Учебный год 22-23 / 100207

Third World (cont.)

and warships in territorial seas, 510 Thirty Years War, 1161

threats

anticipatory self-defence, 1028–30 economic and political, 849, 1019 nuclear weapons, 1020

threats to peace, 1120, 1147, 1149, 1150

use of force, 1020 Timor-Leste, 211

title, territorial title, 414–17 Tobar doctrine, 379

Tokyo Convention, 601 Tokyo Tribunal, 45

Torrey Canyon, 553–4, 712, 807 n313 torts, 607–10, 648, 695, 1198

torture

ACHR, 355, 356 Arab Charter, 366

civilians in wartime, 1061 Committee against Torture, 303–7 confidential inquiries, 305 Convention against Torture, 284,

304, 599, 640

crime against humanity, 596

and customary law, 257, 303, 599 definition, 304

and deportation, 304 ECHR, 322

European Convention on Torture, 337–40

Geneva Conventions, 1056, 1057, 1058

Human Rights Committee, 303 individual criminal liability, 608 Inter-American Convention on

Torture, 357 internal conflicts, 1073

inter-state complaints, 305 jurisdiction, 599

jus cogens, 303 minorities, 1076 OSCE, 351 n205 prisoners of war, 1060

prohibition, 116, 256, 257, 259, 261

remedies, 304

reports, 305 Rwanda, 1074 n103

Special Rapporteur, 306

and state immunity, 146, 640 UN investigations, 283

US courts, 145, 146 war crimes, 236, 595

trade, scope of international law, 44 trade unions, 309, 331, 334, 357 transfer of technology, deep sea

mining, 566

transformation, doctrine, 129, 130, 131 transit rights, 874

Transkei, 181–2

travaux préparatoires, 141, 841, 1026 treason, 588, 592

treaties

1969 Convention. See Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties

1986 Convention, 858, 859, 860 accession, 820–1

amendment, 837–8 application, 832–6; colonial

application clauses, 833; conflicts between treaties, 833 n106; erga omnes obligations, 836; non-party states, 834–6; successive treaties, 833–4; territorial application, 833

between states and international organisations, 858–60

bilateral treaties, breach, 695 boundary treaties, 417–19 breaches, 853–5

categories, 871 Chinese attitude to, 37 consensus, 817

consent, 816–21, 848–50 criminal jurisdiction, 597–604 and custom, 34, 90, 835–6 definition, 88 n86, 812 denunciation, 851

dispute resolution, 858, 860, 976–8 entry into force, 831–2

extension to non-parties, 92 form, 812–13, 815 formalities, 815–16 functions, 810

growth, 89

implementation, federations, 198–200

incorporation in UK law, 136 international organisations,

1197–8

interpretation. See interpretation of treaties

interpretative declarations, 822–5 invalidity; coercion, 848–50;

consequences, 850–1; corruption, 848; error, 847; fraud, 848; generally, 845–51; jus cogens, 850; municipal law, 846–7

law-making treaties, 88, 89–92 modifications, 837–8, 852 nature, 811

and non-binding agreements, 813–14

non-retroactivity, 832–3

pacta sunt servanda, 10, 29, 49, 97, 739, 811–12, 871

peace treaties, 420 procedure, 815–21

ratification, 90, 818, 819–20; France, 156–7; Japan, 160; Russia, 159; South Africa, 158; United Kingdom, 129, 138, 139, 819, 820; United States, 146–7, 820

recognition; Australian courts, 152–3; Canadian courts, 151; Cyprus, 154; Dutch courts, 156; French courts, 156–7; generally, 160–1; German courts, 155; Indian courts, 154; Irish courts, 154; Japanese courts, 160; New Zealand courts, 152; Russian courts, 159; South African courts, 157–9; UK courts, 135–43; US courts, 146–51

registration, 832 reservations, 118, 821–31;

acceptance, 831; bilateral treaties, 825; compatibility, 825–6, 828; consent, 825; effect, 827–9; human rights, 360, 829–31; impermissible reservations, 828–9; procedure, 826–7; US federal reservations, 198

secret treaties, 832 signatures, 817–18

source of international law, 6, 88–92

succession. See state succession suspension, 845, 851, 852 termination, 845, 851–8; changes of

circumstances, 855–8; consent, 851–2; impossibility of performance, 855; material breaches, 853–5; subsequent treaties, 852; treaty provisions as to, 851–2

terminology, 812 treaty-contracts, 88, 92 treaty-making powers, 815, 846–7 and UK courts; incorporation,

135–43; interpretation, 141–3 voidability, 117, 118, 816, 850 websites, 1220–1

withdrawal, 845, 851 Trianon, Treaty of, 903 tribes, 195, 278, 425 Triepel, H., 29, 121 Trieste, 208

Trinidad, 298

Truman Proclamation, 522, 525 trust territories, 201–4, 220, 257–8,

415, 1086, 1092 n46, 1187 Trusteeship Council, 1092–3 Tunisia, continental shelf, 529, 530,

992, 998

Tunkin, G. I., 32, 33, 34, 94, 250 Turkey

criminal jurisdiction over ships, 581–2, 589–90

Dardanelles and Bosphorus Straits, 515

defeat of Byzantium, 19 detention conditions, 339 n133 ECHR reservations, 829

and EU membership, 1174 n52 invasion of Cyprus, 1111 minorities, 273 n153

state succession, 902, 907 torture, 338 n125

Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), 212–13, 392, 400

Turkmenistan, 375 n27, 1181

Tuvalu, 179

Uganda, 489, 863 n6, 1033, 1044, 1146, 1150

Ukraine

CIS membership, 216, 1181 OSCE mission, 937 recognition, 244, 375 n27

state succession, 196, 866 n21, 897 treaty succession, 881

and Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 259

ultra vires actions, international arbitration, 957

Umma, 14 UN

agencies, 1095–9

Agenda for Peace, 1094, 1100, 1109 n126, 1156

Charter, 89, 92; adoption, 1166; amendment, 837, 1085, 1086; compliance with ICJ judgments, 996; constitutional document, 1083; dispute settlement, 917, 921; good faith, 97; and non UN members, 835; precedence, 119; and regional organisations, 928; self-defence, 1025–6; self-determination principle, 226, 1037; and US courts, 148–9; use of force, 422–3, 427, 848, 1017–22, 1032

Children’s Fund, 282

collective security. See collective security

Colonial Declaration, 227, 229, 230, 270 n125, 443

Compensation Commission, 947–50, 1222

Council for Namibia, 222–3 Declaration on Friendly Relations

and Co-operation, 191, 228, 271, 917, 1082

dispute settlement system. See dispute settlement

economic agencies, 1098

Economic and Social Council. See ECOSOC

Economic Rights Committee, 287–9 forces, constitutionality, 1152–3 foundation, 31, 1163, 1166

General Assembly. See UN General Assembly

Headquarters Agreement, 150, 970, 1206–7, 1210

High Commissioner for Refugees, 282

human rights system; Centre for Human Rights, 261; Commission on Human Rights, 282, 283–5; Committee. See Human Rights Committee; expert bodies, 285–310; generally, 257–81; High Commissioner, 261; implementation, 281–310; involvement, 576; political bodies, 282–5; proliferation of committees, 310, 311; resources, 310–11; sub-commission, 285–6; Universal Declaration, 259–61; Vienna Declaration, 260 n74, 280, 302, 311

immunities, 1003, 1206–12

and international territories, 208–11 and Kosovo, 209–10

legal personality, 46, 1004 n366, 1188–9

membership, 46, 387, 388 observer missions, 1107–18 peacekeeping. See peacekeeping

operations personnel; dismissal, 95;

immunities, 692; safety, 600, 1115 purposes, 1082–3, 1165

sanctions. See UN sanctions Secretariat, 1093 Secretary-General; dispute

settlement, 1106–7, 1108; generally, 1093–5; mediation, 922, 1094; role, 1094; special representatives, 1107

Security Council. See UN Security Council

system, 1082–4

and terrorism, 1049, 1050 treaty succession, 1004 n366

Trusteeship Council, 202, 1092–3 trusteeship system, 202

website, 1223

UN General Assembly

and collective security, 1151–4 committees, 1091

dispute settlement, 1105, 1108 emergency sessions, 1090–1 generally, 1087–91 membership, 1087–9

powers, 1196

resolutions, 3, 39, 107–10, 1089–91 role, 1090, 1091

special sessions, 1090 voting procedure, 1089

UN sanctions Afghanistan, 1130 blockades, 1127 Croatia, 1139 Eritrea, 1130 Ethiopia, 1130 generally, 4, 1125–33 Haiti, 1122, 1123

Iraq, 478, 1126–7, 1131–3 Liberia, 1130

Libya, 670, 1127–8

Rhodesia, 4, 1125 Rwanda, 1130 Sierra Leone, 1130

smart sanctions, 1133 UK enforcement, 141 Working Group, 1085

Yugoslavia, 1128–9, 1139, 1159, 1170 UN Security Council

binding resolutions, 108 blockades, 1024

collective security. See collective security

committees, 1085

compatibility with international law, 1148–51

dispute settlement, 1101–5; failures, 1086–7, 1100; referral of disputes, 918

failures, 1168 generally, 1084–7 and Iraq, 1086–7 and jus cogens, 119

membership, 3, 193, 865, 1084, 1085 and PLO, 221

resolutions, 46, 1104–5 role, 3, 928–9, 1085–6 subsidiary organs, 1107

terrorism, 1050–2, 1085, 1087 Third World countries, 39

veto powers, 3, 4, 193, 1084, 1105, 1120

voting procedure, 1084–5 UNAMIC, 1113

UNAMIR, 1144–5

UNAMSIL, 1145

UNASOG, 915–16, 1114 n153 UNAVEM, 1112

UNCITRAL, 114, 942, 946, 947 UNCLOS

archipelagic states, 503–4 atmospheric pollution, 783 collisions, 552 conferences, 491 conservation, 557 contiguous zones, 517

continental shelf, 524, 525, 526, 530, 536

definition of territorial seas, 495 dispute resolution, 568–71, 1005 economic pressures, 492

entry into force, 454, 492 environmental hazards,

information, 772

environmental impact assessments, 774

environmental protection, 554–5, 762, 764

exclusive economic zones, 517, 519–20, 523, 556

fishing rights, 557

flag states, 545, 548, 589, 729 generally, 492–3

high seas, 543; peaceful uses, 544 hot pursuit, 551 implementation, 492

UNCLOS (cont.)

international straits, 513, 514 landlocked states, 541

marine pollution, 765, 766, 807 piracy, 549, 593

principles, 492 ratifications, 492

right of innocent passage, 508, 509, 510

seabed, 454, 542, 561–3, 565–6, 898 slave trade, 550

straddling stocks, 557

territorial seas, 498 n32, 527; civil jurisdiction, 511; criminal jurisdiction, 511; warships, 512; width, 505, 506

tribunal. See International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) unauthorised broadcasting, 548, 550

warships’ right of approach, 548–9 UNCRO, 1141

UNCTAD, 114, 1092 UNDRO, 799–800

UNEF, 1109, 1110 n131, 1111 n134 UNEP, 282, 755, 774 n109, 1092 UNESCO

binding decisions, 1096

and disappeared persons, 317 dispute resolution, 316 function, 316, 1097

human rights, 315–18 protection of cultural minorities,

486 reports, 317

satellite broadcasting, 487 source of law, 114

and state succession to archives, 897 structure, 316

US withdrawal, 1096 World Heritage List, 199

UNIIMOG, 1127 n221 UNIKOM, 1113 unilateral acts, 114–15 UNISOM II, 1143–4 UNITA, 1112 n138 UNITAF, 1143

United Arab Emirates, 1135 n259

United Arab Republic, 876 n88, 878, 884, 889

United Kingdom administrative treaties, 138 airspace, sovereignty, 463 Antarctic claims, 456 archipelagic state, 503

and Bermuda Agreement, 468 bilateral investment treaties, 747–9 bilateral nuclear agreements, 799 and Burmese independence, 415 cession of territory, 138

Channel Tunnel agreement, 582–3 civil jurisdiction, 578

conduct of war, 138 continental shelf, 529, 530

Corfu Channel. See Corfu Channel criminal jurisdiction, 588, 590;

illegal arrests, 606

Crown prerogative, 723, 815, 819 deep sea mining, 563–4, 565 diplomatic immunity, 674, 677,

679–80, 682, 686

diplomatic protection, 723–4, 729 Dogger Bank incident, 923–4 Dover Straits, 514

EU membership, 1174 executive certificates, 172–3 extradition, 611 n1987

and extraterritorial jurisdiction, 615 and Falkland Islands, 452–3

fishing limits, 517 and flag states, 546–7

Foreign Office certificates, 172–3 and freedom of the seas, 544–5 and Hong Kong, 459 humanitarian intervention, 1047

n175

and Iceland fishing zone, 518, 936, 988

ICJ jurisdiction, 974–5 immunities of international

organisations, 1208, 1211 inhuman treatment, 331 international law in UK courts;

customary law, 129–35; generally, 128–43; no conflict presumption,

139–40; statutory interpretation, 141–3; treaties, 135–43

and Iraq, 1046, 1087, 1101, 1136, 1137, 1138

Irish independence, 903 Jay Treaty, 733, 952 justiciability, 163–9 and law of the sea, 75

legal personality of international organisations, 1190–2

liability of international organisations, 1202–4

Libyan embassy, 673

Minquiers and Ecrehos islands, 428 Mox arbitration, 954, 1009

and Namibia, 204 nationality law, 586 Nauru trusteeship, 1187 and New Hebrides, 206

Nigeria, sale of arms to, 1043 n154 North Atlantic fisheries, 461

and Norwegian territorial seas, 496 nuclear power installations, 798

n245

Orders in Council, 141, 654, 1190, 1192, 1211, 1212 n223

outer space law, 484 n87 and post-war Germany, 205 Privy Council, 702

ratification of treaties, 129, 138, 139, 819, 820

recognition of governments, 377–8, 381; Cambodia, 389; China, 399; Ciskei, 402; GDR, 393, 399–400; legal effects, 394–403; North Vietnam, 385 n70; Rhodesia, 400; Somalia, 403; Soviet Union, 390; Spain, 382, 397–8; Taiwan, 386; Turkish Cyprus, 400

recognition of states, 370; Macedonia, 386

Red Crusader incident, 924 self-defence, 1035 separation of powers, 11

state immunity, 164, 173, 625–30, 639–42, 646–55, 661–3, 666–7

supremacy of Parliament, 49

and Taiwan, 211

territorial seas, 498, 505–6, 514 and Torrey Canyon, 712 torture committed abroad, 599 treaty reservations, 830 n94 and treaty succession, 885

treaty-making powers, 815, 816 UK–France 1903 arbitration

agreement, 953 n16

UN Security Council membership, 3, 193, 1084

and UNCLOS, 563

and USRR expropriations, 750 withdrawal from UNESCO, 1097

n72

United Nations. See UN United States

acts of state, 170–2 aircraft intrusions, 710 Alaska purchase, 422

Alien Tort Claims Act, 145, 146, 607–10

American Foreign Assistance Act, 1022

and Antarctic, 456 anti-terrorism, 609 n183, 638 anti-trust laws, 612, 614 Arctic territory, 456

Bryan treaties, 924 Byrd Amendment, 149

Canada–US Air Quality Agreement, 783 n167

Canadian boundaries, 957 and China, 211

civil aviation, liability rules, 471 civil jurisdiction, 578

Civil War, 404–5, 952

and consular protection, 689, 714, 995–6

and continental shelf, 521, 522, 525

criminal jurisdiction, 590, 591; illegal arrests, 605

and Cuba, 8, 616, 1024 D’Amato Act, 617 death row, 332

deep sea mining, 564, 565

United States (cont.)

diplomatic immunity, 685; driving offences, 682 n344; waiver, 687

diplomatic relations, with Arab states, 390

embassies, 672–3

exclusive economic zones, 521 executive agreements, 147 and expropriations, 743, 1022 extradition, 611 n1987

extraterritorial jurisdiction, 612–18 federal government, 197–8

and flag states, 546–7

and Gulf of Maine, 531, 964–5 Gulf War, 1135 n259 Helms–Burton legislation, 616–17,

618

hostages in Cambodia, 1033 and Hudson Bay, 499 human rights, 145–6 human rights treaties, 361 ICJ jurisdiction, 981, 982 immunities of international

organisations, 1207, 1211 international law in US courts;

customary law, 143–6; generally, 143–51; legislative presumption, 149–50; no conflict presumption, 145; treaties, 146–51

and international terrorism, 603 Iranian airplane incident, 477 Jay Treaty, 733, 952 justiciability, 169–72

and League of Nations, 30 Letelier case, 624, 648, 667, 924–5 Litvinov Agreement, 147

Maine incident, 923 n44 Mexican boundaries, 427 Middle East mediation, 922 and Namibia, 204

and Nicaragua, 608

North Atlantic fisheries, 461 outer space information, 488 outer space law, 76, 484 n87 and Palmas Island, 421, 433 and Panama, 584 n49

and Philippines, 421 and PLO, 1207

political questions, 169–72 and post-war Germany, 205 race discrimination, 148

ratification of treaties, 146–7, 820 recognition of governments, 380;

Angola, 404; Central America, 379; China, 385, 389; communist states, 368, 370; Estonia, 405, 407; GDR, 406; Iran, 406; legal effects, 404–8; Soviet Union, 387, 405; Taiwan, 389–90

recognition of states, 368–9, 373–4; Baltic states, 391, 866; Bosnia, 384; new Eastern European states, 375

Revolution, 26

and Russian–Japanese War, 922 separation of powers, 11 sphere of influence, 56

state immunity, 627–8, 629–30, 638–9, 642–6, 648, 652, 661, 663

state responsibility, Nicaragua, 701 and state succession, 872

and Taiwan, 211

and territorial waters, 500, 501; right of innocent passage, 510

Texas secession from Mexico, 902 treaty ratification, 146–7

treaty reservations, 830 n94

and treaty succession, 875, 878, 880 treaty-making powers, 815

trust territories, 202

and UN; veto power, 3, 193, 1084, 1088 n27; withdrawal from agencies, 1096, 1097 n72

and UNCLOS, 563

use of force; Afghanistan, 1027, 1028; Grenada, 1033, 1042, 1155; Iraq, 1034, 1046, 1087, 1101, 1135 n259, 1138; Korea, 1134; Libya, 1033; Nicaragua, 1071; Panama, 1033, 1042, 1048; self-defence, 1026–7, 1029; Vietnam, 8, 922, 1041

US–Mexico General Claims

Convention 1923, 731 US–Nicaragua Treaty of Friendship,

977

West Indian territories, 422

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 45, 259–61

Universal Postal Union, 28, 219, 1098 n74, 1163

universality of law, 17, 41 UNMIH, 1113 n153 UNMIK, 209–10 UNMISET, 211 UNMOP, 1113 n152 UNMOVIC, 1132, 1138 UNOMIL, 1158 UNOMUR, 1144 UNOSOM, 1143–4 UNPREDEP, 1141

UNPROFOR, 1139–42, 1159 UNSCOB, 1109

UNSCOM, 1132 UNSMIH, 1113 n153 UNTAC, 208, 1113

UNTAES, 209 n164, 1113 n151 UNTAET, 210, 1114

UNTAG, 1112 n139 UNTSO, 1109

Upper Silesia, 233, 273 n153, 734, 742, 905–6

Uruguay, 298, 356, 941 Uruguay Round, 939, 940, 1167 use of force

acquisition of territories, 422–4 aggression, 238, 392, 596 anti-terrorism, 1048–53 blockades, 1016, 1024 categories, 1022–36

Chapter VII measures, 1133–8 collective self-defence, 1035–6 economic and political threats, 849,

1019

high seas, 1010

independence, 415, 1017, 1021–2 internal order, 1020 interventions, 1039–48

just war, 1013–17 meaning, 849, 1019–21 proportionality, 1015, 1020

protections of nationals abroad, 1032–4

reprisals, 1023–4 retorsion, 1022

role in international law, 4–5 self-defence, 4, 5, 423, 1015, 1017,

1024–32

and self-determination, 1036–9; third party assistance, 1038–9

territorial integrity, 443, 1017, 1021–2

threats, 1020

UN Charter, 422–3, 1017–22

UN forces; Chapter VII measures, 1133–8; non-enforcement situations, 1138–46

and validity of treaties, 848–50 usque ad coelum, 464, 479, 480 uti possidetis, 446–51, 872 Uzbekistan, 375 n27

values, world order, 58–9 Vanuatu, 207

Vatican City, 218–19

Vattel, Emmerich de, 25–6, 106 Venezuela, 736, 952, 955 Venice, 421

Versailles Treaty, 233, 234, 253, 371, 461, 656, 841 n150

Vienna, Congress of, 26, 28, 1162 Vienna Convention on Consular

Relations, 361–2, 678, 688–90, 977, 996

Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 89, 90, 669–76, 677, 679–87, 977

Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties acceptance, 820

accession, 820–1 adoption, 817 amendments, 837

application; successive treaties, 833; third parties, 834, 835, 836

approval, 820

binding of parties, 833 breaches of treaty, 853, 854

changes of circumstances, 856–7, 873

consent, 817

consent by exchange of instruments, 818–19

consent by signature, 817

Vienna Convention on Law (cont.) countermeasures, 708

dispute settlement, 858, 860 entry into force, 811, 832 and federal states, 197

and ILC, 113

interpretation, 839, 841, 844, 1194

jus cogens, 850

meaning of treaty, 88 n86 ratification, 820 registration, 832

reservations, 821, 826–8, 829, 830 scope, 814

suspension, 845

termination, 845, 851–2, 855, 856–8

treaties between states and international organisations, 859, 860

treaty-making powers, 815, 1197 validity of treaties, 845, 846, 847,

848, 849, 850

void treaties, 850, 851 withdrawal, 845

Vietnam, 8, 56, 377, 385 n70, 899, 1088 n27, 1185

Vietnam war, 594, 922, 1117 violence. See use of force Vitoria, Francisco, 22, 1014 Vojvodina, 937

volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 782

Vyshinsky, 33

wadis, 451 n241

Waldock, Humphrey, 871–2 war. See armed conflicts war crimes

breach of Geneva Conventions, 1077–8

definition, 1078

Hague Conferences, 1054 individual criminal liability, 608,

1078

individual criminal responsibility, 45, 235

and International Criminal Court, 238

International Law Commission, 237 international tribunals, 1130

UK jurisdiction, 588

universal jurisdiction, 594–5, 597 Warsaw Convention, 469–73

Warsaw Pact, 46, 56, 1035, 1087, 1168, 1185

warships

jurisdiction, 494–5, 512, 548 right of passage in territorial seas,

509–11

rights of approach, 548 US Civil War, 952

watercourses. See international watercourses

weapons

banned weapons, 1068

choice of weapons in war, 1065, 1080 legality, 190

nuclear. See nuclear weapons outer space, 482

post-war Germany, 206 weapons of mass destruction, 47

n16, 482, 1131, 1223 West Bank, 221, 222, 1061

West Indies, Associated States of the West Indies, 214

Western Asia, 1092

Western European Union, 1170–1, 1223

Western Sahara, 229, 424–5, 435, 446, 922 n39, 931, 1002, 1113

Western Sirmium, 1113 Westphalia, Peace of, 25, 1015, 1161

Wilson, Woodrow, 225, 379, 380 n45 witnesses

diplomats, 683

International Court of Justice, 985 women

Commission on Status of Women, 282

Convention on Elimination of Discrimination against Women, 300

health, 301