between ECtHR and ECJ, 306–8
jus cogens, 137
jus dicere role of ECtHR, 263
Keller, Helen, 182, 206, 259, 389 Keohane, Robert O., 276 Khodorkovsky, Mihail, 158, 184, 261 Korean War, 358
Koskenniemi, Martii, 91 Kosovo, international military
operations in, 348, 351–3, 358, 360, 365
Kumm, Mathias, 17
Kuwait, international military operations in, 347
Lambert-Abdelgawad, Elisabeth, viii, 22–3, 394–5, 397–8
Latvia, legal representation in, 48 Leach, Philip, viii, 22, 142, 391, 398 legal representation before ECtHR, 47–8 legitimacy, national. See national
sovereignty
legitimacy of ECtHR, 12–15, 389–94
authority-based legitimacy, 126–35 causes of and explanations for crisis
regarding, 393–4 coordination-based legitimacy,
133–5
commitment-based legitimacy, 126, 136–41
continuing scepticism about and rejection of, 389–90, 392–3
expertise-based legitimacy, 129–33 good faith application of consistent
principles, as 140
moral reading of ECHR, justification for, 125–6
procedural issues and, 54–61 legitimacy of international institutions
generally, 11
Letsas, George, viii, 21, 74, 93, 106, 123–4, 391, 393, 397
Liaison Committee between CoM and ECtHR, 295
Libya, international military operations in, 349, 359
Liechtenstein, legal representation in, 48 Lisbon Treaty, 9–10, 309, 311, 316 Lithuania, Article 46 judgments against,
170
living instrument, ECHR as. See dynamic interpretation doctrine
London, Treaty of (1949), 1 Luxembourg, legal representation
in, 48
Maastricht Treaty, 303 Macdonald, Ronald. St. J., 63
Macedonia, former Yugoslav Republic of, legal representation in, 48
Madsen, Mikael Rask, 2, 4 Mahoney, Paul, 1
majoritarian preferences, 96–7, 101, 123, 397
Manneken Pis (Petit Julien), 304 Marchenko, Mihail N., 240
margin of appreciation doctrine, 21, 62–105
administrative discretion, origins in concept of, 64–5