Учебный год 22-23 / 100207

diplomatic immunity (cont.) employment contracts, 686 generally, 573

ICJ judges, 962 immovable property, 683

incorporation into UK courts, 129 inviolability of premises, 671–5, 709 Islamic law, 18

and nationality law, 586 personnel, 681–6, 709 property, 679–80, 709 reciprocity, 7, 681 succession, 683

waiver, 687–8 diplomatic protection

exhaustion of local remedies, 730–2 meaning, 722

and nationality, 721–9 obligation of states, 722–4 and state responsibility, 721–9 treatment of aliens, 733–7

diplomatic relations. See also embassies

changes of regimes, 173, 379 generally, 668–88

heads of missions, 816 ILC work, 113

and recognition of states, 385, 390 settlement of disputes, 918–28 severing, 1022, 1125

special missions, 690–1

Vienna Convention, 89, 90, 669–76, 679–87; ICJ jurisdiction, 977; reservations, 677

disabled persons, rights, 261, 334 disappeared persons, 317, 356, 358,

362, 1076

discrimination. See non-discrimination disease, 47 n16, 1045

dispute settlement categories, 914

diplomatic methods; commissions of inquiry, 923–5; conciliation, 925–8; generally, 918–28; mediation, 921–3; negotiations, 918–21

European Convention for Peaceful Settlement of Disputes, 936

GATT, 939–41 ICSID, 942, 943–5

International Chamber of Commerce, 945–6

international organisations, 928–50 inter-state arbitration. See

arbitration

inter-state tribunals; ICJ. See International Court of Justice; ITLOS. See International Tribunal for the Law of the

Sea (ITLOS); proliferation, 1011–12

law of the sea, 568–71 League of Nations, 1099–100 meaning of dispute, 916 NAFTA, 941–3

OSCE, 1180–1 political approach, 915

regional organisations: Africa, 930–4; Americas, 934–5; Arab League, 935; Europe, 936–8; generally, 928–38

treaties, 858

UN system: Agenda for Peace, 1094, 1100, 1109 n126, 1156; assessment, 1117–18; Charter, 1083, 1101; General Assembly, 1103–4, 1105; generally, 1100–18; observer missions, 1107–17; peace enforcement, 1101; peace-building, 1101; peacekeeping. See peacekeeping operations; peacemaking, 1101; preventive diplomacy, 1101; Secretary-General, 1106–7; Security Council, 918, 928–9, 1101–5

World Bank, 943 WTO, 940–1

distress, 476, 711–12

Dogger Bank incident, 923–4 domestic violence, 301, 302, 358 domicile, 574, 578

Dominican Republic, 315, 356 double criminality, 610

Dover Straits, 514

driving offences, diplomats, 682, 690

drug trafficking, 597, 599 drugs, 307, 1092

dualism, 29, 122, 123, 129 due diligence, 706, 764, 770 due process

and death penalty, 299 ECHR, 322, 331, 639 foreign nationals, 362 ICCPR, 292

legal representation, 299 and state immunity, 639

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 259

Western approach, 250 Duguit, L., 52

dum-dum bullets, 1068 dumping at sea, 804 Dunant, Henri, 1054 dykes, 1065

East Timor

right to self-determination, 229, 970, 976

UN mission, 1114

UN resolutions, 925 n56, 1102 n94 UNTAET, 210, 1114

Eastern Europe minorities, 277

new states, 185, 319, 374–5, 880 post-WW1 states, 371

regional organisations, 1185 UN Security Council, 1085 and uti possidetis doctrine, 448

Eastern Slavonia, 209 n164, 1113 ECOMOG, 932–3, 1157–8

Economic Community of West African States. See ECOWAS

economic law, scope of international law, 47

economic restrictions, 1022 Economic Rights Committee, 287–9

ECOSOC, 282, 283, 284, 287, 300, 308, 755, 1091–2, 1095

ecosystems, 794

ECOWAS, 932–3, 941, 1157–8, 1223, 1224

Ecrehos, 428, 435, 973 Ecuador, 489

education rights, 260, 286, 310, 322, 352, 357

effectiveness, interpretation of treaties, 842–3

effectivités, 432–6, 450 Egypt

1967 Israeli war, 1029 ancient Egypt, 14 diplomatic bags, 676 n309 Gulf War, 1135 n259

Israel–Egypt Peace Treaty, 1111 n134 Suez Canal, 461

treaty with Jordan, 1029

union with Syria, 876 n88, 877, 889 Eichmann, Adolf, 577, 595

Eilat blockade, 1029 El Salvador

boundaries, 450 continental shelf, 522

dispute with Honduras, 992, 993, 994 Gulf of Fonseca, 207, 499–500 human rights, 283, 356

ICJ procedure, 965 UN mission, 1113

elections

observers, 1112, 1113

right of participation, 256, 272, 352 right to free elections, 322

electronic screening, 677 embargoes, 1019 embassies

abandonment, 674–5 archives and documents, 680 asylum, 2, 72–3, 87, 675 bank accounts, 665, 679

Chinese embassy in Belgrade, 673 employment contracts, 646–7 inviolability, 671–5

Iranian embassy in London, 675 Libyan embassy in London, 673, 677 security, 666

taxation, 679 unsuitable use, 672

US embassy in Tehran, 672 emergency

distress, 711–12 force majeure, 710

state of emergency, 361

empiricism, 25, 51

employment contracts, 646–8, 686 endangered species, 754

Energy Charter Treaty, 744–5, 759 England. See also United Kingdom

case law, 104

Law Merchant, 19

rise of nation-state, 20 sources of law, 65

environmental impact assessments, 757, 774–6

environmental offences, 597, 720 environmental protection

Antarctica, 457, 458 armed conflicts, 1068

atmosphere. See air pollution common but differentiated

responsibilities, 777 and development, 758–60 education, 756

and free trade, 47

hazardous activities. See hazardous activities

ICJ Chamber for Environmental Matters, 754 n2, 964

impact assessments, 757, 774–6 information rights, 757–8 international co-operation, 771–9 international organisations, 755 issues, 753–60

and nationalisations, 743 and nuclear weapons, 708 ozone. See ozone depletion

polluter-pays principle, 779, 792 precautionary principle, 776–7, 792 right to healthy environment, 281,

363, 756–7

rivers. See international watercourses scope of international law, 44, 47,

59

sea. See marine pollution space. See outer space

state responsibility. See international environmental responsibility

territorial seas, 509 UNEP, 282, 755 websites, 1221

equal pay, 260

equality before the law, 259, 366 equality of states, 6, 120, 192–3, 194,

1083, 1089

Equatorial Guinea, 283, 540 equity, 99–103, 956, 983

erga omnes obligations, 116, 229, 257, 265, 360, 836, 886

Eritrea, 418, 436, 953–4, 1113, 1114, 1130

Eritrea/Yemen Tribunal coastal islands, 445–6 continental shelf, 538–9 fishing in Red Sea, 460

and historic traditions, 41 n141 interpretation of treaties, 840 territorial acquisition, 433, 435 treaty succession, 874

use of PCA, 953 errors, 847, 957

Estonia, 273 n153, 391, 405, 407, 866, 937, 1174 n52

estoppel, 84, 96–7, 217, 243, 437, 439–40

Estrada doctrine, 380 Eternal Law, 21 Ethiopia

boundaries, 418, 436 Eritrean boundaries, 953–4 Eritrean secession, 1113 Italian attack, 30 pre-colonial archives, 899

recognition of Italian occupation, 382, 389, 391, 396

Somali claims over, 413, 445, 930 UN mission, 1114

UN sanctions, 1130 ethnic cleansing, 294, 886 ethnic identity, 352

Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, 1169

Eurofina, 223 Europe

counter-terrorism, 1052 human rights system, 319–54 regional organisations, 936–8,

1168–82 security, 346–52

UN Commission, 1092

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (ERDB), 778 n132, 1208, 1213

European Convention for Peaceful Settlement of Disputes, 918

European Convention for Prevention of Torture, 337–40

European Convention on Human Rights

application to Bosnia, 353 binding treaty, 45 deportation, 737 derogations, 330

EU accession, 345 flexibility, 323 generally, 321–33

incorporation in municipal laws, 322 individuals’ rights under, 233, 327,

328

interpretation, 142, 323, 840, 843 jurisdiction, 323

priority of rights, 256 protocols, 322 reservations, 824

state implementation, 322–3 European Court of Human Rights

admissibility of applications, 325 advisory opinions, 326

case load, 330, 333 causes of action, 329 damages, 327

execution of decisions, 332–3 exhaustion of domestic remedies,

329 fact-finding, 330

friendly settlements, 326–7 generally, 324–33 hearings, 327

individual petitions, 233, 327, 328 interim measures, 326 n38 inter-state applications, 328 jurisdiction, 327, 328 jurisprudence, 330–3

margins of appreciation, 330 procedures, 324–30

referrals to Grand Chamber, 327 third party interventions, 326 website, 1219

European Court of Justice, 45, 1177–8, 1221

European Economic Area, 1174 European Free Trade Area (EFTA),

1174

European Monetary Union (EMU), 1173

European Parliament, 136, 139, 1173, 1174–5

European Social Charter

Committee of Independent Experts, 335

complaints, 336, 337 generally, 334–7, 1172 implementation, 334 Protocol, 335, 336, 337 ratification, 334, 337 reports, 334–5

scope, 334 European Union aims, 1173

Amsterdam Treaty, 345 CFCs, 786

Charter of Fundamental Rights, 345–6

civil aviation, liability of carriers, 471 Commission, 1176–7, 1195 n141 competition law, 618–20 Constitutional Treaty, 1178 COREPER, 1176

Council of Ministers, 1175–6 Declaration on Yugoslavia, 375 diplomatic protection, 723 n196 dispute resolution, 941

EMU, 1173 enlargement, 1174 n52

environmental impact assessments, 775

European Court of Justice, 45, 1177–8, 1221

European Parliament, 136, 139, 1173, 1174–5

extraterritorial jurisdiction, 618–20 fisheries dispute, 568

generally, 216–17, 1172–8 and Greenland halibut, 560 human rights, 142, 344–6 immunities, 1206 n196

European Union (cont.) individual appeal rights, 45 institutions, 1174–8

Large Combustion Directive, 782 n159

legal personality, 217

Maastricht Treaty, 345, 1170, 1173 members, 1174

and NAFO, 559 nature, 46

Nice Treaty, 1175 n57, 1176 n62 nuclear emergencies, 799 n250 origins, 1173

pillars, 217, 1173 polluter-pays principle, 779 qualified majority voting, 1176

recognition of governments, 381 n52 recognition of states: Baltic states,

866; Bosnia-Herzegovina, 384; Croatia, 383; former Yugoslavia, 867; new Eastern European states, 185, 374, 880; reunified Germany, 870 n54

Single European Act, 1173, 1178 Social Chapter, 1173

sources of law, 162

and state immunity, 655 status, 655

supremacy over national laws, 142–3, 162, 217, 1178

Treaty of Rome, 345

and US extraterritorial jurisdiction, 617–18

website, 1223 evidence, 95, 984–7

ex injuria jus non oritur, 98, 390 excès de pouvoir, 957

exclusive economic zones cables and pipelines, 519 claims, 520 conservation, 556

criminal jurisdiction, 520, 582 customary law, 70

freedom of navigation, 519 generally, 517–21 international straits, 513 jurisprudence, 1010 marine pollution, 807

regulation, 491 rights and duties, 519 security zones, 521

and Third World, 492 executions

Geneva Conventions, 1056 internal conflicts, 1073 Rwanda, 1074 n103

summary executions, 283, 608 executive certificates, 172–3 exemplary damages, 718 exhaustion of local remedies

CIS Convention on Human Rights, 352

customary law, 732 denial of justice, 724

and diplomatic protection, 730–2 ECHR, 329

effective remedies, 730–1 Human Rights Committee, 297 ITLOS, 1009

rule, 254–5 UNESCO, 316 waiver, 731–2

expert evidence, ICJ, 985 explosives, 1054, 1065 expropriation of foreign property

bilateral investment treaties, 747–9, 750

categories of property, 740 compensation, 743–7; lump-sum

agreements, 749–51 ECHR, 840

generally, 737–52

indirect expropriations, 740–2 legality, 577, 742–3, 746–7 nationalisation, 738

nature, 740–2 non-discrimination, 751 public purposes, 742–3 restitution, 716–17

state responsibility, 703 US retaliation, 1022

extradition, 331–2, 573, 598, 606, 610, 610–11

extrajudicial killings, 608 extraterritorial jurisdiction

effects doctrine, 612, 613, 644

generally, 611–20 opposition, 615–18 reasonableness, 614 United States, 612–18

fair trial/ hearing. See due process fairness, 60

Falk, R. A., 59–60

Falkland Islands, 179, 452–3 Falkland war, 609, 1035, 1124 family rights, 256, 307, 322, 334 famine, 47 n16

Far East, 15

fault, and state responsibility, 698–700 federal states, 105, 195–201, 574,

654–5 feudalism, 20, 411 Fez Treaty, 194 Fiji, 991

Finland

Aaland Islands, 180, 226, 273 n153, 460

Arctic territory, 456 EFTA, 1174 n53

EU membership, 1174

Soviet invasion, 30, 391, 1166 treaty succession, 875, 879

fishing. See sea fishing Fitzmaurice, G., 123, 197 flag states

criminal jurisdiction, 494

and diplomatic protection, 729 documentary evidence, 1010 exceptions to jurisdiction, 548–60,

582

flags of convenience, 545–7, 1010 jurisdiction, 545–8

and straggling stocks, 558–9 Fonseca, Gulf of, 207, 499–500 Food and Agriculture Organisation

(FAO), 1098, 1208, 1223 force. See use of force

force majeure, 695, 710–11 forced labour, 1062 foreign currency, 354 n217 foreign direct investment

bilateral treaties, 747–9, 750 ICSID, 942, 943–5

Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, 751–2

risks, 741

World Bank guidelines, 744 foreign law, recognition, 167 foreign ministers, 816

Foreign Office certificates, 172–3 foreign property. See expropriation of

foreign property

foreign relations, non-justiciability, 168, 169

forests, 778 n134 Formosa, 211

forum prorogatum, 974 France

administrative acts, 94 n108 Algerian archives, 899 Alsace-Lorraine, 878 Antarctic claims, 456 Antarctic mining, 458

Channel Tunnel agreement, 582–3 and Clipperton Island, 433 continental shelf, 529, 530, 823,

827–8

criminal jurisdiction over ships, 581–2, 589–90

deep sea mining, 562, 564, 565 diplomatic bags, 677 n313 and Dover Straits, 514

and Falkland Islands, 452 freedom of the air, 463 ICJ jurisdiction, 980 Indochinese colonies, 439

influence of legal system, 94 international law in municipal

courts, 156–7

Lac Lanoux, 773, 792 n207, 920 lobster fisheries, 525

Louis XIV, 1162

Minquiers and Ecrehos islands, 428, 435, 973

and Morocco, 194–5 and Namibia, 204

Napoleonic wars, 26, 1162 nationality law, 585, 586 and New Hebrides, 206

no-fly zones in Iraq, 1046, 1136 Norwegians loans, 980

France (cont.)

nuclear power installations, 775 n113, 798 n245

and Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 797 nuclear tests. See nuclear tests outer space information, control,

488

and post-war Germany, 205

Rainbow Warrior. See Rainbow Warrior

recognition of governments, 381; Cambodia, 389

Revolution, 26 Rhine boundary, 445

rise of nation-state, 20 and Rwanda, 1145

and St Pierre and Miquelon, 534, 538

state immunity, 647

treaty reservations, 823, 827–8 treaty succession, 878 UK–France 1903 arbitration

agreement, 953 n16

UN Security Council membership, 1084

UN veto power, 3, 193 US–Vietnam mediation, 922 and Venice, 421

Vietnamese archives, 899 Franck, T. M., 60–1 Franco, Francisco, 382, 396

fraud, and validity of treaties, 848 free trade, and environmental

protection, 47

freedom of assembly, 250, 259, 272, 322, 348, 366

freedom of association, 272, 292, 313, 314–15, 322, 348, 366

freedom of expression, 250, 259, 272, 295, 307, 313, 322, 348, 360–1

freedom of movement, 259, 322 freedom of thought, conscience and

religion, 256, 259, 292, 307, 322, 348

friendly relations and co-operation, 191, 228, 270, 271, 917, 1082

frontiers. See borders functionalist approaches, 57 n47

Gabon, 561

Gaddafi, Muammar, 657 games theory, 56

GATT

code of conduct, 92 creation, 40, 1167

dispute resolution, 939–41 generally, 1167

Marrakesh Accords, 1167 and Taiwan, 212

Uruguay Round, 939, 940, 1167 Gaza, 221, 222

gender discrimination affirmative action, 301 Convention on Elimination of

Discrimination against Women, 300

and Human Rights Committee, 268, 296, 299

nationality law, 587 treaty prohibition, 267

UN Committee on Elimination of Discrimination, 300–3

Geneva Convention on High Seas, 491–2, 541, 543, 544, 545, 548, 551, 553, 582, 593, 832

Geneva Conventions

1949 Conventions, 1055

1977 protocols, 1056 applicability, 1056; UN forces,

1115–17

biological experiments, 1057 civilians, 1055, 1056, 1061, 1063 conduct of hostilities, 1063–8 enforcement, 1076–9 importance, 89

individual criminal responsibility, 235–7

and internal conflicts, 1072–6 origins, 1054

principle, 1055

prisoners. See prisoners of war Protecting Powers, 1077 protocols, 1038

and Red Cross, 28, 1078–9, 1163 status of belligerents, 1059 system, 1056–62

universal jurisdiction, 595

wounded and sick, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1074

genocide

crime against peace, 597 cultural genocide, 263 customary law, 257

erga omnes obligation, 116 ethnic cleansing, 294

ILC Draft Code, 237

individual criminal liability, 608 International Criminal Court, 238 jus cogens, 117

prohibition, 262–6 Rwanda, 263, 264

universal jurisdiction, 595, 596 n103 Yugoslavia, 263–6

Genocide Convention

erga omnes obligations, 265 generally, 262–3

ICJ jurisdiction, 977 normative treaty, 90, 235 origins, 45, 261 reservations, 825–6, 1001

treaty succession, 885, 886, 888, 970

Gentili, Alberico, 23, 106 Gény, François, 52, 71

Georgia, 216, 866 n21, 937, 1114, 1181 geostationary orbit, 488–9

German Democratic Republic absorption in GDR, 1088

and Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 393 recognition, 377, 393, 399–400, 406,

869

state succession, 869, 870, 877, 896, 901–2

Germany

20th century aggression, 30, 1166 borders, 206

consular protection, 689, 714, 996 continental shelf, 528

deep sea mining, 564, 565

and diplomatic bags, 676 n309 diplomatic immunity, 686, 691 German settlers in Poland, 905–6 and Iceland fishing zone, 518 and ICJ jurisdiction, 973 influence of legal system, 94

international law in municipal courts, 155

invasion of Czechoslovakia, 391 Kiel Canal, 461

and Namibia, 204 nationality law, 586 Nautilaa dispute, 1023 Nazism, 52, 274

nuclear power installations, 775 n113, 798 n245

post-war Berlin, 56, 205 post-war status, 204–6, 423 state immunity, 647 n145, 664

state succession, 868–70, 875, 876, 877, 896, 901–2

unification, 27, 187, 205 Unification Treaty, 870 and Versailles Treaty, 234 war reparations, 233 and WEU, 1170

Gidel, A., 106, 516 glasnost, 1086

global communications, 47 n16 Global Environmental Facility (GEF),

755–6, 783, 789

global warming, 754, 784, 786–9 globalisation, 41, 43, 47

Goa, 1037 good faith

interpretation of treaties, 839 principle of international law, 49,

97–8, 124 n11, 811, 1013 UN Charter, 1083

validity of treaties, 846

good offices, 921–3, 1104, 1106 Gorazde, 1141

government

departments, immunity, 649 meaning, 653

recognition. See recognition requirement of statehood, 180 right to participation in, 256, 272,

352 role, 54

government bonds, 643 Granville, Bay of, 823 Greece

Aegean Sea continental shelf, 430

Greece (cont.)

ancient Greece, 15–16 EU membership, 1174 minorities, 273 n153 state succession, 907 UNSCOB, 1109

greenhouse gases, 787, 789 Greenland

continental shelf, 534–5

Eastern Greenland, 433, 434, 435, 438, 439

halibut, 559 sovereignty over, 455

Grenada, US invasion, 1033, 1042 Grotius, Hugo, 23–4, 106, 490, 1015 Guatemala, human rights, 283, 356 guerrillas, 1058

guidelines, 111

Guinea, 520, 532, 537, 713, 1010 Guinea-Bissau, 183–4, 532, 537, 933 Gulf of Fonseca, 207, 499–501

Gulf of Maine, 531, 537, 964 Gulf of Sirte, 500

Gulf War, 1135, 1147 Guyana, 952, 955

habeas corpus, 361

Habsburg, Archduke Ferdinand, 1016 Habsburg empire, 862, 884 n126, 900

n210, 902, 978

Hague Conferences, 28, 960, 1054 Hague Convention for Pacific

Settlement of Disputes 1899, 952 Hague Declaration on Environment,

786

Haile Selassie, Emperor, 396 Haiti

Governors Island Agreement, 1123 human rights, 356

OAS involvement, 1156–7 sanctions, 1122, 1123 threat to peace, 1122–3 UN mission, 1112, 1113

halibut, 559 halons, 785

Hammarskjöld, Dag, 1094, 1110 harbours and ports, 460, 493, 874 Hart, H. L. A., 50–1

Harvard Research drafts, 114 Hawaii, 878

Haw-Haw, Lord, 592 Hayes, Rutherford, 380 n45 hazardous activities

balance of interests, 770–1 co-operation, 770

due diligence, 770

environmental damage from, 768–71 ILC Draft Articles, 768–71

nuclear activities, 796–803 polluter-pays principle, 779 risk, 769

significant harm, 769–70 ultra-hazardous activities, 795–805

hazardous substances, 805 hazardous waste

Bamako Convention, 804 Basle Convention, 772, 804 generally, 803–5 information duties, 772 ships, 804

heads of state, 125, 655–9, 692, 816, 847

health, 281, 301, 307 Hebron, 222

Hegel, G. W. F., 28

Helms–Burton legislation, 617, 618 Helsinki Accord, 111

Helsinki Conference 1992, 349 Helsinki Final Act, 269, 346, 347, 374,

918, 1179

Helsinki process, 346, 351 Higgins, R., 272

high seas

1958 Convention. See Geneva Convention on High Seas

1982 Convention. See UNCLOS belligerents, 1041 broadcasting, 548, 550 collisions, 552, 582

contiguous zones, 191, 515–17 Convention, 552

definition, 543

freedom of navigation, 24, 25, 490, 491, 544–5; extent of rights, 543; warships’ right of approach, 548–9

generally, 542–60

hot pursuit, 551, 1010 illegal arrests, 605

interception over international territories, 603–4

international environmental responsibility, 762

jurisdiction of flag states, 545–8; exceptions, 548–60; and treaty rights, 552

oil pollution, 807–9

piracy, 117, 234, 252, 548, 549, 593 pollution. See marine pollution remote sensing, 488

res communis, 413, 424, 438, 490 slave trade, 548

straddling stocks, 556–60 territorial acquisition, 438 territorial sovereignty, 543

unauthorised broadcasting, 548, 550 hijacking

Bonn Declaration, 603 conventions, 472, 599, 601–2 customary law, 602

Hague Convention, 601–2, 977 jurisdiction, 591, 601–4

and use of force, 1033 historic monuments, 236

history, and territorial integrity, 446 history of international law

19th century, 26–9 20th century, 30–1 ancient world, 14–18 foundations, 22–4 generally, 13–41 Middle Ages, 18–19

naturalism. See natural law positivism. See positivism Renaissance, 13, 19–22

Hittites, 14 HIV/AIDS, 1045 Hobbes, Thomas, 25

Holy Roman Empire, 18 Holy See, 218–19, 243

Honduras, 207, 450, 965, 977, 992, 993, 994

Hong Kong, 459, 878 n97, 912–13 hostages

1979 Convention, 590, 600

Geneva Conventions, 236, 1056, 1061

implementation of treaties, 599 internal conflicts, 1073 minorities, 1076

rescue, 1033

UN resolution, 1050 n191

US hostages in Iran, 707, 946, 977, 997

US legislation, 590–1 war crimes, 1078

hot pursuit, 551, 552, 1010 housing, 337, 354

Huber, Max, 432, 433 Hudson Bay, 499

human dignity, 58, 59, 247

human rights. See also specific rights African Charter, 363–5

American continent, 354–62 Arab Charter, 365–6

and armed conflicts, 1074–6 basic principles, 254–7; domestic

jurisdiction, 254, 258; exhaustion of domestic remedies, 254–5, 297; priorities of rights, 256

Bosnia and Herzegovina, 209 n166, 351 n205, 353, 887, 994 n306

centrality, 259 CIS, 216, 352–3

collective rights, 262, 280–1 Council of Europe, 319

and counter-terrorism, 1052–3 criminal liability, 239

and customary law, 256–7 detention, 286

development, 45, 47, 59, 252–3 ECHR. See European Convention on

Human Rights

emerging right of individuality, 61 and environmental protection,

756–7

and equity, 101 Europe, 319–54

European Social Charter, 334–7 European Union, 142, 344–6 and Helsinki Accord, 111 ideological approaches, 249–52 individual rights, 249–51