Учебный год 22-23 / 100207

Pufendorf, Samuel, 24, 106 punishment

collective punishment, 1073, 1074 n103, 1076

corporal punishment, 1074 n103 use of force, 1015, 1016

punitive damages, 718

Qatar, 539, 814, 975, 1135 n259

Quebec, 230, 231, 444

race discrimination. See also non-discrimination

Committee, 272, 289–92, 312 complaints by states, 290 Convention, 233, 261, 266–8,

289–91

and customary law, 257, 266 definition, 266

federal states, 199 ICJ jurisdiction, 977 United States, 148

Vienna Declaration, 261 war crime, 236

Radbruch, Gustav, 52

radioactive waste, marine pollution, 553

Rainbow Warrior, 694–5, 701, 711–12, 714, 716, 718–19, 852, 853–4

Rameses II, 14

rape, 596, 1073, 1074 n103, 1076 Reagan, Ronald, 1033 n105 Realism, 51–2

rebellions

internal matter, 1040 state assistance, 1043–4

and state responsibility, 699, 705–7, 1020

and use of force, 1020 rebus sic stantibus, 855–6 reciprocity, 7, 1013 recognition

collective recognition, 388 conditional recognition, 387 constitutive theory, 368, 369, 371–3,

378, 394, 416

de facto and de jure, 377, 379, 382–3, 388, 389

declaratory theory, 369, 371, 373, 378

generally, 367–8 governments, 376–82; Estrada

doctrine, 380; legitimacy doctrine, 379; Tobar doctrine, 379

implied recognition, 384–7

legal effects; generally, 367, 393–408; internally, 393–4; internationally, 114, 115, 243, 393; UK cases, 394–403; US cases, 404–8

liberation movements, 220 new territories, 414, 437–8, 442

non-recognition doctrine, 390–2 politics, 368

premature recognition, 383–4 retroactivity, 395, 398, 399

states, 178, 185–6, 217; EU practice, 374–5; new Eastern European states, 185, 374; post-WW1, 371; and statehood, 368, 371; theory and practice, 368–76; UK practice, 370; US practice, 368–9, 373–4, 375

territorial sovereignty over high seas, 543

withdrawal, 388–90 recommendations, 111 Red Crescent, 1057 Red Cross

foundation, 28, 1162

and Geneva Conventions, 28, 1163 humanitarian work, 1078–9

in Iraq, 1126

International Committee, 243, 1076

recognition, 1057 website, 1222

Red Crusader incident, 924 Red Sea, 460

refugees, 2, 354 n217, 356, 675, 1092, 1113. See also asylum

regime change, 173

regional organisations. See also specific organisations

Africa, 1183–5

American Continent, 1182 Arab League, 1183

Asia, 1185–6

dispute resolution, 928–30 Eastern Europe, 1185 Europe, 1168–82 generally, 1168–86 growth, 46

and UN, 1107 regional-international law, 2, 34, 46 Reisman, W. M., 59

religious discrimination, 267, 268 religious freedom, 250, 256, 259, 292,

307, 348, 366

religious intolerance, 283, 284 remedies

domestic remedies. See exhaustion of local remedies

effective remedies, 259, 322 ICJ, 972, 994–6

state breaches of international law, 715–20

torture, 304

remote sensing, 487–8 Renaissance, 13, 19–22 RENAMO, 1106 n114, 1112 reparation

damages, 717–19 declarations, 719–20 ICJ procedure, 994 outer space damage, 483 principles, 95, 97 refusal, 1023 restitution, 716–17, 995 satisfaction, 719, 720

state responsibility, 694, 715–20 reprisals, 5, 708, 853, 1016, 1018

against prisoners of war, 1060, 1064 generally, 1023–4

Geneva Conventions, 1056, 1061, 1064–5, 1077

Republika Srpska, 214 n192

res communis, 413, 424, 438, 454, 481, 490

res judicata, 95–6, 956 n40

research, marine research, 509, 543, 569 reserves, 275, 299

residence, 322, 574, 578 restitution, 716–17, 995 retaliation, 1022

retorsion, 1022, 1023 Rhine, 445, 794 n226, 1163 Rhodes, 218

Rhodesia, 4, 184, 391–2, 400, 884, 1125

Rhodian Sea Law, 19

right to development, 280–1, 283, 363 right to healthy environment, 281, 363,

756–7

right to liberty, 248, 259, 292, 299, 322, 366

right to life, 248, 256, 292, 307, 321, 331, 332, 355

right to marry, 322 right to peace, 281

right to security, 259, 292, 322, 366 right to social security, 260, 286, 334,

352

right to work, 260, 286, 352 Rio Declaration

common but differentiated responsibilities, 777

consultation, 773

environmental impact assessments, 774 n110

human rights, 757 international co-operation, 772 international environmental

responsibility, 762 notification of environmental

hazards, 773 precautionary principle, 776 right to development, 281

sovereignty over natural resources, 759

sustainable development, 759, 778 riots, 705–7, 1020

risk theory, 698

rivers. See international watercourses Rolls of Oleron, 19

Roman Empire, 16 Roman law, 155, 412, 862

Romania, 273 n153, 338 n125, 842, 884 n126, 1001

Rome Statute, 238, 596, 599 Rome, Treaty of, 345 Rousseau, C., 106, 123 royal prerogative, 137

rule of law, 319, 349, 374 Russia. See also Soviet Union

Alaska sale, 422

and Chechnya, 339 n133, 937 CIS membership, 216, 1181

and Committee for Prevention of Torture, 338 n125

Dogger Bank incident, 923–4 and Eastern Carelia, 1002 international law in municipal

courts, 159

Russian–Japanese War 1905, 922 state succession, 187, 215, 865–6, 897 treaty succession, 881

UN Security Council membership, 3, 193, 865, 1084

Rwanda

genocide, 264, 1121

individual criminal responsibility, 656

intervention in Congo, 1044, 1146 and Red Cross, 1079

UN mission, 1116 n165 UN sanctions, 1130

UN use of force, 1144–5, 1147 UNAMIR, 1144–5 UNOMUR, 1144

War Crimes Tribunal, 45, 238, 239–40, 263, 656, 1074 n103, 1219

Saar, 208 n163 SADC, 933–4, 1223

Saharan Arab Democratic Republic, 213–14

St Augustine, 1014

St Germain, Treaty of, 862, 900 n210, 903

St Petersburg Declaration, 1054, 1065, 1068

St Pierre and Miquelon, 533–4, 538 Saint-Vincent, 1010

Samaria, 1061

Samoré, Cardinal, 922 n35 sanctions. See UN sanctions sanitary laws, 515, 516, 517 Sanjak, 937

satellites, 74, 479, 486–9, 487

satisfaction, 719

Saudi Arabia, 207 n155, 259, 638, 677, 814, 1135 n259

scientific research, marine research, 509, 543, 569

Scilly Isles, 529 Scotland, 498, 580

sea. See high seas; sea fishing; seabed; territorial seas

sea fishing

contiguous zones, 515 dispute resolution, 569

European Fisheries Convention, 517–18

exclusive economic zones, 517 fishing zones, 491, 518, 520 halibut, 559

high seas, 543

straddling stocks, 556–60 territorial seas, 507, 508, 509

seabed

1982 Agreement, 564

1987 Agreement, 564–5

common heritage of mankind, 454, 491, 561

dispute resolution, 570, 1007–8 Enterprise, 562, 566

generally, 560–8 international environmental

responsibility, 762

International Seabed Authority, 526, 542, 561, 566–8

pioneer investors, 562 reciprocating states regime, 563–5 rights of coastal states, 523

rights of landlocked states, 542 scope of international law, 47 UN Declaration, 454, 561 UNCLOS, 561–3, 565–6

security. See national security; right to security

Selden, John, 24 self-defence

anticipatory, 1028–30 arrest of diplomats, 681

collective self-defence, 1035–6 competing principles, 708 customary law, 91

entry into embassies, 673 high seas, 545

hijacking, 604

and intruding aircraft, 476 Iraqi no-fly zones, 1136–7 necessity, 1031

nuclear weapons, 983 pre-emptive attacks, 1028–30 proportionality, 1031–2 right, 1024–32, 1149

and state responsibility, 708 and terrorism, 1027–8

UN Charter, 1025–6

use of force, 4, 5, 1015, 1017 use of nuclear weapons, 93 n104

self-determination

and alien occupation, 270 associated states, 215 Banjul Charter, 270, 363 CIS, 216

and colonial powers, 575 definition, 230–1

economic self-determination, 40 erga omnes obligation, 116, 229 Falkland Islands, 179, 453 ICCPR, 292

insurgents and belligerents, 220 internal self-determination, 273 International Covenants, 286, 292 minorities, 276, 444

principle, 178, 183–5, 225–31 right to, 269–73, 1037

Saharan Arab Democratic Republic, 213

settled rule of international law, 39 and territorial integrity, 230, 270–1,

276, 443–6

trust territories, 202 UN Charter, 443, 1083

and use of force, 1018, 1036–9; third party assistance, 1038–9

Senegal, 1135 n259 separation of powers, 11, 12

September 11 events, 476, 478, 1027, 1051, 1087, 1101, 1122

Serbia. See also Yugoslavia Council of Europe membership,

1171 n37

human rights, 887 loan repayments, 710 minorities, 273 n153

state succession, 188, 865, 867 UN membership, 1088, 1089 and UN Security Council, 1128 UNTAES, 209 n164

service of process, and state immunity, 666

servitudes, 460–2, 874 sexual harassment, 337 SFOR, 209 n166 , 1159, 1223

Shabra and Shatilla murders, 596 n103 shareholders, diplomatic protection,

728

Sharm el Sheikh memorandum, 222 Sharon, Ariel, 596 n103 Shimonoseki Treaty, 211

ships

collisions, 552, 582

criminal jurisdiction, 136, 581; flag states, 545–8; internal waters, 493–5; territorial seas, 511–12; treaty rights, 552

freedom of navigation on high seas, 24, 25, 490, 491, 543, 544–5, 548–9; right of approach by warships, 548–9, 1009

hospital ships in wartime, 1058 hot pursuit, 551, 1010

nationality, 545, 547, 548, 589, 729, 1010

navigation rules, 509, 704 neutrality rules, 104–5, 125, 952 piracy, 117, 234, 252, 548, 549, 593 pollution. See marine pollution registration, 1010

right of passage over territorial seas, 498, 504, 506, 507–11, 541

slave trade, 548, 550 stateless ships, 547

unauthorised broadcasting, 548, 550 warships. See warships

Sicily, 218

Sierra Leone, 240–1, 699, 933, 1121, 1130, 1145

Silesia, 233, 273 n153, 734, 742, 905–6 Singapore, 1185

Single European Act, 1173, 1178 Sirmium, 1113

Sirte, Gulf of, 500

slave trade, high seas, 548, 550 slavery

criminal responsibility, 234 and customary law, 257 early treaties, 252

erga omnes obligation, 116 jus cogens, 117, 720 prohibition, 256, 257, 322 treaties, 322, 597

UN working groups, 286 war crime, 1078

Slavonia, 209 n164, 1113 Slovakia, 187, 873 n65, 1174 n52 Slovenia, 188, 867, 1174 n52 smuggling, 516

social and economic rights Banjul Charter, 363 Charter of Organisation of

American States, 355 cultural life, 287

Economic Rights Committee, 287–9

Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 356, 357

International Covenant, 286–9 right to development, 280–1, 283,

363

right to peace, 281

right to social security, 260, 286, 334, 352

right to work, 260, 286, 352 standards of living, 286 Third World, 251

Universal Declaration, 259–60 social exclusion, 337

social security, 260, 286, 334, 352, 683 soft law, 110–12

Solferino, battle of, 1054 Somalia

border claims, 413, 445 OAU mediation, 930 Red Cross in, 1079

regional interventions, 1156 n356 UN failure, 1107

UN sanctions, 1130

and UN Security Council, 1121 UN use of force, 1142–4 UNITAF, 1143

UNOSOM II, 1143–4 war crimes, 237

sources of law

custom. See customary law formulation, 66

generally, 65–7 hierarchy, 115–19 international bodies, 114

International Law Commission, 112–14

judicial decisions, 103–5 jus cogens, 117–19

miscellaneous sources, 107–12 principles, 92–103

soft law, 110–12 treaties. See treaties

UN General Assembly resolutions, 107–10

UNCITRAL, 114 UNCTAD, 114 unilateral acts, 114–15 websites, 1217 writers, 105–7

South Africa

and Angola, 1041, 1112 n139, 1124 n200

apartheid. See apartheid Bantustans, 181–2, 402, 447 Boer War, 703, 907

and Ciskei, 402 election observers, 1113

freedom of association, 315 human rights, 283 international law in municipal

courts, 157–9 mandated territories, 202

and Namibia, 203–4, 223, 392, 705, 1214 n238

and Rhodesia, 391 UN membership, 1089

South Korea, 1124, 1134

South-West Africa, 203–4, 208, 222–3, 1093, 1214 n238

Southern African Development Community (SADC), 933–4

sovereign immunity. See state immunity

Soviet Union. See also Russia approaches to international law,

31–6

Arctic claims, 455, 456 Chernobyl accident, 798, 803

compensation for UK property, 750 Cosmos incident, 483

deep sea mining, 562, 564 diplomatic bags, 676 n309 dissolution, 36, 43, 178, 185, 187,

215, 319

exclusive economic zones, 521 and Greenland, 455

Gulf War, 1135 n259 human rights, 45, 250, 259

and India–Pakistan dispute 1965, 922

influence on space law, 76 intervention in Angola, 1041 invasions; Afghanistan, 36, 1117;

Baltic states, 182, 391; Bessarabia, 391; Czechoslovakia, 34, 36, 391, 1117; Finland, 30, 391, 1166

and Korea, 1134

Korean aircraft incident, 474, 476 and League of Nations, 30, 33 outer space information, 488

and peaceful co-existence, 193, 194 perestroika and glasnost, 1086

and post-war Germany, 205 protection of minorities, 277 recognition by; UK, 390, 394–5; US,

147, 387, 405 satellites, 479

and self-determination, 226 Siberian pipeline, 616 sphere of influence, 56 state immunity, 630

state succession, 865–6, 873 n65, 896–7

territorial waters, 510 treaty succession, 880–1

UK–USSR investment treaty, 748–9 UN boycott, 1134

and UN peacekeeping, 8

UN Security Council veto, 1084

space. See outer space Spain

and American Indians, 22

Civil War, recognition, 382, 396 closed seas concept, 542

and Committee for Prevention of Torture, 338 n125

Cuban secession, 879 economic harm to foreign

shareholders, 728 EU membership, 1174

and Falkland Islands, 452 genocide jurisdiction, 596 n103 Gulf War, 1135 n259 Inquisition, 22

and Iraq, 1138

and Lac Lanoux, 773, 792 n207, 920 nuclear power installations, 775

n113

and Palmas Island, 421, 425, 430, 433 philosophers of Golden Age, 22

rise of nation-state, 20 state immunity, 665

and straddling stocks, 560

and Western Sahara, 229, 1002 WEU membership, 1170

special missions, 113

specific performance orders, 661 Spitzbergen, 455

Sri Lanka, 1022, 1079 Stalin, Joseph, 33 Stammler, R., 52 standards, 111 standards of living, 286

stare decisis, 130, 133, 157 state immunity

absolute immunity, 625–8, 657

acts jure gestionis, 625, 633, 634, 665 acts jure imperii, 625, 633, 634, 638,

665

acts of state, 623–34, 643

and Alien Tort Claims Act, 608, 609 breach of contract, 635

burden of proof, 666 commercial transactions, 640–6 contracts of employment, 646–8 customary law, 639, 647, 656 death and personal injuries, 648

state immunity (cont.) employment contracts, 646–8 European Convention on State

Immunity, 631 n55, 632 n61, 648, 654, 660 n217, 660 n218, 662

excluded areas, 648–9 federal states, 654–5 foreign army bases, 637 generally, 620–68 heads of state, 655–9

and human rights, 146, 638–40 immune entities, 649–55 immunity from execution, 662–6 and jus cogens, 119

meaning of state, 632 nature, 621–4

and non-justiciability, 623–34 pre-judgment attachments, 661–2 procedure, 666–7

restrictive immunity, 625, 628–31 sovereign and non-sovereign acts,

630–8

state-sponsored terrorism, 667 torts, 648

waiver, 659–61

state of emergency, 361 state responsibility

absolute liability, 700, 703 acquiescence, 713

acts of private individuals, 704 attribution, 700–2

basic principle of international law, 694–6

breach of international law, 140, 149

breach of jus cogens, 720–1 civil aviation, 700

civil wars, 705–7 contractual and tortious

responsibility, 695 diplomatic protection, 721–9 due diligence, 706 environment. See international

environmental responsibility exemptions, 707–13; consent, 707;

countermeasures, 708–10; distress, 711–12; force majeure,

695, 710–11; necessity, 712–13; self-defence, 708

expropriation, 703, 716–17 fault, 698–700

federal states, 200–1 genocide, 265

human rights breach, 362

ILC draft articles. See International Law Commission

insurrections, 703, 704, 705–7 international crimes, 720–1 invocation, 713–14

military action, 698, 700, 701, 705 mines, 700, 701

mob violence, 699, 703, 705–7 and nationality of claims, 721–9 nuclear activities, 801, 803 objective responsibility, 698, 700,

704

outer space activities, 482, 484 private utilities, 702 rebellions, 699

reparation, 694, 715–20 requirements, 696–8 shipping, 704

and state control, 704–5 state organs, 701–2 strict liability, 698

subjective approach, 698–700 treatment of aliens, 733–7 ultra vires acts, 702–4

waiver, 713

wrongful acts, 697; cessation, 714 state sovereignty

case law, 105 CIS, 216

communist approach, 33, 34, 35 and developing countries, 35, 39 and globalisation, 47

and human rights, 47, 191, 574 and jurisdiction, 572

and justiciability, 163 legal principle, 120

and natural law, 26, 122 non-interference, 191–2, 574, 1039 origins, 13, 20, 21

positivists, 71, 121 and territory, 409

theories, 121–4 Third World, 251 title, 412

UN recognition, 1083 state succession

assets and liabilities; 1983 Vienna Convention, 864, 890; absorption and mergers, 896; archives, 897–900; generally, 890–907; newly independent states, 894, 898, 904; private rights, 905–7; public debt, 900–4; state property, 891–7

continuity, 865–70 date of succession, 864

devolution agreements, 863, 871, 883–4

Hong Kong, 912–13 issues, 861–4 meaning, 864

membership of international organisations, 889–90

and nationality, 907–11

new Eastern European states, 375 post-war upheavals, 865–70 treaty succession; 1978 Vienna

Convention, 864, 871, 873, 874, 876, 877, 878, 879–80, 881, 882, 883, 885; absorption and merger, 875–8; bilateral treaties, 882; cession of territories, 878; devolution agreements, 883–4; dissolution of states, 884–5; generally, 871–89; human rights treaties, 885–9; newly independent states, 881–4; personal treaties, 874–5; political treaties, 874–5, 876; secession, 878–81; territorially grounded treaties, 871–4, 876

unilateral declarations, 871 Yugoslavia. See Yugloslavia

states

associations, 214–17

basis of international law, 44, 409 centrality, 251

Charter of Economic Rights and Duties, 743, 744, 1019

creation of statehood, 177–83; membership of UN, 387, 388; and recognition, 368, 371

Draft Declaration on rights and duties, 113, 124 n11, 189

equality, 6, 120, 192–3, 194, 1083, 1089

extinction, 185–6

federal states, 105, 195–201, 574, 654–5

fundamental rights, 189–94 independence, 181–3, 189–92 and international law system, 177 interventions. See interventions legal personality, 177–201 meaning, 632, 653 n174

Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States, 178, 385 n69

papal states, 218

peaceful co-existence, 193–4 practices and customary law, 77–80 protected states, 194–5 protectorates, 194–5

recognition. See recognition requirements, 178, 416; defined

territories, 179; effective control, 180, 378, 379, 399; independence, 181–3; legal capacity, 181; permanent population, 178–9

rise of nation-states, 20, 21 self-determination. See

self-determination principle sovereignty. See state sovereignty succession. See state succession territorial integrity, 230, 270–1, 276 treaties with international

organisations, 858–60 will of states, 28–9, 437

Stimson doctrine, 391 Stockholm Conference 1972, 755

Stockholm Declaration, 756, 758–9, 762, 771–2

stoicism, 17 Stonecutters Island, 912

straddling stocks, 556–60

straits, international straits, 512–15 Strupp, K., 121

Suárez, Francisco, 23, 1015

subsidiarity, 330 succession

and diplomatic immunity, 683 international organisations, 1214–15 states. See state succession

Sudan, 283, 447, 1027, 1051, 1122 Suez Canal, 461, 836, 1109

Suez crisis, 1109, 1153 sulphur emissions, 782 Sulu, Sultanate of, 993 n297 Sumeria, 14

summary executions, 283, 608 Sun Yat Sen incident, 671 Sunda, Strait of, 504 Surinam, 356

surveillance, remote sensing, 488 sustainable development

emerging principle, 777–9 and human rights, 757 Inter-Agency Committee on

Sustainable Development, 755 Rio Declaration, 759

trends, 758–60

UN Commission, 755, 1092, 1221 SWAPO, 1112 n139

Sweden, 180, 226, 275, 460, 578, 884, 1077, 1174

Switzerland and BIS, 224

ECHR reservation, 824, 829 EFTA, 1174 n53

federalism, 197

immunities of international organisations, 1208

nationality law, 586

nuclear power installations, 775 n113, 798 n245

Protecting Power, 1077

and UN membership, 67, 972 Syria, 686, 876 n88, 877, 889, 1135

n259

Tadzhikistan, 375 n27, 937 Taipei, 212

Taiwan, 211, 386, 389–90 Tanganyika, 863 n6, 876 n88, 877 Tanzania, 877

taxation

consular premises, 689 diplomats, 683, 686 n378 embassies, 679 jurisdiction, 576 proceedings, 649

state representatives to international organisations, 692

Tehran Proclamation, 260 telecommunications, outer space,

486–9

terra nullius, 177, 413, 424–6, 432, 438 territorial acquisition

accretion, 419–20, 421, 441 acquiescence, 437, 438, 440, 442 boundary awards, 419 boundary treaties, 417–19 cession, 420–2, 438, 441, 444 conquest, 422–4

critical dates, 431 discovery, 425, 430, 453

effective control, 424–9, 441–2 estoppel, 437, 439–40 intertemporal law, 429–30 and maps, 440–1

methods, 417–41

occupation, 424–9, 438, 441, 453, 955–6

prescription, 426–7, 428, 441, 955–6 recognition, 437–8, 442

sovereign activities, 432–6, 440, 450 subsequent conduct, 436–41

terra nullius, 413, 424–6, 438 time, 429–30

territorial integrity generally, 443–53

historic grounds for claims, 446 and humanitarian interventions,

1046

new factors, 410 principle, 410

and self-determination, 230, 270–1, 276, 443–6

UN Charter, 391, 443, 1017, 1032 and use of force, 391, 1021–2

uti possidetis doctrine, 446–51, 872 territorial seas

archipelagic states, 502–5 baselines, 495–8

bays, 499–501 cabotage, 507

criminal jurisdiction, 130–1, 582; foreign ships, 493–5, 511–12

custom control, 507, 509 delimitation, 495–8, 575 enlargement, 491

extent, 73, 82–3, 104, 491, 495–501, 505

fishing rights, 507, 508, 509 generally, 493–512

Geneva Convention, 495, 497, 498, 499, 501, 503, 507, 508, 509, 510, 512, 516, 517, 527

historic bays, 499–500

influence of great maritime nations, 76

internal waters, 493–5 international straits, 512–15 islands, 501

legal nature, 506–7 long-standing regional economic

interests, 498 marine pollution, 807 mines, 701

right of innocent passage, 498, 504, 506, 507–11

security, 507

states with adjacent/opposite coasts, 506, 527

warships, 494–5, 509–11 territorial sovereignty

acquisition of title, 414–17 airspace, 463, 464, 473, 480 concept, 411–13, 761 Falkland Islands, 452–3 high seas, 490, 543

mandated and trust territories, 415 territorial seas, 506

transfer, 421 territories

acquisition. See territorial acquisition

concept in international law, 409–11 discovery, 425, 430

disputes, categories, 413 domestic jurisdiction, 414–15 and jurisdiction, 573

leases, 459

res communis, 413, 424, 438, 454, 481, 490

servitudes over, 460–2 sovereignty. See territorial

sovereignty

surrenders, 138, 420–2, 442 terra nullius, 413, 424–6, 432

terrorism

aircraft, 472, 476, 478 challenges, 42 Counter-Terrorism Committee,

1051, 1085, 1087, 1222 definition, 1048, 1049 detention, 331

hijacking. See hijacking

and human rights law, 1052–3 internal conflicts, 1073

and international law, 1048–53 jurisdiction, 590–1, 601–4 Libya, 1121–2

motivation, 1048

regional instruments, 1052 Rwanda, 1074 n103 self-defence, 1027–8 September 11, 1101

and state immunity, 667 UN Charter, 1018

UN Committee, 1050

UN conventions, 1049, 1050 UN Declaration, 1049–50 UN resolutions, 1050–2 and US courts, 146 websites, 1222

Thailand, 439, 847, 1185 thalweg principle, 451 Third World

approaches to human rights, 251–2 exclusive economic zones, 492 generally, 38–41

growing importance, 107 and international law, 243

international law priorities, 733 and law of the sea, 492 non-alignment, 56

and peaceful co-existence, 193 use of force, 849; for self-

determination, 1037, 1038