INDEX

Acceptance

anticipatory breach . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 ascertained goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 defective goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23–24, 31–35 examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33–34 notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 rejection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32–34, 123 sale of goods . . . . . . . . . .23–24, 32–35,

68, 123 termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 time for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32–35 reasonable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32–35 Account of profits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Advance payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133–34 Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139–82 account of profits . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174 authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155–70 actual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149, 155–57 apparent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142, 149, 157–62 implied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

ostensible . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142, 149, 157–62 bailment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141, 155–57

bills of exchange . . . . . . . . . . . .161–62 breach of contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151 bribes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173–74 brokers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142 capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145, 148 care and skill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171 cohabitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149 collateral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167 commercial . . . . . . . . . . . .143, 151–52,

171, 177–79 commission . . . . . . . . . . .140, 143, 150, 173–74, 176–79 common law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150–51

conflict of interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175 contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139, 167, 171–72 creation of agency . . . . . . . . . . .144–45

custom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167

damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151–52 del credere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143 delegation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175–76 duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171–76 EC law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143, 146, 151 effective cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178–79 employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141 enduring powers

of attorney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143–44, 177–78 external relationships . . . . . .139, 150, 155–70 factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142

fiduciary duties . . . . . . . . . . . . .172–75 general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142 good faith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173 gratuitous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 indemnities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152 insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140, 172 intention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167 internal relationships . . . . . .139, 150,

171–82 liens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179 losses incurred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179 mercantile . . . . . . . . . . .60–63, 142–43 necessity, of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149–50 negligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172 operation of law, by . . . . . . . . .148–50 ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60–63 payment

conditions to

be satisfied. . . . . . . . . . . . . 177–79 rate of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176–77 powers of attorney . . . . . . . . . . . . .144 principals . . . . . . . . . .139–41, 144–48, 152, 156–57 agents, as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167–68

disclosed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161–65 duties towards . . . . . . . . . . 171–76 existence of . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145–46 non-existent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 rights against. . . . . . . . . . . . 176–79 undisclosed. . . . . . . . . . . . . 147–48,

161–65, 167

ratification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145–48 time,

within reasonable . . . . . . . . . . 148 transactions,

capable of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 relationships,

distinguished

from other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140–42 remedies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173–74 secret commission . . . . . . . . . . .173–74 self-employed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143 selling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140–41 special . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142 stock exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140 sub-agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175–76 termination of . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150–52 tort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171–72 trusts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141 types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142–44 warranties, implied . . . . . . . . .166–67

Agreements to sell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Anticipatory breach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Appropriation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46–47 Arrived ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208–09 Ascertained goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–14

description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82–83 frustration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 passing of property . . . . . . .13, 43–44 specific performance . . . . . . . . .4, 126 Auctions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Bailment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Banker’s commercial credits . . . . . 233–35 Bareboat charters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Bargaining power,

inequality of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106–07 Bills of exchange . . . . . . . . . . . 161–62, 233 Bills of lading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185, 189–200

apparent order

and condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Brandt v Liverpool

contracts. . . . . . . . . . . . 194–95, 196 bulk goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195 cesser clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215 charterparties . . . . . . . . . . . . .203, 206, 213–15 cif contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238

combined transport . . . . . . . . .197–98 contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191 contracts

evidence of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189–90 terms of, as. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 transferable . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193–94 delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . .25–26, 193–94 orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 demise clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214

distinguished from

other documents. . . . . . . . . 195–96 documents of title . . . . . . . . . . .25–26, 192–93 electronic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198

fob contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238 Grant v Norway rule . . . . . . . . . . . .193 Hague Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191–92, 194, 214 Hague-Visby Rules . . . . . . . . .192, 214

incorporation of

charterparty terms . . . . . . . 214–15 indorsements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190–95 international sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238 loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190–91 mate’s receipts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195 meaning of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189–92 negotiability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192 originals, set of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193 passing of property . . . . .194–95, 196 receipts for goods, as . . . . . . . .190–92 sea waybills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196 shippers, given to other . . . . . . . . .214 short form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195 shut out clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189 signing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191, 214 standard forms . . . . . . . . . . . .195, 214

through transport . . . . . . . . . . .195–96 title to sue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196 transfer of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192–94, 196, 214 voyage charterparties . . . . . .203, 206

Brandt v Liverpool

contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194–95, 196 Breach of contracts

See, also, Exemption and limitation clauses, Remedies

acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 anticipatory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 buyers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40–41, 123–24 conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123–24 damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40, 119 fundamental . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122, 123 ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40–41 rejection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123–24 remedies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40–41 repudiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122, 123 sellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40–41 termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121–22

Bribes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173–74 Building contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Bulk goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 bills of lading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195

consent by

co-owners, deemed . . . . . . . 48–49 ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47–50 passing of property . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 passing of risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69–70 samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 undivided shares in . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

Buyers

breach of contract . . . . .40–41, 123–24 cif contracts . . . . . . . . . . . .242, 244–46 conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123–24 fob contracts . . . . . . . . . . .250, 251–52 ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58–60 possession after sale, in . . . . . . .58–60 rejection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123–24 remedies . . . . . . . . . . . .40–41, 244–46,

251–52

C & F contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Carriage of goods by sea

See, also, Bills of lading, Charterparties . . . . . . . . . . . 185–87

containerisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186 Hague Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186–87 Hague-Visby Rules . . . . . . . . . .186–87 Hamburg Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187 multi-modal contracts . . .185–86, 187 statutory control . . . . . . . . . . . .186–87

Cesser clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Charterparties

See, also, Time charterparties, Voyage

charterparties . . . . . . . 187, 201–18 bareboat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202 bills of lading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213–15

incorporation of

terms into. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214–15 trip charters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202 types of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201–02 Choice of law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Cif contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241–48 bills of lading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238

buyers

duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 remedies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244–46 damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244, 245 defective documents . . . . . . . .244–45 defective goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245 definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241 delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245 finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235 fob contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249 insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235 passing of property . . . . . . . . .242–43 passing of risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243 price, action for the . . . . . . . . . .243–44 rejection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244

remedies

buyers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244–46 sellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243–44

seller’s duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241–42 remedies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243–44 specific performance . . . . . . . .245–46 termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243 unascertained goods . . . . . . . . . . .242 Collateral contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Combined transport. . . . . . . . 185–86, 187, 195–96

Commercial sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6, 104

Commission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140, 143, 150,

173–74, 176–79

Competitive tendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123–24 Conflict of laws. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Conflicts of interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Construction contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Consumers

defective goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 sale of goods . . . . . . . .5–6, 97, 110–15 unfair

contract terms . . . . 104–06, 110–15 Containerisation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

Contra proferentem rule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Contracts

See, also, Breach of contracts, Implied terms, Rescission, Sale of goods contracts, Standard form

contracts

agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139, 167, 171 bills of lading . . . . . . . .189–90, 193–94 carriage of

goods by sea . . . . . . . . . . . . 185–87 cif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235, 237, 238, 241–48 collateral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167

conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 defective goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77–78 exemption and

limitation clauses . . 42–43, 101–19

express terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77–78 fob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235, 237, 238, 249–56 inducing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79

multi-modal . . . . . . . . . . . .185–86, 187 passing of property . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 unconditional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 unfair contract terms . . . . . . . .104–15

Criminal liability

agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144 defective goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77, 97 trade descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . .77, 97 Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Custom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93, 167

Damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151–52 breach of contract . . . . . . . . . . .40, 119 cif contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244, 245 delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131 late. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 fob contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252, 253 liquidated . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120, 132–33 market rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129–31 misrepresentation . . . . . . . . . . . .80–81 mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129 notional loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40, 42 price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129–31 sale of goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128–33 specific performance . . . . . . . .126–27 sub-sale, loss of . . . . . . . . . . . . .130–31 substitute goods . . . . . . . . . . . .130–31

warranties of

quiet possession . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Defective goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77–100 acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 carelessness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 cif contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245 consumer protection . . . . . . . . . . . .97 contract, liability in . . . . . . . . . . .77–78 criminal liability . . . . . . . . . . . . .77, 97

EC law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77, 95–96 express terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77–78 fitness for purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 guarantees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95 implied terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81–94 intention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 liability for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77–81 manufacturers . . . . . . . . . . . .77, 94–96 misrepresentation . . . . . . . . . . . .78–81 negligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77, 96 passing of property . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 producers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77, 95–96 rejection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124–25 sale of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 satisfactory quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 sellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94–95 tort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77, 94–96 trade descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . .77, 97 written contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78

Del credere agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Delegation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175–76 Delivery

acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . .23–24, 31–35 bills of lading . . . . . . . . .25–26, 195–97 cif contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245 control, transfer of . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131

late. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 documents of title . . . . . . . . . . . .25–26 fob contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252 freight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225–26 hire purchase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 instalments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28–31 late . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27–28, 70 meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24–26 orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187 passing of property . . . . . . . . . .44–45 passing of risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69–70 payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23–24 place of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 quantity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28–30 refusal to accept . . . . . . . . . . . . .23–24 rejection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28–31

request, on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 sale of goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23–35 short . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28–30 third parties,

in possession of. . . . . . . . . . . 25–26 time charterparties . . . . . . . . . .212–13 time of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27–28 essence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 voyage charterparties . . . . . . .206–07 warehouses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25, 26 Demise charters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Demise clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Demurrage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201, 208, 211 Deposits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133–34

Description

ascertained goods . . . . . . . . . . . .82–83 implied terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82–85 meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83–84 satisfactory quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 sellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82–85 trade descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . .77, 97

Destruction of goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Director General

of Fair Trading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 Documentary credits. . . . . . . . . . . . 233–35 Documents of title

bills of lading . . . . . . . . .25–26, 194–95 delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25–26 Domestic sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

EC law

agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143, 146, 151 defective goods . . . . . . . . . . .77, 95, 96 guarantees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95 unfair contract terms . . . . . . . .110–15 Electronic bills of lading . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Estate agents. . . . . . . . . . . . 143–44, 177–78

Estoppel

hire purchase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 negligence, by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55–56 ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55–56 representation, by . . . . . . . . . . . .55–56

European Union

See EC law

Ex quay contracts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Ex ship contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Ex works contracts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33–34, 90 Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Exemption and

limitation clauses . . . . . . . . . . .101–18 common law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102–04 contra proferentem rule . . . . . . . . . .103 contract, as part of . . . . . . . . . .102–03 effectiveness of . . . . . . . . . . . . .103–04 implied terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101 interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 misrepresentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 notice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102–03 ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42–43 sale of goods . . . . . . . . .42–43, 101–18 statutory control . . . . . . . . . . . .104–10 tickets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 trade association rules . . . . . . .102–03 unfair contract terms . . . . . . . .104–15

Export Credits

Guarantee Department . . . . . . . . .235 Export licences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236–37

Fas contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Fiduciary duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172–75 Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232–35 Fitness for purpose

defective goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 implied terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91–92 purpose for which

goods required . . . . . . . . . . . 91–92 Fob contracts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249–54 bills of lading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238

buyers

duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 remedies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251–52 cif contracts and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249 classic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249 classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249 damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252, 253 definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249 delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252 documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250–51 finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235 insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237 passing of property . . . . . . . . .250–51 passing of risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251 price, action for the . . . . . . . . . .252–53 rejection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251–52

remedies

buyers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251–52 sellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252–53

sellers

duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 remedies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252–53 termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252 For/fot contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Fraud

misrepresentation . . . . .79, 80–81, 103 ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 performance bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . .236 voidable title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Freight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225–26 advance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225 back . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226 dead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226 delivery, payable on . . . . . . . . .225–26 liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 lump sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225 pro rata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225 set off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226 voyage charterparties . . . . . . . . . . .201

Frustration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71–73 Fundamental breach . . . . . . . . . . . 122, 123 Future goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–13

General average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Generic goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Gifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Good faith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112, 173 Goods

See, also, Ascertained goods, Bulk goods, Carriage

of goods by sea,

Defective goods, Sale of goods, Unascertained goods

definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 destruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 existing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12–13 future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12–13 generic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 non-existent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67–68 perished . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67–68, 73 software, as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111

Grant v Norway rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Guarantees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95, 133

Hague Rules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186–87, 219–20 application of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219–20

bills of lading . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191–92, 194, 214 employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220

Harter Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219 immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206 independent

contractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 limitation of liability . . . . . . . . . . . .220 provisions of the rules . . . . . . . . . .220 United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219 voyage

charterparties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Hague-Visby Rules. . . . . . . . . . . . 187, 192, 221–22 application of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221–22

bills of lading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214

independent contractors . . . . . . . .221 limitation of liability . . . . . . . . . . . .221 ratification of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221 Hamburg Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Harter Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Hire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 201, 211

Hire purchase

delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 estoppel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 finance companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 motor vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63–64 ownership . . . . . . . . . . . .41, 58, 63–64 sale of goods . . . . . . . . . . .9–10, 25, 55,

58, 63–64

Implied terms business efficacy,

in order to give . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 custom or trade usage . . . . . . . . . . .93 defective goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81–94 description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82–85 exemption and

limitation clauses . . . . . . . . . . . 101 fitness for purpose . . . . . . . . . . .91–92 rejection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 remedies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 sample, sale by . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92–93 satisfactory quality . . . . . . . . . . .95–90 unfair contract terms . . . . . . . . . . .104

Import licences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236–37 Improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Incoterms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253–54 Indemnities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Inequality of

bargaining power . . . . . . . . . . .106–08 Insolvency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51–52 Instalments

defective performance . . . . . . . .30–31 delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28–31

repudiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 series of

separate contracts. . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Insurance

agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140, 172 cif contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238 Export Credits

Guarantee Department . . . . . . 235 fob contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237 insurable interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237 international sales . . . . . . .235, 237–38 unfair contract terms . . . . . . . . . . .106

International sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231–40 bankers’ commercial

credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233–35 bills of exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233 bills of lading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238 carriage of goods by sea . . . . .185–87 choice of law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231 cif contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235, 237,

238, 241–48 conflict of laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231 documentary credits . . . . . . . .233–35 export licences . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236–37 finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232–35 fob contracts . . . . . . . . . .235, 237, 238,

249–56 import licences . . . . . . . . . . . . .236–37 Incoterm contracts . . . . . . . . . .253–54 insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235, 237–38 passing of property . . . . . . . . . . .5, 14 payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232–35 performance bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . .236 retention of title . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50–51 Sale of Goods Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232 UCP for Documentary

Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234–35 Vienna Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . .231 Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Land

See Sale of land

Laytime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201, 208–11 Leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Letters of credit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233–35 Licences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71, 236–37 Liens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Limitation of liability

See, also, Exemption and limitation clauses

limitation clauses . . . . . . . . . . .186–87, 220, 221

Mate’s receipts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Manufacturers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77, 94–96 Market overt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Mercantile agents. . . . . . . . . 60–63, 142–43 Merchantable quality . . . . . . . . . 85, 87–88 Misrepresentation

damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80–81 defective goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78–81 exemption and

limitation clauses . . . . . . . . . . . 103 fraud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79, 80–81, 103 inducing contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 innocent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 meaning of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78–79 negligent

misstatements . . . . . . . . . . . . 79–80 remedies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80–81 rescission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 sale of goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78–81 types of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79–80

Mitigation of damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Motor vehicles

hire purchase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63–64 part exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7–8 satisfactory quality . . . . . . . . . . .89–90

Multi-modal contracts . . . . . . 185–86, 187, 195–96

Necessity, agency by . . . . . . . . . . . . 149–50 Negligence

agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172 defective goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77, 96 estoppel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55–56 misrepresentation . . . . . . . . . . . .79–80 unfair contract terms . . . . . . . . . . .109

Negligent misstatements . . . . . . . . . 79–80

Nemo dat rule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54–55 Non-existent goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67–68 Notice of readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209–10

Off-hire clauses. . . . . . . . . . . . . 201–02, 212 Ownership. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60–63 breach of contract . . . . . . . . . . . .40–41 bulk goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47–50 buyers

possession

after sale, in . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58–60 remedies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40–41 damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40–42 equitable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 estoppel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55–56 exclusion of liability . . . . . . . . . .42–43 fraud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 hire purchase . . . . . . . . . .41, 58, 63–64 improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 market overt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 mercantile agents . . . . . . . . . . . .60–63 nemo dat rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54–55 passing of property . . . . . . . . . .43–47 pledges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

quiet possession,

warranty of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 remedies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40–41 retention of title . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50–54 right to sell,

meaning of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 sale of goods . . . . . . . . . . . .39–66, 104

sale of land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 sellers duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39–41 owners, who are not . . . . . . 54–64

possession

after sale, in . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57–58 subsidiary obligations . . . . . . . . . . .42 title

transfer of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54–64 voidable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 59 transfer of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39–40, 54–64, 104 unfair contract terms . . . . . . . . . . .104

unascertained goods . . . . . . . . .47–50 voidable title, sale under . . . . . .57, 59

Part exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–8 Passing of property

appropriation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46–47 ascertained goods . . . . . . . . .13, 43–44 bills of lading . . . . . . . . . . .194–95, 196 bulk goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 cif contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242–43 defective goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44–45 fob contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250–51 international sales . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 14 ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43–47 passing of risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43, 69 price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43, 49 retention of title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 sale or return . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45–46 standard form

of contracts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 unascertained goods . . . . . .13, 43–47 unconditional contracts . . . . . . . . . .44 Passing of risk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68–70 bulk goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69–70 cif contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243 damaged goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69–70 destruction of goods . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

effect of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68–70 fob contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251 international sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 passing of property . . . . . . . . . .43, 69 price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 standard forms of contract . . . . . . .69 time for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69–70 unascertained goods . . . . . . . . .69–70

Payment

agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176–78 bills of exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233 delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23–24 documentary credits . . . . . . . .233–35 form of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 international sales . . . . . . . . . . .232–35 late . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23–24 sale of goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23–24

Penalties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Performance

advance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133–34 bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236 defective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30–31 frustration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 instalments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30–31 international sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236 late . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122–23 order of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 remedies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119, 120–21 termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122–23 unfair contract terms . . . . . . . . . . .110 withholding . . . . . . . . . . . .119, 120–21

Perished goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67–68, 73 Pledges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Powers of attorney. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Price

action for the . . . . . . . . . . .119, 127–28, 243–44, 252–53 ascertaining the . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17–20

cif contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243–44 damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129–31 fixing the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18–20 fob contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252–53 passing of property . . . . . . . . . .43, 49

passing of risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 reasonableness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 remedies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 sale of goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17–20 satisfactory quality . . . . . . . . . . .87–88 silence on the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17–18 specific performance . . . . . . . .127–28 usual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 valuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19–20

Producers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77, 95–96 Product liability

See Defective goods Property

See Passing of property

Quality

See, also, Satisfactory quality merchantable . . . . . . . . . . . . .85, 87–88

Quantity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28–30 Quiet possession,

warranties of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

Rail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Raw materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53–54 Receipts, bills of lading as . . . . . . . 192–94 Rejection

acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32–34, 124 breach of conditions . . . . . . . . .123–24 buyer’s right of . . . . . . . . . . . . .123–24 cif contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244–45 defective goods . . . . . . . . . . . . .124–25 delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28–31 fob contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251–52 implied terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 losing the right to . . . . . . . . . . .124–25 reasonableness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125 termination . . . . . . . . . . . .121, 123–25

Remedies

See, also, Damages,

Rejection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119–36 advance payments . . . . . . . . . .133–34 agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173–74

breach of contract . . . . . . . . . . . .40–41 buyers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40–41, 244–46, 251–52 cif contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243–46

deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133–34 fob contracts . . . . . . . .251–52, 253–54 implied terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 misrepresentation . . . . . . . . . . . .80–81 ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40–41 party provided . . . . . . . . .120, 132–34 performance,

withholding. . . . . . . . . 119, 120–21 price, action for the . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 rescission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 sale of goods . . . . . . . . . .40–41, 80–81, 94, 119–36 sellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134, 243–44, 252–53

specific

performance . . . . . . 4, 119, 126–28 termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121–23

Representation,

estoppel by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55–56

Repudiation

breach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122, 123

instalments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

termination . . . . . . . . . . .121, 122, 123

Resales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52–53, 54

Rescission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Retention of title

insolvency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 international sales . . . . . . . . . . . .50–51 ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50–54 passing of property . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 raw materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53–54 resales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52–53, 54 Romalpa clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51–53 sale of goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50–54 security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 standard forms of sale . . . . . . . .50–54

Return, sale or. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45–46

Risk

See Passing of risk

Romalpa clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51–53

Safe ports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207, 208–09 Sale of goods contracts

See, also, Ascertained goods, Defective goods, Delivery, Implied terms, Passing

of property, Passing of risk, Price, Unascertained

goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–136 acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . .23–24, 32–35, 68, 123 agreements to sell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

codification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3, 4–5 commercial sales . . . . . . . . . . .5–6, 104 consolidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3–4 construction contracts . . . . . . . . . . . .9 consumer sales . . . . . . . . . . . . .5–6, 97,

104–06, 110–15 crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128–33 description . . . . . . . . . . . .77, 82–85, 97 domestic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7–8 exemption and

limitation clauses . . 42–43, 101–18 existing goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12–13 frustration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71–73 future goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12–13 generic goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 gifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 hire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 hire purchase . . . . . . . . . .9–10, 25, 55,

58, 63–64 international . . . . . . . . . . .5, 14, 50–51 leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 meaning of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11–14 nature of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3–4 non-contractual

supply. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39–66, 104 part exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7–8 payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23–24 raw materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53–54 remedies . . . . . . . . . . . . .40–41, 80–81,

94, 119–36 retention of title . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50–53 sale of land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7, 9 software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 specific goods . . . . . . . . . . . . .4, 13–14 specific performance . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 sub-sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130–31 substitute goods . . . . . . . . . . . .130–31 supply

non-contractual. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 types of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6–11 goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–14 works and materials . . . . . .8–9, 53–54

Sale of land

construction contracts . . . . . . . . . . . .9 crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 sale of goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Sale or return . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45–46 Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92–93

Satisfactory quality

acceptable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 defective goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 exclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 implied terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85–90 meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87–89 merchantable quality . . . . . .85, 87–88 motor vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89–90 price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87–88 purpose of goods . . . . . . . . . . . .88–89

Sea waybills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Seaworthiness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Sellers

breach of contract . . . . . . . . . . . .40–41 cif contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241–44

defective goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94–95 description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82–85 fob contracts . . . . . . . . . . .250, 252–53 implied terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82–85 ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57–58

transfer of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39–41 possession after

sale, in. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57–58 remedies

cif contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243–44 fob contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . 252–53 goods, against the. . . . . . . . . . . 134 specific performance . . . . . . . . . . .127 Services, supply of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Set off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Short form bills of lading . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Small print. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Software, goods as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Specific goods

See Ascertained goods

Specific performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 ascertained goods . . . . . . . . . . . .4, 126 cif contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245–46 damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126, 127 price, action for the . . . . . . . . . .127–28 sale of goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4, 126 sellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 unascertained goods . . . . . . . .126–27

Standard form contracts

bills of lading . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197, 214 Incoterms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253–54 passing of property . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 passing of risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 retention of title clauses . . . . . . .50–54 time charterparties . . . . . . . . . . . . .211 unfair contract terms . . . . . . .109, 111 voyage charterparties . . . . . . . . . . .203

Sub-agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175–76 Sub-charters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Sub-sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130–31 Substitute goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130–31

Supply

drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111 non-contractual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 sale of goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111 unfair contract terms . . . . . . . . . . .111

Termination

See, also, Breach of contract acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150–52 cif contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243 clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 fob contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252 fundamental breach . . . . . . . .122, 123 performance

defective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 late. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122–23 rejection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121, 123–25 repudiation . . . . . . . . . . . .121, 122,123

Through transport . . . . . . . . . 185–86, 187, 195–96

Tickets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Time charterparties . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211–13 cancelling clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212 deductions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212 delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212–13 hire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201, 211 legitimate last voyage . . . . . . . . . .213 off-hire clauses . . . . . . . . .201–02, 212 re-delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212–13 standard forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211 sub-charters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202 trip charters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202 Time of the essence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Title

See, also, Documents of title ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54–64 retention of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50–54 transfer of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54–64 voidable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

Tort

See, also, Negligence

agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171–72 defective goods . . . . . . . . . . .77, 94–96 Trade association rules . . . . . . . . . . 102–03 Trade descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77, 97 Trade usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Trip charters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Trusts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

UCP for Documentary

Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234–35 Unascertained goods

See, also, Bulk goods

cif contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242 frustration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71–72 ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47–50 passing of property . . . . . . .13, 43–47 passing of risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69–70 sale of goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4, 13–14 specific performance . . . . . . . .126–27

Unfair contract terms

auctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105 business, course of a . . . . . . . . . . . .105 commercial sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 competitive tendering . . . . . . . . . .105 consumer sales . . . . . . . . . . . . .104–06,

110–15

Director General

of Fair Trading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 EC law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110–15 exemption and

limitation clauses . . . . . . . . 104–15 good faith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106–08 implied terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 incorporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 indicative terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 inequality of

bargaining power. . . . 106–07, 108 insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 negligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109

ownership,

failure to transfer . . . . . . . . . . . 104 performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 reasonableness . . . . . . . . . . . . .104–06, 108–09, 111 small print . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113

standard form

contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . 109–10, 111 supply of goods

and services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Uniform Customs and

Practice for

Documentary Credits . . . . . . . .234–35

Valuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19–20 Vienna Convention on

International Sales 1980 . . . . . . . . .231 Voidable title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 59 Voyage charterparties . . . . . . . . . . . 203–11 arrived ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208–09 bills of lading . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203, 206 cancellation clauses . . . . . . . . . . . .205 carriers’ duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203–05 charterers’ duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208 consecutive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202 creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203 delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208, 210

delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206–07 demurrage . . . . . . . . . . . .201, 208, 211 deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204 freight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201 general average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 Hague Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206 laytime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201, 208–11 loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206–07,

208, 210 notices of readiness . . . . . . . . .209–10 perils of the sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 reasonable despatch . . . . . . . .203, 205 safe ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207, 208–09 seaworthiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203 sequence of operations . . . . . .205–07 standard forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203 time lost clauses . . . . . . . . . . . .210–11 unloading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207, 208

Warehouses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 26 Warranties

agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166–67 damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 implied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166–67 ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 quiet possession, of . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

Works and materials . . . . . . . . . 8–9, 53–54