- •Preface
- •Origins of Rule: Pinnel’s Case
- •Rule Reviewed: Foakes v. Beer
- •Justifications for Rule
- •Objections Raised to Rule
- •Common Law Reforms
- •Scattered Legislative Reforms
- •U.C.C. Rejects Preexisting Duty Rule
- •Tenacious Rule Reaffirmed
- •Exception for Subsequent Unanticipated Event
- •Comparison of U.C.C. and Restatement Second Positions
- •When Preexisting Duty Rule Applies Today
- •Possible Common Law Solutions
- •Conclusion: Reform of Preexisting Duty Rule
- •Origins of Past Consideration Rule: Hunt v. Bate
- •Emergence of Moral Obligation Principle
- •Early Nineteenth Century English Support for Mansfield’s Ideas
- •Negative Reaction Sets In
- •Initial American Reception Mixed
- •English Precedents Not Requiring Prior Legal Obligation
- •Void Contracts Covered
- •Implied Previous Request
- •Consideration Found without Implied Request
- •11. American Promissory Restitution Supported by Moral Obligation Alone
- •Independent Ground of Moral Obligation
- •Reasons Justifying Moral Obligation as an Independent Ground
- •Conclusion: Moral Obligation Principle
- •Notes
- •Tables of Cases
- •Table of Statutes
- •Subject Index
Table of Statutes
Cases Cited Chronologically |
|
||
(1284) |
12 |
Edw. I (Statute of Wales) |
40, 144 |
(1623) |
21 |
Jac. I, c. 16, s. 3 (statute of limitations) |
169, 179 |
(1677) |
29 |
Car. II, c. 3, ss. 4, 17 (Statute of Frauds) |
39, 42, 66, 77, 80, |
|
|
|
130, 136, 144, 170, |
|
|
|
174, 179 |
(1705) |
3 & 4 Anne, c. 9 |
132 |
|
(1828) |
9 Geo. IV, c. 14, s. 1 (Lord Tenterden’s Act) |
180 |
|
(1830) |
11 |
Geo. IV & 1 Will. IV, c. 40 |
171 |
(1848) |
New York Field Code of Civil Procedure |
109, 193 |
|
(1852) |
15 |
& 16 Vic., c. 76 (Common Law Procedure |
109, 128, 133, 193 |
Act) |
|
|
|
(1854) |
17 |
& 18 Vic., c. 125 (Common Law Procedure |
109, 128, 133, 193 |
Act) |
|
|
|
(1872) |
Cal. Civ. Code sect. 1524 |
40, 41, 144, 146 |
|
(1872) |
Cal. Civil Code sect. 1606 |
117, 197 |
|
(1872) |
Indian Contract Act sect. 63 |
39, 144 |
|
(1873) |
36 |
& 37 Vic., c. 66 (Judicature Act) |
109, 133, 193 |
(1875) |
38 |
& 39 Vic., c. 77 (Judicature Act) |
109, 133, 193 |
(1882) |
45 |
& 46 Vic., c. 61 (English Bills of Exchange |
129, 182 |
Act) |
|
|
|
(1884) |
Tenn. Code sect. 4539 |
144 |
|
(1885) |
Dak. Comp. Laws, sect. 3486 |
144 |
|
(1887) |
Va. Code sect. 2828 |
40, 42, 144, 145, 146 |
|
(1890) |
Ga. Code sect. 3735 |
144 |
|
(1890) |
Ore. Ann. Laws, sect. 755 |
144 |
|
(1893) |
56 |
& 57 Vic., c. 71, ss. 11 & 62 (English Sales of |
129 |
Goods Act)
212 |
Table of Statutes |
|
(1895) |
Maine Rev. St., c. 82, sect. 45 |
144 |
(1895) |
N.D. Rev. Code sect. 3827 |
144 |
(1898) |
Ala. Code sect. 2774 |
144 |
(1898) |
N.C. Code sect. 574 |
144 |
(1902) |
Mont. Rev. Code Ann. sect. 28–1–1403 |
146 |
(1906) |
Uniform Sales Act |
69, 129, 130, 145 |
(1925) |
Uniform Written Obligations Act |
40, 42, 145, 146 |
(1929) |
N. Mex. Stat. sect. 45–608 |
145 |
(1929) |
Utah Laws, c. 62 |
40, 145 |
(1930) |
Miss. Code Ann. sects. 3302, 3303, 3304 |
145 |
(1930) |
Tenn. Code Ann. sect. 24–7–107 |
146 |
(1930) |
Wyo. Rev. Stat. sect. 97–123 |
145 |
(1933) |
Indiana Stat. Ann. sects. 2–1601, 1602, 1603 |
145 |
(1935) |
Ala. Code sects. 12–21–109, 8–1–23 |
146 |
(1936) |
New York Report of Law Revision Comm’n, Doc. |
39, 144, 145 |
65 |
|
|
(1936) |
N.Y. Personal Prop. Law sect. 33 and Real Prop. |
40, 145 |
Law, as amend. by c. 281 |
|
|
(1937) |
English Law Revision Comm., CMND. NO. 5449 |
39, 144 |
(1939) |
2 & 3 Geo. VI, c. 21, s. 24 |
180 |
(1939) |
Ariz. Code Ann. sect. 1–111 |
145 |
(1940) |
15 Okla. Stat. Ann. sect 107 |
117, 197 |
(1941) |
Mich. Comp. Laws Ann., sect. 566.1 |
41, 146 |
(1947) |
Idaho Code sect. 32–904 |
103, 190 |
(1950) |
N.D. Code sect. 9–13–07 |
146 |
(1950) |
Va. Code, sect. 11–12 |
145, 146 |
(1952) |
Uniform Commercial Code |
|
Sect. 1–107 |
147 |
|
Sect. 1–201(19) |
45, 149 |
|
Sect. 1–203 |
45, 149 |
|
Sect. 2–103 |
45, 46, 149, 150 |
|
Sect. 2–201 (Sales statute of frauds) |
147 |
|
Sect. 2–203 |
145 |
|
Sect. 2–209 |
41, 42, 43, 45, 46, |
|
|
|
55, 57, 58, 61, 62, |
|
|
63, 64, 65, 66, 67, |
|
|
70, 146, 147, 150, |
|
|
152, 162, 166 |
Sect. 2–302 |
35, 150 |
|
Sect. 2–605 |
147 |
|
Sect. 2–720 |
147 |
|
(1953) |
N.C. Gen. Stat. Sect. 1–540 |
40, 145 |
(1955) |
Ill. Rev. Stat. c. 68, sects. 6 & 8 |
103, 190 |
(1955) |
Maine Rev. Stat. Ann. Tit. 14, sect. 155 |
40, 145 |
(1955) |
West Va. Code sect. 4738 |
103, 190 |
(1960) |
Ga. Code sect. 20–303 |
117, 197 |
(1960) |
Ga. Code sect. 20–1204 |
40, 145 |
(1960) |
S.D. Laws Ann. sect. 20–7 |
146 |
|
Table of Statutes |
213 |
(1967) |
Penn. Stat. Ann., tit. 33, sect. 6–8 |
40, 145 |
(1970) |
N.Y. Gen. Obligations Act sect. 5–1103 |
41, 42, 146 |
(1970) |
N.Y. Gen. Obligations Act sect. 5–1105 |
117, 197 |
(1973) |
Mass. G.L.A. c. 4, sect. 9A |
145 |
(1977) |
(British) Unfair Contract Terms Act, c. 50 |
183 |
(1978) |
11 U.S.C. sect. 524 (c) & (d) (Bankruptcy Code) |
183 |
(1988) |
U.N. CISG, Art. 29(1) (U.N. Convention on Sales |
68, 167 |
of Goods) |
|
|
(1990) |
U.S. Virgin Is. Code Ann., tit. 1, s. 4 |
144 |
