
- •Commercial Law
- •Contents
- •Preface
- •Abbreviations
- •Table of Statutory Provisions
- •Table of Cases
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •2 What is agency?
- •3 Nature and characteristics of agency
- •4 The different types of agency
- •5 Conclusion
- •6 Recommended reading
- •1 Introduction
- •2 The authority of an agent
- •3 Agency by ratification
- •4 Agency of necessity
- •5 Conclusion
- •6 Recommended reading
- •1 Introduction
- •2 Duties of an agent
- •3 Rights of an agent
- •4 Commercial agents and principals
- •5 Disclosed agency
- •6 Undisclosed agency
- •7 Termination of agency
- •8 Recommended reading
- •Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •2 Background
- •3 Development of the sale of goods
- •4 Equality of bargaining power: non-consumers and consumers
- •5 Impact of the European Union
- •6 Contract of sale
- •7 Contracts for non-monetary consideration
- •8 Contracts for the transfer of property or possession
- •9 Recommended reading
- •1 Introduction
- •2 Background
- •3 Sale of Goods Act 1979, section 12: the right to sell
- •4 Sale of Goods Act 1979, section 13: compliance with description
- •5 Sale of Goods Act 1979, section 14(2): satisfactory quality
- •6 Sale of Goods Act 1979, section 14(3): fitness for purpose
- •7 Sale of Goods Act 1979, section 15: sale by sample
- •8 Exclusion and limitation of liability
- •9 Acceptance
- •10 Remedies
- •11 Recommended reading
- •1 Introduction
- •2 Background to the passage of property and risk
- •3 Rules governing the passage of property
- •4 Passage of risk
- •5 The nemo dat exceptions
- •6 Delivery and payment
- •7 Remedies
- •8 Recommended reading
- •1 Introduction
- •2 Background
- •3 Provision of Services Regulations 2009
- •4 Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982
- •5 Recommended reading
- •1 Introduction
- •2 Background
- •3 Electronic Commerce (EC Directive) Regulations 2002
- •4 Distance selling
- •5 Recommended reading
- •Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •2 CIF contracts
- •3 FOB contracts
- •4 Ex Works
- •5 FAS contracts
- •6 Conclusion
- •7 Recommended reading
- •1 Introduction and background
- •2 Structure and scope
- •3 UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts
- •4 Conclusion
- •5 Recommended reading
- •1 Introduction and background
- •2 Open account
- •3 Bills of exchange
- •4 Documentary collections
- •5 Introduction to letters of credit
- •6 Factoring
- •7 Forfaiting
- •8 Conclusion
- •9 Recommended reading
- •1 Introduction
- •2 Hague and Hague-Visby Rules
- •3 Charterparties
- •4 Time charterparty
- •5 Common law obligations of the shipper
- •6 Common law obligations of the carrier
- •7 Bills of lading
- •8 Electronic bills of lading
- •9 Conclusion
- •10 Recommended reading
- •Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •2 Background
- •3 Development of negligence
- •4 The move to strict liability
- •5 Types of defect
- •6 Developments in strict liability
- •7 Recommended reading
- •1 Introduction
- •2 Personnel
- •3 Meaning of ‘product’
- •4 Defectiveness
- •5 Defences
- •6 Contributory negligence
- •7 Recoverable damage
- •8 Limitations on liability
- •9 Recommended reading
- •Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •2 Background
- •3 Enforcement strategy
- •4 Criminal law controls
- •5 Civil law enforcement
- •6 Recommended reading
- •1 Introduction
- •2 Scope of the 2008 Regulations
- •3 Prohibition against unfair commercial practices
- •4 Codes of practice
- •5 Misleading actions
- •6 Misleading omissions
- •7 Aggressive commercial practices
- •8 Commercial practices which are automatically unfair
- •9 Offences
- •10 Recommended reading
- •1 Introduction
- •2 Background
- •3 Controls over misleading advertising
- •4 Comparative advertising
- •5 Promotion of misleading or comparative advertising
- •6 Recommended reading
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •2 History of banking regulation: early policy initiatives
- •3 New Labour and a new policy
- •4 The Financial Services Authority
- •5 The Coalition government
- •6 Conclusion
- •7 Recommended reading
- •1 Introduction
- •2 What is a bank?
- •3 What is a customer?
- •4 Bank accounts
- •5 Cheques
- •6 Payment cards
- •7 Banker’s duty of confidentiality
- •8 Banking Conduct Regime
- •9 Payment Services Regulations 2009
- •10 Conclusion
- •11 Recommended reading
- •1 Introduction
- •2 European banking regulation
- •3 The Financial Services Authority
- •4 Financial Services Compensation Scheme
- •5 Financial Ombudsman Scheme
- •6 Financial Services and Markets Tribunal
- •7 The Bank of England
- •8 Bank insolvency
- •9 Illicit finance
- •10 Conclusion
- •11 Recommended reading
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •2 Evolution of the consumer credit market
- •3 Consumer debt, financial exclusion and over-indebtedness
- •4 Irresponsible lending
- •5 Regulation of irresponsible lending
- •6 Irresponsible borrowing
- •7 Ineffective legislative protection for consumers
- •8 A change of policy
- •9 Lessons from the United States
- •10 Conclusion
- •11 Recommended reading
- •1 Introduction
- •2 Crowther Committee on Consumer Credit
- •3 Consumer Credit Act 1974
- •4 Formalities
- •5 Cancellation of agreements
- •7 Documentation of credit and hire agreements
- •8 Matters arising during the currency of credit or hire agreements
- •9 Credit advertising
- •10 Credit licensing
- •11 Unfairness test
- •12 Other powers of the court
- •13 Financial Ombudsman Service
- •14 Enforcement
- •15 Consumer Credit Directive
- •16 Conclusion
- •17 Recommended reading
- •Bibliography
- •Index

164 The supply of goods and services
Q14 Consider the strengths and weaknesses of codes of practice in promoting good practice among traders and in protecting the users of services.
5â Recommended reading
Bradgate, R. Commercial Law (3rd edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000) Department for Business, Innovation and Skills Guidance for Business on the Provision of
Services Regulations 2009 (October 2009)
Dobson, P. and Stokes, R. Commercial Law (7th edn, Sweet & Maxwell, London, 2008) Griffiths, M. and Griffiths, I. Law for Purchasing and Supply (3rd edn, Pearson Education
Ltd, Harlow, 2002)
Law Commission Law of Contract: Implied Terms in Contracts for the Supply of Services
(Report No. 156, 1986)
Office of Fair Trading A General Duty to Trade Fairly, Discussion Paper (London, 1986) â Trading Malpractices: A Report by the Director General of Fair Trading (London, 1990) Ramsay, I. Consumer Law and Policy: Texts and Materials on Regulating Consumer
Markets (2nd edn, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2007)
The topic of the supply of services divides into two parts. The first relates to the Provision of Services Regulations 2009 and readers would benefit from reading the guidance published by the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. The second, the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982, is addressed in Dobson and Stokes, Commercial Law and Griffiths and Griffiths, Law for Purchasing and Supply. If readers want to learn more about the role of the OFT’s Consumer Codes Approval Scheme, this is available on the OFT’s website.
uk. In addition, another four Codes have satisfied Stage 1 of the approval process: Motor Sales (Service and Repair), Motor Codes (Vehicle Warranty Products), Renewable Energy Association and Safebuy. The Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA) withdrew from the scheme in 2005 as they were no longer able to satisfy the criteria, see Ramsay, above n. 53, at 472.

Part 2 Chapter 5
E-commerce and Distance Selling
Contents
1â |
Introduction |
165 |
2â |
Background |
165 |
3â Electronic Commerce (EC Directive) Regulations 2002 |
166 |
|
4â |
Distance selling |
173 |
5â |
Recommended reading |
180 |
1â Introduction
The sale of goods by some form of distance selling has been in place for many decades, initially through the use of advertisements and catalogues, but more latterly through TV advertising and the Internet. This chapter analyses the current legal controls over distance selling in its various forms.
Section 2 looks at the background to the subject and the rise of Internet selling. Section 3 analyses the requirements of the Electronic Commerce (EC Directive) Regulations 2002 including details of the trader; price; commercial communications; making the contract; placing the order; remedies; and electronic signatures.
Section 4 introduces the Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000 and considers the provisions relating to information requirements; cancellation rights; and cancellation periods.
2â Background
The major development of the last twenty years in the law relating to the sale and supply of goods and services has been the dramatic move towards the purchase of goods and services via the Internet. Although distance selling occurred before this through the use of catalogues, telephone, etc., it has been the advent of the Internet which has occasioned a major change in the way in which both business buyers and consumers acquire goods and services. Given the prominence of Internet sales now, it seems hard to remember that the World Wide Web