Учебный год 22-23 / 100207

Aaland Islands, 180, 226, 273 n153, 460 Aarhus Convention 1998, 757–8 accretion, 419–20

Achille Lauro, 590, 603 acid rain, 754, 780 acquiescence

customary law, 76, 77, 84–6 definition, 84

state responsibility, 713 statehood, 217, 219, 243 territorial acquisitions, 437, 438,

440, 442

territorial sovereignty over high seas, 543

acquired rights, doctrine, 97, 905–7 acts of God, 808 n316

acts of state customary law, 200 generally, 163–72

and state immunity, 623–34, 643 state responsibility, 705

administrative treaties, 138 admiralty proceedings, 649 advisory opinions

European Court of Human Rights, 326

Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 360–2

International Court of Justice, 938, 1000–5

ITLOS, 1009 Aegean Sea, 430, 1104 Afghanistan

Geneva Accords, 1111 human rights, 283 murder of diplomats, 681 and Red Cross, 1079

Soviet invasion, 36, 1117, 1153 UN mediation, 922, 1111

UN sanctions, 1130

UNGA emergency sessions, 1091 UNGA resolution, 1106 n113

and US right of self-defence, 1027, 1028

Africa. See also colonies; decolonisation regional organisations, 1183–5 reluctance to use judicial settlement

procedures, 965 scramble for Africa, 1162 UN Commission, 1092 uti possidetis, 447, 448

African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights

Commission, 364–5 Court, 365

duties of individuals to state, 364 environmental protection, 756 generally, 363–5

inter-state complaints, 364 meaning of peoples, 363–4 range of rights, 363 self-determination, 270, 363

African Union, 46, 930–2, 1184, 1223 Afro-Asian states

European influence on, 94 UN resolutions, 1090

UN Security Council, 1085 Agenda for Peace, 1094, 1100, 1109

n126, 1156

aggression. See also use of force Bosnia, 329

crime against peace, 597, 1018 definition, 1037, 1123 examples, 1123

aggression (cont.) Germany, 30, 1166

historical approaches, 1014 international crime, 720 Italy, 1166

Japan, 1166

non-aggression principle, 39, 116, 117

suppression, 1082

and UN Security Council, 1102, 1103

agreements. See treaties AIDS, 1045

air pollution customary law, 781 EMEP, 782 generally, 754, 780–3

Geneva Convention, 765, 773, 780, 781–3

Helsinki Protocol, 782 meaning of pollution, 780 monitoring, 782

nitrogen oxides, 782 notification duties, 773 Oslo Protocol, 782–3 persistent organic pollutants

(POPs), 783 Sophia Protocol, 782

sulphur emissions, 782

volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 782

aircraft. See also civil aviation distress, 476

hijacking, 472, 591, 599, 601–2, 977

hot pursuit, 552

intrusion of airspace: downing of aircraft, 473–9, 925 n56; force majeure, 710

military aircraft, 479 nationality, 466, 589 piracy, 549 registration, 466 remote sensing, 487–8

right of passage, 464, 465–6; international straits, 514

Tokyo Convention, 601 airports, violence, 602

airspace

above continental shelf, 526 conventions, 466, 479 customary law, 74

freedom of the air, 463 intrusions, 473–9, 710 legal framework, 465–9

navigation. See civil aviation Paris Convention 1919, 464 right of passage, 464, 465–6 sovereignty, 463, 464, 480 ‘territorial air’, 463

theories, 463–5

usque ad coelum, 464, 479, 480 Al Qaeda, 1028

Alaska, 422, 500, 525 Albania

and Committee for Prevention of Torture, 338 n125

Corfu Channel. See Corfu Channel ICJ jurisdiction, 973

Italian damages, 976 n178 minorities, 274 n153 OSCE mission, 937 recognition, 179

WEU training mission, 1171 Algeria, 899, 930

aliens

denial of justice, 735 enemy aliens, 587 equality of rights, 736 European Convention on

Establishment, 737 expropriation. See expropriation of

foreign property expulsion, 736, 1022

Harvard Draft Convention, 740 standard of treatment, 734–7 treatment, 577, 733–7

UN Declaration, 736

Alma Ata Declaration, 866 n21, 873 n65, 1181

aman, 18

American Declaration of Rights and Duties of Man, 361

Amerindians, 22 amnesty laws, 362 Amsterdam Treaty, 345

ancient world, 14–18 Andean Pact, 1182 n91 Angola

Civil War, 1117

communist interventions, 1041 intervention in Congo, 1044 Nautilaa dispute, 1023

South African troops in, 1124 n200 UN membership, 1088 n27

UN mission, 1112 UNAVEM, 1112 US recognition, 404

Annan, Kofi, 1094

Antarctic Treaty, 90, 457–9, 767, 774 n112

Antarctica

common heritage of mankind, 454 criminal jurisdiction of UK

nationals, 588

definition of environmental damage, 767

demilitarisation, 457 environmental impact assessments,

774 n112

environmental protection, 457, 458 mineral resources, 457–9

terra nullius, 178 n9 territorial claims, 456–7

Aouzou Strip, 915–16 Aouzou Strip Observer Group

(UNASOG), 915–16, 1114 n153 apartheid

1973 Apartheid Convention, 235,

284

criminal jurisdiction, 597 Geneva Convention, 236 illegality, 182

impact on Third World, 251 international condemnation, 576 international crime, 235

jus cogens, 720 UN priority, 1083

UN Special Committee, 282 appeals, criminal offences, 322 Aquinas, St Thomas, 21–2, 52, 1014 Arab Charter on Human Rights, 365–6 Arab League

aims, 1183

dispute settlement, 935 human rights, 365 immunities, 1208

in Somalia, 1156 n356

and national liberation movements, 220

organisation, 1183 peacekeeping, 1183 website, 1224

Arab world

Arab–Israeli war, 1111 counter-terrorism, 1052 diplomatic relations with US, 390 flight from Spain, 20

recognition of Israel, 370, 385, 386

arbitration

ICC rules, 946 ICSID, 945

international commercial arbitration, 956 n37

inter-state arbitration: applicable law, 955–6; compromis, 955, 956, 957; consent, 955; corruption, 957; generally, 951–9; Hague Convention for Pacific Settlement of Disputes, 952; Model Rules, 954, 957; Permanent Court of Arbitration, 28, 104, 953–4, 958, 1221; procedure, 954–7; reasons for awards, 957; revision of awards, 957–8; use, 958–9; validity of awards, 956–8

League of Nations, 1099 OSCE, 937

archipelagic states, 502–5 archives

consular immunity, 680, 689, 709 former colonies, 898

immunities of international organisations, 1212 n222

state succession, 897–900 Arctic territories, 455–6 Argentina

Beagle Channel dispute, 922 n35 claims over Antarctic, 456 continental shelf, 522

and Falkland Islands, 453