Учебный год 22-23 / 100207

human rights (cont.) interpretation of treaties, 843–4 margins of appreciation, 330 minimum standards, 736 nature, 247–9

new Eastern European states, 374 non-compliance; high incidence, 248; municipal laws, 357, 362

non-derogable rights, 256 OSCE, 346–52, 1179, 1180

social and economic rights, 251, 259, 286–9

specialised agencies, 312–18 and state immunity, 638–40 state responsibility, 362

and state sovereignty, 47, 191, 574 treaties; obligations, 360;

reservations, 360, 829–31; succession, 885–9

trust territories, 257–8

UN system; Commission on Human Rights, 282, 283–5, 1092; Committee. See Human Rights Committee; expert bodies, 285–310; generally, 257–81; High Commissioner, 261; implementation, 281–310; international covenants, 227; involvement, 576; political bodies, 282–5; proliferation of committees, 310, 311; Sub-commission, 285–6

United States, 145, 361 Universal Declaration of Human

Rights, 49, 259–61

universalism and relativism, 41, 251 Vienna Declaration and Programme

of Action, 260 n74, 261, 311 websites, 1219

Human Rights Committee decisions, 298–9 establishment, 293 extension of powers, 296–8 general comments, 294–6 generally, 292–9

and ICCPR, 268, 851–2

interim measures of protection, 298 and non-discrimination, 268

powers, 830 reports, 293–4 torture, 303

and treaty reservations, 829–30 and Yugoslav succession, 886–7

humanitarian intervention, 252, 1045–8

humanitarian law

conduct of armed hostilities, 1063–8 Conference, 1038

development, 1054–6 enforcement, 1076–9 Geneva Conventions system,

1056–62

internal and international conflicts, 1068–72

internal conflicts, 1072–6 UN forces, 1115–17 websites, 1222

widespread violations, 1121 Hume, David, 25

Hungary

1947 peace treaty, 1001

Danube dam, 795, 854, 857, 874, 995

and EU membership, 1174 n52 and interpretation of treaties, 842 minorities, 274 n153

recognition of government, 377 and Soviet Union, 56, 1153

Iceland, 518, 544, 900 n210, 927, 936, 988, 997, 1174, 1174 n53

ICSID, 942, 943–5

IFOR, 1142, 1159 illegitimacy, 331, 586 IMF, 40, 897, 1098, 1213 immigration

criminal jurisdiction, 580 immunity, 1209

laws, 574 immigration control

airlines, 702

contiguous zones, 515, 516, 517 territorial seas, 507

immunities

consular. See consular immunity diplomats. See diplomatic immunity

international organisations, 691–2, 1205–12

Iran–US Claims Tribunal, 1207–8 states. See state immunity

United Nations, 1003, 1206–12 waiver, 659–61, 687–8, 1212 n223

imprisonment, 256, 322

incendiary devices, 1054, 1065, 1068 independence

colonies. See decolonisation methods, 415

national liberation movements, 220–3

states, 181–3, 189–92 UN recognition, 1083

unilateral declarations, 182–3

use of force, 415, 1017, 1021–2, 1032 India

ancient civilisations, 15 deep sea mining, 562

Indo-Pakistan dispute 1965, 922 Indo-Pakistan Treaty 1950,

274 n155 Indo-Pakistan wars, 629

international law in municipal courts, 154

invasion of Goa, 1037 manganese production, 561 Pakistani prisoners of war, 1077 and peaceful co-existence, 194 state succession, 865, 889, 903 UNMOGIP, 1109 n125

war with China, 1077

indigenous peoples, 261, 277–9, 286, 359

individuals

emerging right of individuality, 61 human rights, 249–51

international criminal responsibility, 234–41, 608, 656

and international law, 45, 722

state responsibility for acts of private individuals, 704, 768

status in international law, 232–41 Indonesia

ASEAN membership, 1185 Bogota´ Declaration, 489 conflict with Malaysia, 993

dispute with Netherlands, 1104 and East Timor, 229 expropriations, 740–1, 745 Strait of Lombok, 504

Strait of Sunda, 504 territorial seas, 502 industrial accidents, 805 Industrial Revolution, 27

inflammatory projectiles, 1054, 1065, 1068

information

Aarhus Convention 1998, 757–8 air pollution, 781–2 environmental hazards, 772–4, 799

n250

nuclear activities, 798–9 inhuman treatment. See cruel and

inhuman treatment; torture injunctions, 661–2

inquiry commissions, 923–5, 1077 dispute settlement, 1099

Inquisition, 22

Institut de droit international, 114, 371, 757, 774 n109

insurance, 803, 808 insurgents

administrations, 367 international treatment, 1040 legal personality, 219–20

insurrections

and state responsibility, 705–7, 710–11, 1020

and use of force, 1020 intellectual property, and state

immunity, 649 INTELSAT, 223, 486 Inter-American Bank, 1182 n91

Inter-American Commission on Human Rights

case load, 356 creation, 355

inter-state complaints, 356 membership, 359

and non-compliant municipal law, 356–7

petitions, 355–6, 359 powers, 355 publications, 356

Inter-American (cont.) website, 1219

Inter-American Convention on Human Rights

death penalty, 358 environmental protection, 756 exhaustion of domestic remedies,

255

generally, 354–62 individual rights, 233

Inter-American Commission, 355–7 petition rights, 355–6, 359 precautionary measures, 358, 359 priority of rights, 256

range of rights, 354–5

social and economic rights, 357 violence against women, 358

Inter-American Convention on Torture, 357

Inter-American Court of Human Rights

advisory opinions, 360–2 jurisdiction, 359 jurisprudence, 362 procedure, 359–60

voiding municipal laws, 362 website, 1219

international agreements. See treaties International Air Transport

Association, 469 International Atomic Energy

Authority, 797–8, 799, 801, 804, 1098 n74, 1132, 1138, 1221

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), 942, 943–5, 1222

International Chamber of Commerce, 945–6, 1222

International Civil Aviation Organisation, 466–7, 1096, 1220

International Convention on Rights of the Child, 307, 587, 756

international co-operation. See co-operation

International Court of Justice ad hoc Chambers, 964–5 ad hoc judges, 963

advisory opinions, 938, 1000–5 applicable law, ex aequo et bono,

983

Chamber for Environmental Matters, 754 n2, 964

Chamber of Summary Procedure, 964

counter-claims, 990

evidence; burden of proof, 986; documentary evidence, 985; expert evidence, 985; generally, 984–7; improperly obtained, 986–7; judicial notice, 985; standard of proof, 986; witnesses, 985

force of previous decisions, 103–4 function, 967

generally, 959–1005 judges, 961–4, 1086

judgments, 986; applications for interpretation, 997; applications for revision, 997–8; declaratory judgments, 994; enforcement, 996–7; finality, 996; post-judgment examinations, 998–9

jurisdiction, 3, 229, 1197; advisory jurisdiction, 1000–5; compromis, 973; concurrent jurisdiction, 968; Connally amendment, 981; consent of parties, 974–6; contentious jurisdiction, 972–82; declarations, 973, 978–82; formalities, 971–2, 984–7; forum prorogatum, 974; generally, 966–82; legal disputes, 969–72; legal interest, 984; optional clause, 978–82; parties, 959, 972–3; preliminary objections, 983–4; remedies, 972; reservations, 980–2; seisin, 969; third parties, 975–6; treaty provisions, 976–8

non-appearance, 999–1000 obligation to refer to, 1103 organisation, 961–6 origins, 30, 960

pleadings, 966 politicisation, 961–2, 967

Practice Directions, 966 provisional measures, 968, 987–90 remedies, 972, 994–6

role, 1004–5, 1012; decisions of Security Council, 1148–51

Root–Phillimore plan, 961 Rules of Court, 965–6 sources of law, 66–7, 107

third party interventions, 991–4 and Third World, 39

website, 1221

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

deportation, 736–7

exhaustion of domestic remedies, 255

Human Rights Committee, 268, 292–9

individual rights, 233

interim measures of protection, 298 non-discrimination, 267

Optional Protocol I, 296–7, 298 priorities, 256

protection of minorities, 274 self-determination, 271, 272 treaty reservations, 830 withdrawal from, 851–2

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, generally, 286–9

International Criminal Court, 113, 237, 238, 596, 599, 1219

International Development Association (IDA), 1098, 1099

international environmental responsibility

co-operation, 770 customary law, 760–2 damage caused by private

individuals, 768 due diligence, 764

environmental damage, 765, 765–7, 770

generally, 760–71 hazardous activities, 768–71

international watercourses, 760–1 marine environment, 762, 764, 765,

766

nuclear tests, 761 nuclear weapons, 761

polluter-pays principle, 779 standards, 762–5

state responsibility approach, 771 strict liability, 762–3

International Finance Corporation (IFC), 1098, 1099

International Fund for Agricultural Development, 1098 n74 International Labour Organisation

binding decisions, 1096 establishment, 30, 253 and federal states, 198

and freedom of association, 314–15 function, 1097

and gender discrimination, 302 human rights, 312–15

and indigenous people, 278 inter-state complaints, 314 Philadelphia Declaration, 312 procedures, 314–15 ratification of treaties, 1096 Recommendations, 313 representations, 314

source of law, 114 structure, 313, 1096 US withdrawal, 1096 website, 1223

international law behaviouralism, 54–8 binding quality, 9, 60, 61 and China, 36–8 common vocabulary, 7

communist approaches, 31–8 compliance, 6, 8, 10 Eurocentricity, 43–4, 107 expanding scope, 42–7

force, 4–5

functionalist approach, 57 n47 general theory, 61

history. See history of international law

horizontal system, 6

in municipal courts. See municipal courts

lack of sanctions, 3, 5 legitimacy, 60

international law (cont.) modern theories, 48–64

v. municipal law, 120–1, 124–7 nature, 2–3

new approaches, 53–64

no separation of powers, 12 non-compliant municipal laws, 575,

577

policy-orientated approaches, 57–9, 62, 249

and politics, 11–13, 53 principles, 5, 61, 62, 92–103 regional and universal, 2, 34 sources. See sources of law and Soviet Union, 31–6 supremacy, 122, 126, 155, 157 system, 5–11

and Third World, 38–41

and UN Security Council, 1148–51 universalism and particularism, 27,

41, 62 violations, 6 weaknesses, 12–13

International Law Association, 114, 483 n85, 765 n57, 773, 780, 790–1, 792, 1162

International Law Commission application of treaties, 835 continental shelf, 81 creation, 112

crimes against humanity, 237 crimes against peace, 596 diplomatic bags, 676 n304, 678–9 diplomatic protection, 723 n197,

726, 727

drafts, 112, 124 n11 environmental damage from

hazardous activities, 764 n50, 765 n57, 767 n70, 768–71, 774

environmental impact assessments, 774 n112

function, 112

Guide to Practice, 823 international criminal court, 237,

599

jurisdictional immunities, 632, 633, 645–6, 653 n174, 655, 658, 659 n214, 660 n218, 663

law of treaties, 197 membership, 112

Model Rules on Arbitral Procedure, 954, 957

reports, 113

reservations to human rights treaties, 830

rights and duties of states, 189 source of law, 112–14

state responsibility; adoption of draft articles, 696; Art. 1, 697, 722; Art. 2, 697; Art. 4, 701–2; Art. 5, 702; Art. 6, 702; Art. 7, 703–4; Art. 8, 704; Art. 9, 705; Art. 10, 706; Art. 12, 697; Art. 19, 720, 721; Art. 22, 708; Art. 23, 710; Art. 25, 712, 713; Art. 34, 715; Art. 35, 716; Art. 36, 717–18; Art. 37, 720; Art. 41, 721; Art. 42, 713; Art. 44, 722, 730; Art. 48, 714; Art. 49, 709; Art. 50, 709; Art. 51, 710; Art. 52, 710; work, 113, 696

state succession, 894 n177, 903, 909–11

treaties between states and international organisations, 858–9

treaty reservations, 826 n77 treaty succession, 880, 882–3 UN body, 1091

use of force, 849 website, 1217

International Maritime Organisation, 1096, 1098 n74, 1223

International Monetary Fund (IMF), 40, 897, 1098, 1213

international organisations. See also specific organisations

accountability, 1204–5 applicable law, 1198 approaches, 1164–5

constituent instruments, 1193–5 dispute resolution; facilities of

limited competence, 938–50; generally, 928–50; regional organisations, 928–38

dissolution, 1213–14 economic institutions, 1167 environmental protection, 755

and formation of customary law, 78–9

growth, 45–6

historical development, 1161–4 immunities, 691–2, 1205–12 internationally protected persons,

693

legal issues, 1186–1216

legal personality, 46, 104, 241, 641, 1187–93, 1201

liability of member states, 134, 165, 1201–4

membership, state succession, 889–90

powers, 1194, 1195–8 privileges, 1205–12 rationalist approach, 1164 realist approach, 1164–5

regional institutions; Africa, 1183–5; Americas, 1182; Arab League. See Arab League; Asia, 1185–6; Eastern Europe, 1185; Europe, 1168–82; generally, 1168–86

responsibility, 134, 165, 1199–1201 revolutionary approach, 1164 succession, 1214–15

treaties with states, 858–60 treaty-making powers, 1197–8 unanimity and majority voting, 826 websites, 1223–4

international personality. See legal personality

International Seabed Authority, 526, 542, 561, 566–8, 1006

International Telecommunications Union, 219, 486, 487, 1098 n74

International Telegraphic Union, 28, 1163

international territories, 207–11 International Tribunal for the Law of

the Sea (ITLOS)

ad hoc chambers, 1007 ad hoc judges, 1006 advisory opinions, 1009 applicable law, 1006

Chamber of Summary Procedure, 1007

composition, 1006

counter-claims, 1008 generally, 1005–10 jurisdiction, 1006, 1012 jurisprudence, 1009–10 Mox case, 1009 non-appearance, 1008 parties, 1006

provisional measures, 1007–8, 1009, 1010

seabed disputes, 1007 technical experts, 1006 third-party interventions, 1008 website, 1221

international watercourses 1992 Convention, 792–3 1997 Convention, 793–4 bilateral agreements, 793

boundary rivers, 419, 420, 427, 451–2

customary law, 760, 836 Danube, 28, 795, 1128, 1163 ecosystems, 794

environmental impact assessments, 774 n110

equitable use, 102 generally, 791–5 Helsinki Rules, 792

Lac Lanoux, 773, 792 n207, 920 polluter-pays principle, 792 precautionary principle, 777, 792 servitudes, 460

transboundary impact, 767 treaty succession, 874

internationally protected persons, 600, 681, 692–3

interpretation of treaties approaches, 839

case law, 842

derogation from ordinary meaning, 844

effectiveness, 842–3 generally, 142, 838–44 human rights, 843–4

interpretative declarations, 1197–8 language variations, 844 programmatic approach, 843–4 rules of international law, 841

and subsequent practice, 841

interpretation of treaties (cont.) supplementary means, 841–4 teleological approach, 839 travaux préparatoires, 841 UK interpretation, 141–3

Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties, 839, 841, 844

INTER-SPUTNIK, 486 inter-state courts/tribunals

arbitration, 951–9

ICJ. See International Court of Justice

ITLOS. See International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)

proliferation, 1011–12 intertemporal law, 429–30 interveners, 991–4, 1008 interventions

and African Union, 1184 aid to rebels, 1043–4

aid to state authorities, 1042–3 civil wars, 1040–2

Congo, 1044–5

humanitarian interventions, 1045–8 non-intervention principle, 1039 restoration of democracy, 1048

and state sovereignty, 1039 use of force, 1039–48

investment. See also foreign direct investment

1965 Convention, ICJ jurisdiction,

977

ICSID, 942, 943–5 Iran

hostages, 707 human rights, 283

Inter-Arab Force, 935 Iran–Iraq war, 307, 544, 546–7,

1111–12, 1124 London embassy, 675 mob violence, 706–7 prisoners of war, 925 n56

recognition of government, 406 UNIIMOG, 1127 n221

US downing of aircraft, 477

US embassy siege, 666, 672, 681, 997 US freezing of assets, 616

US sanctions, 616, 617

Iran–US Claims Tribunal applicable law, 956 n37 dual nationality, 727, 841

expropriations, 741, 746, 750 force of previous decisions, 104 generally, 946–7

immunities, 1207–8

state responsibility for mob violence, 706

website, 1222 Iraq

1993 US missile attack in Baghdad,

1034

Gulf War, 1135, 1147

historic claim over Kuwait, 446 human rights, 283

Inter-Arab Force, 935

invasion of Kuwait, 167, 392, 424, 478; collective self-defence, 1036; environmental damage, 767 n72; UN Compensation Commission, 947–50; and UN Security Council, 1086–7

Iran–Iraq war, 307, 544, 546–7, 1111–12, 1124

minorities, 273 n153 no-fly zones, 1046, 1136 ‘oil for food’ scheme, 948

oil spillage in Persian Gulf, 1068 n76 prisoners of war, 925 n56

Red Cross work, 1079 sanctions, 4, 1126–7

and Security Council, 1124 n200, 1130–3, 1135–8, 1147

threat to peace, 1122 n193 UN blockade, 1127

UN failure, 1107, 1117

UN sanctions, 478, 1126–7, 1131–3 UNIIMOG, 1127 n221

UNIKOM, 1113 UNMOVIC, 1132, 1138 UNSCOM, 1132

US–UK invasion, 1087, 1101 war crimes, 237 n306 weapons of mass destruction,

1131–3

western troops in Northern Iraq, 1046

Ireland, 154, 322, 903, 954, 1009, 1174 irregular forces, 1071

Isaiah, 14

Islam, 18

Islamic Conference, 1156 n356 islands

artificial islands, 520, 543 creation, 419, 420

and exclusive economic zones, 519 rocks, 501, 519

sovereignty over, 445

and territorial seas, 496, 501 Israel

1967 war, 1029, 1111

aircraft incidents, 473–4, 475 ancient Israel, 14

Arab claims, 413 border disputes, 179 Entebbe rescue, 1033

exchange of prisoners of war, 1079 interception over international

territories, 604 international law in municipal

courts, 151

intrusion into Lebanese airspace, 603

Israel–Egypt Peace Treaty, 1111 n134 Israel–Jordan Peace Treaty, 583 Naharayim/Baqura, 583

occupied territories, 221, 282, 1104 recognition, 370, 379, 385, 386 resolution 242, 1104–5

seizure of Eichmann, 577, 595 state succession, 865

use of Suez Canal, 461 and West Bank, 1061–2

Italy

1930s aggressions, 1166 Albanian damages, 976 n178 city states, 20

deep sea mining, 564 n353 and diplomatic bags, 676 n309 and Ethiopian archives, 899 FAO immunities, 1208

Gulf War, 1135 n259 and ICJ jurisdiction, 973

international law in municipal courts, 156

occupation of Ethiopia, 30, 382, 389, 391, 396

and Order of Malta, 218 Peace Treaty 1947, 274 n155 state immunity, 647, 665 unification, 27

and Vatican City, 219 Venice, 421

and WEU, 1170

ITLOS. See International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)

Jammu, 1109 n125

Jan Mayen, 534–5, 538, 927 Japan

1930s aggressions, 1166 archipelagic state, 503 crab fisheries, 525

deep sea mining, 562, 564 n353 international law in municipal

courts, 160

invasion of China, 30, 390 new island, 420

Pacific territories, 202 Russian–Japanese War 1905, 922 and Taiwan, 211

tuna fisheries, 570 Jay Treaty, 733, 952 Jennings, R. Y., 951 Jericho, 222

Jordan, 583, 1029, 1061–2, 1153 journalists, licensing, 360–1 Joyce, William, 592

Judaea, 1061

judicial decisions, 103–5 judicial notice, 985 judicial review, 164, 168–9 jure gentium, 252 jurisdiction

Alien Tort Claims Act, 607–10 civil jurisdiction, 578; and

nationality, 588

concurrent jurisdiction; ICJ, 968; internal waters, 494

criminal. See criminal jurisdiction domestic jurisdiction, 414–15,

574–6, 1083 ECHR, 323

jurisdiction (cont.)

enforcement jurisdiction, 572, 573 exclusive economic zones, 520 executive jurisdiction, 577 extraterritorial jurisdiction, 611–20 generally, 572–4

high seas, 545–8 human rights, 254, 258

immunities. See consular immunity; diplomatic immunity; state immunity

Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 359, 360

International Court of Justice, 229, 966–82, 1197

international organisations, 692 International Tribunal for the Law of

the Sea, 1006, 1012 judicial jurisdiction, 578 justiciability, 162–72

law of the sea, 80–1, 130, 131–2 legislative jurisdiction, 576–7 outer space exploration, 483 prescription jurisdiction, 572, 573,

576 principles, 96 ships. See ships

state representatives to international organisations, 691–2

territorial jurisdiction, 190–1, 573 jus civile, 16

jus cogens breach, 720–1

environmental offences, 720 generally, 117–19 international crimes, 597 modification of treaties, 838 prohibition of torture, 303 state immunity, 657, 661 and validity of treaties, 850

jus communis, 454 jus gentium, 16–17 jus sanguinis, 586 jus soli, 586

just war, 1013–17 justice

denial of justice, 724, 735 standards, 735

justiciability

executive certificates, 172–3 generally, 162–72

and state immunity, 623–34 United Kingdom, 163–9 United States, 169–72

Kadesh, 14

Kant, Immanuel, 122 Kashmir, 1104, 1109 n125 Katanga, 183, 364 Kazakhstan, 375 n27, 881 Kelantan, 627

Kellogg–Briand Pact, 390, 422, 427, 430, 848, 1017

Kelsen, Hans, 48–50, 71, 122–3 Kenya, 413, 445, 489, 863 n6 Kerkenna islands, 530

KFOR, 1160, 1170, 1223

Khomeini, Ayatollah, 707 Khrushchev, Nikita, 33 Kiel Canal, 461, 836 Kinmen, 212

Korean war, 4, 56, 1147, 1201 Korovin, 32

Koskenniemi, M., 59, 62

Kosovo, 209–10, 673, 937, 1046–7, 1129, 1160, 1170

Kowloon, 912 Kozhevnikov, Professor, 34 Kuwait

Arab League peacekeeping, 1183 diplomatic bags, 677

Iraqi claim over, 446, 1106

Iraqi invasion, 167, 185, 392, 424, 478; collective self-defence, 1036; environmental damage, 767 n72; UN Compensation Commission, 947–50; and UN Security Council, 1086–7, 1126–7, 1130, 1135

marine environment, 774 n112 neutral zone, 207 n155 peacekeeping operations, 1201 and Security Council, 1124 n200 UNIKOM, 1113

Kyoto Protocol, 789

Kyrghyzstan, 375 n27

Lac Lanoux, 773, 792 n207, 920 Lagash, 14

lakes. See international watercourses land degradation, 756

land law, 411, 413, 421 landlocked states, 541–2, 544 languages, 340, 346, 844 Laos, 1185

laser weapons, 1068 Lateran Treaty, 219 Latin America

Andean Pact, 1182 n91 and Calvo doctrine, 734 independence, 27 ONUCA, 1112

pre-war crises, 1166 principles of law, 94 regional custom, 2, 73, 87 UN Commission, 1092

UN observer missions, 1112 and UN Security Council, 39,

1085

US sphere of influence, 56

uti possidetis doctrine, 446–51, 872 Latin American Integration

Association, 1183 n91

Latvia, 273 n153, 391, 866, 1174 n52 Lausanne, Treaty of, 904 n230 Lauterpacht, H., 122, 177, 197,

372–3

law

and China, 37 function, 122

natural law. See natural law nature, 1, 48, 50, 51, 52 positivism. See positivism universality of law, 17

law enforcers, code of conduct, 304

Law Merchant, 19 law of the sea

1982 Convention. See UNCLOS British influence, 75 conferences, 491–2

contiguous zones, 491, 515–17 continental shelf. See continental

shelf development, 19

dispute resolution, 568–71

economic pressures, 492 environmental protection, 762 equity, 102

exclusive zones. See exclusive economic zones

flux, 491

Geneva Conventions, 104 Grotius, 24

high seas. See high seas ILC origins, 113

International Tribunal for the Law of Sea (ITLOS), 1005–10

jurisdiction, 80–1, 130, 131–2 landlocked states, 541–2 navigation rules, 79

pollution. See marine pollution resources. See marine resources; sea

fishing

Rhodian Sea Law, 19 seabed. See seabed

territorial waters. See territorial seas websites, 1220

law-habit, 11 League of Nations

Covenant, 960, 1016, 1099, 1100 dispute settlement, 1099–1100 dissolution, 1213 establishment, 30, 1016, 1163 failure, 1017

generally, 1166 human rights, 252–3 law of treaties, 825 and Liechtenstein, 195

mandated territories, 201, 252 and minorities, 274

organs, 1166 purpose, 1165

recognition of states, 391 Saar and Danzig, 208 n163 and self-determination, 225 and Soviet Union, 30, 33 treaty succession, 1214 n238 tribunals created by, 978 UN succession, 1004 n366 and use of force, 848

leases of territories, 459, 912 Lebanon, 935, 1153, 1183

legal disputes, meaning, 969–72