Учебный год 22-23 / 100207

legal personality acquisition, 241–4

association of states, 214–17 belligerents, 219–20 condominiums, 206–7

foreign corporations, unrecognised states, 401

generally, 175–7 Holy See, 218–19 individuals, 232–41

insurgents and belligerents, 219–20 international organisations, 46, 104,

241, 1187–93, 1201

international public companies, 223 international territories, 207–11 mandated territories, 201 multiplicity of models, 242 national liberation movements,

220–3

Order of Malta, 218

qualified personality, 242, 244 right to judicial personality, 256 rights and duties, 245

Saharan Arab Democratic Republic, 213

states, 177–201, 379 Taiwan, 211

transnational corporations, 224 trust territories, 201–4

Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), 212

UN, 46, 1188–9

Vatican City, 219

legal representation, capital offences, 299

legal writers, 105–7 legislative jurisdiction, 576–7 legitimacy, concept, 60, 379

Letelier, O., 624, 648, 667, 924–5 lex specialis derogat legi generali,

116 liberalism, 61–2 Liberia

civil war, 933, 1121 ECOMOG, 932–3, 1157–8 flags of convenience, 545, 546 regional involvement, 1157–9 UN mission, 1158

UN sanctions, 1130 Yamoussoukro Accord, 1158

Libya

and Aouzou Strip, 915–16, 1114 n153

boundaries with Chad, 873, 915 continental shelf, 529, 530, 532–3,

992, 998

diplomatic bags, 677, 827 Gulf of Sirte, 500

and Lockerbie bombing, 988, 1050, 1149–50

London embassy, 673, 677

oil nationalisations, 717, 739, 742, 956 n37

terrorism, 1127

threat to peace, 1121–2 UN sanctions, 670, 1127–8 US air raid, 1033

US sanctions, 616, 617 licensing of journalists, 360–1 Liechtenstein, 195, 725–726,

1174 n53

limited liability companies, 99 Lithuania, 182, 273 n153, 391, 866,

1174 n52

Litvinov Agreement, 147, 387 local government, 343 n161 Locke, John, 25, 248

Lockerbie trial, 580, 988, 1004–5, 1128

locus standi individuals, 233

International Court of Justice, 984 rules, 117

trust territories, 203 Lombok, Strait of, 504 Lomé Convention, 1173 Louis XIV, 1162

Lusaka Agreement, 1146, 1150

Maastricht Treaty, 345, 1170, 1173 McDougal, M. S., 57

Macedonia. See also Yugoslavia and Council of Europe, 320 OSCE mission, 937

peacekeeping operations, 1160, 1170 recognition, 384 n67, 386

and Torture Committee, 338 n125 UN membership, 1088 UNPREDEP, 1141

Machiavelli, Niccolò, 20 Maine, Gulf of, 531, 537, 964 Maine, H., 22

Malaysia, 627, 993, 1185, 1210

Mali, 440, 447, 450, 451, 872, 878, 884, 965

Malta, 532–3, 992, 1174 n52 Malta, Sovereign Order of, 218 Malvinas, 452–3

Manchuria, 390

mandated territories, 30, 201–4, 225, 257–8, 415, 1092

manganese, 560, 561 Marcos, Ferdinand, 656 Mareva injunctions, 661–2 margins of appreciation, 330 Mariana Islands, 202

Marie Byrd Land, 456 marine pollution

1954 Convention, 806–7 due diligence, 764

exclusive economic zones, 807 generally, 553–5, 754, 805–9 London Convention, 804 meaning, 765

oil pollution, 807–9 Oslo Convention, 804 ships, 553–5, 804, 805–9

state right to control, 762 territorial seas, 807 UNCLOS, 807

marine resources. See also sea fishing exclusive economic zones, 519 and law of the sea, 491

rights of landlocked states, 542 scope of international law, 47 straddling stocks, 556–60

maritime law. See law of the sea Maroua Declaration 1975, 125, 846 marriage, right to marry, 322 Marshall Islands, 202

Marshall Plan, 1172 Martens clause, 1055 n5

Marxism, and human rights, 249 Matsu, 212

Mauritania, 413, 446, 1002 Mauritius, 299

Mayotte, 922 n39

mediation, 921–3, 1104, 1106 medical ethics, 304 mercenaries, 283, 597

MERCOSUR, 941, 1183 n91, 1224 Mesopotomia, 14

meteorology, remote sensing, 488 Mexico

and Clipperton Island, 433 criminal jurisdiction, 589 employment standards, 734 expropriations, 743, 746 secession of Texas, 902

standards of criminal justice, 735 state responsibility, 698, 699, 703,

710–11

US boundaries, 427

US–Mexico Claims commissions, 959

US–Mexico General Claims

Convention 1923, 731 MICIVIH, 1122 Micronesia, 202

Middle Ages, 18–19 Middle East

Chapter VII operations, 1120 peacekeeping, 1095, 1109

and UN, 1086, 1091, 1104, 1110, 1153

and UNESCO, 1097 UNTSO, 1109

migrant workers, 261, 309–10, 334, 343 n161

migration, 47 n16 mineral resources

Antarctica, 457–9 moon, 486 oceans, 42, 454 seabed. See seabed

mines, 512, 700, 701, 1068

minorities. See protection of minorities Minquiers, 428, 435, 973

Minsk Agreement, 866 n21, 873 n65 MINURSO, 1113

mistakes, 847, 957

mob violence, 699, 705–7, 710–11

Moldova, 375 n27, 937 monism, 29, 50, 122 Montenegro. See also Yugoslavia

Council of Europe membership, 1171 n37

human rights, 887

state succession, 188, 867, 868 UN membership, 1088, 1089 and UN Security Council, 1128

Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States, 178, 385 n69

Montreal Rules, 765 n57, 773, 780 MONUC, 1045, 1146

moon

common heritage of mankind, 454, 485, 790

demilitarisation, 485 exploration, 481, 485 landings, 479

Moon Treaty, 454, 485, 790 natural resources, 485

moral principles, and international law, 12

Morocco

Gulf War, 1135 n259 and SADR, 213 Spanish zone, 696–7 status, 194–5

territorial claims over Algerian territory, 446, 930

territorial claims over Mauritania, 413, 446

and Western Sahara, 435, 446, 1002 Moscow Mechanism, 351

Mox arbitration, 954, 1009 Mozambique, 1106 n114, 1112 Multilateral Investment Guarantee

Agency, 751–2 municipal courts

evidence of customary law, 79, 105 force of rulings, 104

and international law; Australia, 151 n159, 152; Canada, 151–2; customary law, 129–35, 143–6, 155; Cyprus, 154; doctrine of incorporation, 129, 130, 131, 133–5, 143; doctrine of transformation, 129, 130, 131;

evidence of rules, 131, 132–3; France, 156–7; generally, 128–62; Germany, 155; India, 154; Ireland, 154; Israel, 151; Italy, 156; Japan, 160; Netherlands, 156; New Zealand, 152; no conflict presumption, 139–40, 145; Portugal, 156; Russia, 159; South Africa, 157–9; treaties, 135–43, 146–51, 155; United Kingdom, 128–43; United States, 143–51

procedural rules, 150 municipal law

basis of international custom, 79 contrary to international law, 356–7,

575, 577

and international law, 120–1, 124–7 justification, 50

principles, 94, 95, 99 procedures, 95

role of municipal rules in international law, 124–7

and validity of treaties, 846–7 murder, 588

mutual assistance, 598 Myanmar, 1107 n114, 1185

NAFTA, 941–3, 1224 names, right to, 307, 355 Namibia

Bantustans, 447 boundaries, 418, 426 control by South Africa, 705 and ICJ judges, 962 intervention in Congo, 1044

mandate succession, 1214 n238 recognition, 392

status, 203–4, 222–3

and UN, 1090, 1091, 1095, 1117, 1153

UN Council for Namibia, 282, 1091 UN Transition Assistance Group,

209 n164, 1112 Napoleonic wars, 26, 1162

national debt, state succession, 900–4 national liberation movements, 220–3 national security, 332, 346–52, 507,

521, 591–2

nationalisations, 717, 738 nationalism, 27 nationality

aircraft, 466, 589 civil jurisdiction, 588 companies, 727–9 concept, 104, 232–3

criminal jurisdiction, 572–3, 584–9

definition, 585

and diplomatic protection, 721–9

dual nationality, 726, 727 European Convention, 909 foundations, 586–7 gender discrimination, 587 grants, 574, 575, 585 Hague Convention, 585 and ICSID, 944–5

jus sanguinis, 586 jus soli, 586

municipal laws, 724–6 naturalisation, 587

right to, 256, 307, 584 n52 rights, 584–5

ships, 545, 547, 548, 589, 729, 1010

and state succession, 861, 907–11 statelessness, 908

wives of nationals, 587 NATO

collective self-defence, 1035 dispute settlement, 936 generally, 1168–70

Kosovo intervention, 1046–7 organisation, 1169

origins, 46, 56

post Cold War changes, 1169 troops in UK, 166

and UN Security Council, 1087 and US Afghanistan operations,

1028 website, 1224

and Yugoslavia, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1159–60

natural law

equality of states, 193 generally, 24–6

and human rights, 248

influence of academic writers, 106 and jus cogens, 117

natural rights, concept, 26 and positivism, 48–53

and principles of international law, 93

Renaissance, 21–2 Roman concept, 17

Spanish philosophers, 22, 23 and state sovereignty, 122 values, 59

natural resources moon, 485

sovereignty over, 40, 743, 759 UN Committee, 1092

naturalisation, 587 naturalism. See natural law Nauru, 179, 1187 navigation. See ships Nazism, 52, 274

necessity, 712–13, 1031 negotiations, dispute settlement,

918–21 Netherlands

Belgian secession, 879 civil jurisdiction, 578 continental shelf, 528 deep sea mining, 564

dispute with Indonesia, 1104 free trade, 24

Gulf War, 1135 n259 international law in municipal

courts, 156

Lockerbie trial, 580 n36, 1128 nuclear power installations, 775

n113

and Palmas Island, 433 recognition of governments, 381

n52

UK–Netherlands nuclear agreement, 799

New Hebrides, 206

New Territories, 459, 912 New Zealand

claims over Antarctic, 456 and Cook Islands, 214

French nuclear tests. See nuclear tests

New Zealand (cont.)

and international law in municipal courts, 152

Nauru trusteeship, 1187

Rainbow Warrior. See Rainbow Warrior

recognition of governments, 381 n52

tuna fisheries, 570 Newfoundland, 461, 534 Nicaragua

border conflicts, 935, 977 collective self-defence, 1036 Contras, 704, 1071

election observers, 1112 Gulf of Fonseca, 207

Honduras/El Salvador case, 207, 992, 993, 994

human rights, 356 ICJ jurisdiction, 980

indigenous people, 279 mines, 701

ONUVEN, 1112

US breach of international law, 608, 701, 704

and US right of self-defence, 1026–7, 1029

US–Nicaragua Treaty of Friendship, 977

Nice Treaty, 1175 n57, 1176 n62 nickel, 561

Niger, 1135 n259 Niger Basin, 794 n226 Nigeria

Civil War, 383, 447, 1043 n154, 1078, 1117

conflict with Cameroon, 989, 993, 996

consular protection, 690 continental shelf, 539–40 Dikko incident, 676, 677 involvement in Liberia, 1157 Maroua Declaration, 125, 846

nitrogen oxides, 782 non liquet, 93, 983

non-aggression principle

and developing countries, 39 erga omnes obligation, 116

jus cogens, 117

peaceful co-existence, 194 non-discrimination

affirmative action, 296 children’s rights, 295 customary law, 257, 266, 267 ECHR, 322

erga omnes obligation, 116 European Charter of Fundamental

Rights, 345 expropriations, 744, 751

gender. See gender discrimination and Human Rights Committee,

295–6

international convention, 266–8 migrant workers, 309

national minorities, 341 principle, 266–9

race. See race discrimination religion, 267, 268

non-governmental organisations, 253, 287, 311–12, 335, 1162

non-intervention principle, 39, 191, 194, 574, 734, 1021, 1083

Noriega, Manuel, 656, 1042

North Atlantic Co-operation Council (NACC), 1169

North Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (NAFO), 559–60

North Atlantic, straddling stocks, 559–60

North Korea, 368, 925 n56, 1124, 1134, 1147

North Sea

air pollution, 783 n166

continental shelf, 521, 523, 526, 528, 530, 920

pollution, 808 n315

North Vietnam, 377, 385 n70 Northern Ireland, 331, 338 n125 North–South divide, 41 Norway

Antarctic claims, 456 Arctic territory, 456 cession from Sweden, 884

continental shelf, 535, 538, 927 and Eastern Greenland, 434, 438,

439

EFTA, 1174 n53

European Economic Area, 1174 French loans, 980

Gulf War, 1135 n259 incorporation of treaties into

municipal law, 161

Jan Mayen Island, 535, 538, 927 and Spitzbergen, 455

territorial seas, 496 treaty-making powers, 816 UK–Norway nuclear agreement,

799

nuclear activities assistance, 799–801

Assistance Convention, 800–1 bilateral agreements, 775 n113, 799 civil liability, 801–3

emergencies, 797, 798–9 and environment, 759 generally, 796–803 information, 798–9 installations, 1065 International Atomic Energy

Authority, 797–8, 799, 801 Mox arbitration, 954, 1009 Nordic Mutual Assistance

Agreement, 799

Nuclear Safety Convention, 801 outer space, 484

radiation accidents, 799 UNDRO, 799

waste, 798 n243, 801 n268, 804–5 nuclear tests

environmental impact assessments, 776

French tests in Pacific, 543–4, 761, 763, 988, 991, 998–9

Test Ban Treaty, 393, 544, 796–7 nuclear weapons

balance of terror, 42

and environmental protection, 708, 761

and Human Rights Committee, 295 legality, 47 n16, 93 n104, 103,

109–10, 920–1, 983, 1003, 1020, 1065–7

non-proliferation, 375, 797, 920–1, 1067

outer space, 482 proportionality, 708, 1020, 1031 US weapons in Palau, 202

Nuremberg Tribunal

and annexed territories, 423 Charter, 113, 235, 1078 crimes against peace, 595

individual criminal responsibility, 45, 656, 1078

principles, 594, 848 website, 1222

Nyasaland, 884

occupation, and territorial acquisition, 424–9, 438, 441, 453, 955–6

Oder River, 760 OECD

generally, 1172 hazardous waste, 804 membership, 1172 nuclear energy, 802 organisation, 1172

and pollution, 772–3, 779, 780 purpose, 1172

website, 1223

offshore installations, 526, 543, 774 n109

oil pollution

civil liability, 808–9 insurance, 808

International Fund, 554, 809 marine pollution, 553–5, 807–9 polluter-pays principle, 779 Torrey Canyon, 553–4, 712, 807

n313 oil rigs, 526

Okhotsk Sea, 560

Oleron, Rolls of Oleron, 19 Oman, 1135 n259

ONUC, 1110

ONUCA, 1112 ONUMOZ, 1112 ONUVEH, 1112 ONUVEN, 1112 opinio juris

establishment, 70–1, 74 generally, 80–4, 90 outer space, 481

opinio juris (cont.) Soviet thinking, 34

UNGA decisions, 108–10, 228 Oppenheim, L. F. L., 106

Orders in Council, 141, 654, 1190, 1192, 1211, 1212 n223

Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)

Charter of Paris, 1179

Conflict Prevention Centre, 1179 dispute settlement, 936–8, 1180–1 Forum for Security Co-operation,

1180

generally, 1179–81

High Commissioner on National Minorities, 1180

human rights, 346–52 involvement in Yugoslavia, 1160 Ministerial Council, 1180 missions, 937, 1180

Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, 1179, 1180

Office for Free Elections, 1179 organisation, 1179–81

Pact on Stability in Europe, 1180 Parliamentary Assembly, 1180 Permanent Council, 1180 Secretariat, 1179

Senior Council, 1180 and terrorism, 1052 website, 1224

and WEU, 1170 Organisation of African Unity

Bamako Convention, 804 and Bantustans, 182 Cairo Declaration, 931

and colonial boundaries, 447 dispute settlement, 930–2 generally, 46

history, 1183

involvement in Liberia, 1158 mediation, 922 n39 principles, 194

recognition of liberation movements, 220

and SADR, 213

and Somalia, 1156 n356 and treaty succession, 872

Organisation of American States Charter, 355, 361, 371

Convention against Terrorism, 1052 dispute settlement, 918, 934–5 Esquipulas II agreement, 935 generally, 46, 1182

and Helms–Burton legislation, 617 immunities, 1206 n196 indigenous peoples, 279 involvement in Haiti, 1156–7 mediation, 922 n39

organisation, 1182 origins, 1182

Pact of Bogota,´ 934, 977, 1182 peacekeeping, 1155

purpose, 1182 Rio Treaty, 1182 website, 1224

Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States, 1155

Ottoman Empire, 902, 904 n230 outer space

and airspace law, 464, 479 astronauts, rescue, 484 debris, 483, 790 definition, 480 delimitation, 480

demilitarisation, 482, 485, 790 exploration, 481

generally, 479–89 geostationary orbit, 488–9

impact of USSR and US, 76, 479 international environmental

responsibility, 762 jurisdiction, 483

legal framework, 481–6 legal principles, 481

moon, 454, 479, 485, 491, 790 nuclear power, 484

Outer Space Treaty, 481–3, 485, 768, 790

remote sensing, 487–8 res communis, 413, 481

scope of international law, 44 space objects; damage by, 483, 731,

763, 796; recovery, 484 state liability, 482–4, 768 telecommunications, 486–9

UN Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, 479 n70

UN Declarations, 109, 481 websites, 1220

ozone depletion adverse effects, 766 CFCs, 784, 785

controlled substances, 785 generally, 754, 784–6 halons, 785

Helsinki Declaration, 785 Montreal Protocol, 755, 776,

785–6

Multilateral Fund, 786 precautionary principle, 776 Vienna Convention 1985, 755, 766,

776, 784

Pacific

Clarion–Clipperton Ridge, 563, 565

new island, 420 straddling stocks, 560 trust territories, 202 UN Commission, 1092

Pacific Islands, 1092 n46 Pact of Paris 1928, 390

pacta sunt servanda, 10, 29, 49, 97, 739, 811–12, 871

Pakistan

Gulf War, 1135 n259 Indo-Pakistan disputes, 274 n155,

922

split territory, 180

state succession, 865, 889, 903 treaty succession, 882

UN mission, 1111 UNMOGIP, 1109 n125

Palau, 202, 1093 Palestine

Chapter VII operations, 1120 Conciliation Commission, 928 mandated territory, 1105 n106 occupied territories, 222, 282 partition, 1105 n106 recognition, 179

status, 208, 865

and UN, 208, 222, 1153

Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO), 221, 970, 1207

Palmas Island, 421, 425, 430, 433, 435, 761

Panama, 545, 546, 656, 875, 879, 902, 1033, 1042

Panama Canal, 379, 459, 461, 584 n49 papacy, 18, 20, 542

papal states, 218

Papua New Guinea, 685 Paraguay, 356, 941

Paris, Charter of Paris, 349, 374 Paris Conference 1856, 1162 Paris, Treaty of Paris 1898, 421 parliamentary supremacy, 49 particularism, 27, 41, 62 Pashukanis, 32

peace. See also collective security; dispute settlement

maintenance, 914, 1082 right to peace, 281

threats to peace, 1120, 1147, 1149, 1150

UN peacekeeping. See peacekeeping operations

peace treaties, 420

peaceful coexistence, 94, 193–4 peacekeeping operations

assessment, 1147 Belgium, 1109–10 Congo, 1109–10, 1146 Croatia, 1113

Cyprus, 1110 functions, 1110–12 generally, 1107–17 Greece, 1109 IFOR, 1142, 1159

KFOR, 1160, 1170, 1223 Kuwait, 1183, 1201 liability of forces, 1201 Liberia, 1158 Macedonia, 1160 Middle East, 1095, 1109

Model Status of Forces Agreement, 1115, 1116

MONUC, 1045, 1146 ONUC, 1110 principles, 1118

peacekeeping operations (cont.) regional arrangements, 1155 review, 1118

Rwanda, 1144–5

safety of personnel, 1115 Sierra Leone, 1145 Somalia, 1142–4

and Soviet Union, 8

UNAMIR, 1144–5

UNAMSIL, 1145

UNEF, 1109, 1110 n131, 1111 n134 UNOMIL, 1158

UNOSOM, 1143–4 UNPROFOR, 1139–42, 1159 UNSCOB, 1109

UNTSO, 1109 Yugoslavia, 1139–42

Penghu, 212

peoples, meaning, 230–1, 363–4 perestroika, 35, 1086

Permanent Court of Arbitration, 28, 104, 953–4, 958, 960, 1221

Permanent Court of International Justice, 30, 103, 960, 961, 978, 980

Persian Gulf, 521, 1068 n76 persistent organic pollutants (POPs),

783

personal injuries, and state immunity, 648

Peru, 522, 675, 853 Pescadores, 211

Petersburg Declaration, 1170

Philadelphia Declaration, 312 Philippines, 421, 656, 993, 1185 pillage, 1074, 1076

Pinochet, Augusto, 599, 640, 657 pipelines, 509, 519, 526, 543 piracy, 117, 234, 252, 548, 549, 593 places of worship, 236, 1064 pleadings, ICJ, 966

pluralism, 122 poisoned gas, 1067 Pol Pot, 674 Poland

and Austro-Hungarian Empire, 884 n126

borders, 206

and EU membership, 1174 n52

German Settlers, 905–6 independence, 905 minorities, 273 n153 recognition, 371, 397–8 and Soviet Union, 56

and Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 259

Upper Silesia, 233, 734, 742, 905–6 polar regions, 455–9. See also

Antarctica Polisario, 213 politics

and international law, 11–13, 53 political offences, 610

political rights, 250, 256, 352, 363 and recognition of states, 368

polluter-pays principle, 779, 792 Ponsonby rule, 139, 819 population expansion, 47 n16 ports. See harbours and ports Portugal

African colonies, 220

closed seas concept, 24, 490, 542 EU membership, 1174

and Guinea-Bissau, 183–4 international law in municipal

courts, 156 Nautilaa dispute, 1023

North Atlantic fishing, 560 nuclear power installations, 775

n113

and Rhodesia, 391 WEU membership, 1170

positivism

19th century, 28, 29, 44–5 and academic writings, 106 and customary law, 71

doctrine of transformation, 129 and equality of states, 193 generally, 24–6

and human rights, 249 and just war, 1015 and natural law, 48–53 origins, 21

and principles of international law, 94, 177

and Soviet Union, 33

and state sovereignty, 71, 121

possession, territorial acquisition, 424–9, 438, 441

Pound, Roscoe, 51 poverty, 313, 337 Praetor Peregrinus, 16

precautionary principle, 776–7, 792 precedent, doctrine, 130, 133, 135,

144 preclusion, 437

pregnant women, death penalty, 296 preliminary objections, 666, 983–4, 998 prescription, acquisitive prescription,

426–7, 428, 453, 543, 955–6 Prevlaka Peninsula, 1113, 1139 price fixing, 619, 620

principles of law

equity, 99–103, 956, 983 estoppel, 84, 96–7, 217, 243, 437,

439–40 generally, 92–103

good faith, 49, 97–98, 124 n11, 811, 839, 846, 1013, 1083

municipal law, 94, 95, 99

pacta sunt servanda, 10, 29, 49, 97, 739, 811–12, 871

procedure and evidence, 95, 150 reparation, 95

res judicata, 95–6, 956 n40 respect for acquired rights, 97,

905–7 printing, 19 prisoners, 304, 1074 prisoners of war

definition, 1058, 1071 disciplinary offences, 1060 exchange, 1079

Geneva Conventions, 252, 1056, 1058–61

humiliation, 1060

Indian treatment of Pakistani prisoners, 1077

medical treatment, 1060 obligations, 1060 release, 1060

religious activities, 1060 reprisals, 1060

torture, 1060 war crimes, 1078

privacy rights, 259, 307, 322 private international law, 1–2 privatised companies, 702

property rights, 26, 248, 322, 354, 366, 412, 739 n278, 1015. See also expropriation of foreign property

proportionality

conduct of war, 1066 n64 countermeasures, 709, 710 nuclear weapons, 708, 1020, 1031 reprisals, 1023

self-defence, 1031–2

US bombing raid in Libya, 1033 US invasions in Panama and

Grenada, 1033 prostitution, 303, 1074 protected states, 194–5 protection of minorities

1919 Peace Treaties, 233, 253, 273 CIS Convention, 352

cultural life, 292, 486

definition of minorities, 275, 343 European Framework Convention,

340–3 generally, 273–9

High Commissioner on National Minorities, 350, 1180

Human Rights Committee, 296 indigenous peoples, 261, 277–9 languages, 340

and League of Nations, 225 minimum humanitarian standards,

1076

new Eastern European states, 374 reserves, 275

UN Declaration, 276–7

UN Subcommission, 274, 277, 283, 285

Vienna Declaration, 261 protectorates, 194–5 protests, 84–6, 114 provisional measures

International Court of Justice, 968, 987–90

ITLOS, 1007–8, 1009, 1010 public international law. See

international law public policy, 128, 135, 167