Учебный год 22-23 / Watson - The Evolution of Western Private Law

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pp. ‒ . But the wording in the text could as easily refer to a law (relating to horses) which has not come down to us but may be the law referred to in title. and be the work of Gundobad.

. “Qui formam et expositionem legum conscriptam, qualiter iudicent, se noverint accepturos, ut per ignorantiam se nullus excuset.” Sec. . But some provisions of the Lex Gundobada are made to apply to Romans also: e.g., . ;

. ; . ; . ; . .

. L. Burg. . . For this paragraph to this point, see, above all, Savigny,

Geschichte, : ff.

. The Interpretatio to C.Th. . . , in title . ; to C.Th. . . in . .

. O. Stobbe, Geschichte der deutschen Rechtsquellen (reprint, Aalen, ),

: .

. Thus, L. Burg. . . = L. Visigoth. . . ; L. Burg. . = Roth. , Lex Sal.; L. Burg. . = L. Visigoth. . . ; L. Burg. . , and . = L. Visigoth. . . ; L. Burg. . . = L. Visigoth. . . ; L. Burg. . = L. Visigoth. . . , Roth. ; L. Burg. . , . , and . = Lex Baiuw. . (cf. L. Visigoth. . . . and Lex Sal. . ); L. Burg. . ‒ = L. Visigoth. . . , Lex Sal. , Roth. ; L. Burg.. ‒ = L. Visigoth. . . and . . ; L. Burg. = L. Visigoth. . . ., Lex Baiuw.. , Roth. ; L. Burg. = L. Visigoth. . . ; L. Burg. . ‒ = L. Visigoth.. . ; L. Burg. . = L. Visigoth. . . , Lex Sal. . , Roth. , .

Code. Paris lat. has been identified with part of the Codex Euricianus, and of it we should pair cap. with L. Burg. ; cap. with L. Burg. . and . ; cap. with L. Burg. . . For this and for the whole account of the Lex Burgundionum, see, above all, Brunner, Rechtsgeschichte, : ff.

. See, e.g., H. Maine, Ancient Law, Everyman Edition (London), chap., pp. ‒ ; E. Levy, “Reflections on the First ‘Reception’ of Roman Law in Germanic States,” in Gesammelte Schriften, vol. (Cologne, ), pp.

‒ .

. See the very just remarks of E. Levy, “The Reception of Highly Developed Legal Systems by Peoples of Different Cultures,” in Gesammelte Schriften, : ff., esp. pp. ff. Furlani’s edition of the Lex Romana Burgundionum, in Baviera, Fontes Iuris Romani Antejustiniani, : ff., gives crossreferences to the Roman sources.

. See, e.g., Tomás y Valiente, Manual, pp. ‒ .

. Ibid., p. : Tomás y Valiente relies heavily on Ramón d’Abadal i de Vinyals, “Del reino do Tolosa al reino de Toledo,” Discusso de ingreso en la R.A.H. (Madrid, ).

. E. N. van Kleffens, Hispanic Law until the End of the Middle Ages (Edinburgh, ), p. .

. For what follows, see, above all, Tomás y Valiente, Manual, pp. ff.. For a full, if dated, account of the early history of the Bologna Law School, see Hastings Rashdall, The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages,

d ed., ed. F. M. Powicke and A. B. Emden (London, ), pp. ‒ . See

also S. Kuttner, “The Revival of Jurisprudence,” in Renaissance and Renewal in the Twelfth Century, ed. R. L. Benson and G. Constable (Cambridge, Mass., ), pp. ‒ .

. Watson, Transplants.

. Ibid., pp. ‒ , ‒ .

. Watson, Sources of Law, pp. ‒ .

. Zweigert and Kötz, Introduction, pp. ‒ .

. Watson, Transplants, pp. ‒ . The phenomenon need not be confined to the spread of law. David Daube suggests that Judaism (especially, I think he means, in its proselytizing form of Christianity) owes much of its attraction from the beginning of the current era to its possession of written books. “It is consistent with this explanation,” he says, “that Jewish-Christian preaching has had scant success in the East—India, China—with comprehensive Scriptures of its own.” And he adds in parentheses, “In my opinion, the predominance of Roman law from the Middle Ages on owes more to its availability in a written corpus than to quality.” Ancient Jewish Law (Leiden,), p. . And see, for the transmission of parables in the early Christian tradition, J. Jeremias, The Parables of Jesus, rev. ed. (London, ), pp. ‒ .

. Tomás y Valiente, Manual, pp. ‒ . My friend Michael Hoeflich tells me that he believes Justinian’s Code was known, but not widely.

. Although the prestige might be in part the general or political prestige or power of the state that created the law, such as ancient Rome or Napoleon’s France.

. Calisse, General Survey, pp. ‒ , esp. p. , n. .

. “In illis autem regionibus, in quibus secundum legem Romanam iudicentur iudicia, iuxta ipsam legem committentes talia iudicentur; quia super illam legem vel contra ipsam legam nec antecessores nostri quodcumque capitulum statuerunt nec nos aliquid constituimus.” Edictum pistense, cap. , in Monumenta Germaniae Historica, legum sectio, . : .

. :

. Libri Feudorum . , pr., . ; . pr. (which states generally that cases involving feudal law are resolved some by Roman law, some by statutes of the Lombards, some by custom), . , pr.; . , , pr.; . , ; . , pr., (custom sanctioned by statute), . , , pr., , , , ; . , . , . ,. , . . Where a direct confrontation of texts is not possible there can be no sure way of measuring preceding legislation. Sometimes the preceding legislation will not be expressly mentioned. Sometimes authority will be given to a text by a reference to nonexistent legislation. To take an example from a different work: paragraph of the prologue of the Assizes of Romania, the law code of Frankish Morea of the early fourteenth century (but probably resting in part on a shorter compilation of the thirteenth century), claims to

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be based on the usages and customs of Jerusalem (i.e., Constantinople). It seems in fact not to derive from the Assizes de Jerusalem as it now exists, and the issue is whether the law code from Morea was based on a now lost earlier version. P. W. Topping gives a negative answer in “The Formation of the Assizes of Romania,” Byzantion ( ‒ ): . J. L. La Monte prefers the positive in “Three Questions Concerning the Assizes de Jerusalem,” Byzan- tina-Metabyzantina ( ): ‒ .

. G. L. Boehme, Principia Iuris Feudalis, th ed. (Göttingen, ), . . .. W. H. D. Sellar, “The Resilience of the Scottish Common Law,” in The Civilian Tradition and Scots Law, ed. David Carey-Miller and Rheinhard Zim-

mermann (Berlin, ), p. .

. Jus Feudale . . (in the Leipzig edition). “Imo si exacte rem omnem aestimare velimus, hoc jus proprium huius Regni dici potest. (Si latius iuris proprii nomen extendamus) cum ex ejus scaturigine et fontibus omne jus, quo hodie utimur in foro, omnisque usus et praxis defluxerit, et si quid dubii oriatur, origines semper repetendae sunt ut inde quod aequum est dignoscatur.” The translation is my own.

. See, e.g., for a few statements to that effect, Craig, Jus Feudale, . . ; the Saxon S. Stryk, Examen Iuris Feudalis, . ; the Prussian Henricus Coccejus, Juris Feudalis Hypomnemata, . .

. Henricus Zoesius, Praelectiones Feudales ( ), . , .. See, e.g., Robinson, Introduction, p. .

. See, e.g., M. Bloch, Feudal Society (Chicago, ), pp. ff.

. See, e.g., A. Esmein, Précis élémentaire de l’histoire du droit français de

à (Paris, ), pp. ff.

. Hermann Conring, De origine juris Germanici ( ), chap. .. See, e.g., Stryk, Examen, . .

. See, e.g., Gudelinus, De Iure Feudorum, prol. .

. Jason, Super Usibus Feudalis, (in fine).

. Stryk, Examen, . , gives references to some who share his opinion.. Zoesius, Praelectiones, proem. ; see also H. Coccejus, Hypomnemata, . .. See, e.g., Watson, Making of the Civil Law, pp. ‒ .

. See Watson, “Legal Change,” p. .

. See Zweigert and Kötz, Introduction, pp. ff. See also J. Gaudemet, “Les transferts de droit,” L’année sociologique ( ), pp. ff.; R. Piret, “Le Code Napoléon en Belgique de à ,” Revue Internationale de Droit Comparé ( ): ff.

. Projet du code civil de la république romaine, introd. F. Ranieri (Frankfurt am Main, ).

. But N. J. Coulson argues that the code “rested squarely on Islamic sources, and was designed simply to achieve uniformity and certainty in the application of the law.” History of Islamic Law (Edinburgh, ), p. .

. There was once doubt whether the draftsmen had access to the Code

civil and it is now disputed whether the Code civil should be regarded as “Spanish” in substance or “French.” See H. W. Baade, “Marriage Contracts in French and Spanish Louisiana: A Study in ‘Notarial Jurisprudence,’” Tulane Law Review ( ): ‒ .

. See Zweigert and Kötz, Introduction, pp. , ‒ ; Watson, Making of the Civil Law, pp. ‒ .

. See the preface, secs. ‒ , of the Project des Corpus juris Fredericiani, or Code Frédéric ( ‒ ), quoted in part by Watson, Sources of Law, pp.

‒ .

. Watson, Making of the Civil Law, pp. ‒ .

. Zweigert and Kötz, Introduction, pp. ‒ .

. Watson, Making of the Civil Law, esp. pp. ‒ .

. We need not, I think, be more precise.

. Zweigert and Kötz, Introduction, pp. ‒ ; René David and Camilla Jauffret-Spinosi, Les grands systemes de droit contemporains, th ed. (Paris,

), p. .

. E. L. Johnson, Introduction to the Soviet Legal System (London, ),

p.: cf. W. E. Butler, Soviet Law (London, ), pp. ff., ‒ , ‒ .

. R. David and C. Jauffret-Spinosi, Les grands systèmes de droit contem-

porains, th ed. (Paris, ), pp. ff.; Zweigert and Kötz, Introduction, pp.

‒ .

. R. David and J. E. C. Brierly, Major Land Systems in the World Today,

d ed. (London, ), p. .

. For this see K. Zweigert and H. Kötz, Introduction to Comparative Law, trans. Tony Weir, vol. (Amsterdam, ), p. .

. One example, already cited, may stand for many: Atatürk’s acceptance of Swiss law as the law of Turkey in . For a long time there was great doubt as to whether the imposition, especially of civil marriage and especially in rural Turkey, had taken. See above all the papers in Annales de la Faculté de Droit d’Istanbul, ( ): F. Ayiter, “The Interpretation of a National System of Law Received from Abroad,” p. ; H. Z. Ülken, “Le droit coutumier et le code civil,” pp. ‒ ; H. V. Velidedeo˘ˇglu, “De certains problèmes provenant de la réception du code civil suisse en Turquie,” pp. ff. See also O. KahnFreund, “Uses and Misuses of Comparative Law,” Modern Law Review ( ): ‒ . By , marriages registered legally amounted to percent in communities under , souls, and well above percent in larger communities; see W. F. Weiker, The Modernization of Turkey from Atatürk to the Present Day (New York, ), p. . For the very powerful impact of Western law now on rural Turkey, but also the survival of traditional law, see J. Starr,

Dispute and Settlement in Rural Turkey (Leiden, ), esp. pp. ff.

The case of the imposition of a state’s law on a conquered territory need not be separately discussed: it is a composite of the other situations, especially of two, three, and four.

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. In this context it is entirely unsurprising that so often the initiative comes from someone outside of the legal tradition; see Watson, “Legal Change,” p. .

. See Alan Watson, Ancient Law and Modern Understanding: At the Edges

(Athens, Ga., ), pp. ‒ .

. See already Watson, Transplants, pp. ‒ .

. See already Alan Watson, “The Importance of Nutshells,” American Journal of Comparative Law ( ): ‒ .

. Halkerston v. Wedderburn ( ) M. .

. See, e.g., D. . . . ; Cicero, De oratore, . . .

. On the paucity of Scottish authority, see J. Rankine, The Law of LandOwnership in Scotland, th ed. (Edinburgh, ), pp. ff.

. For a South African case in which changed circumstances—this time of law—were taken into account, see Simons and Others v. Board of Executors

C.P.D. .

.

. “Preliminary” because I do not feel I have sufficient expertise.

. See, e.g., Hastings Rashdall, The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages,

d ed., ed. F. M. Powicke and A. B. Emden (Oxford, ), p. . F. Calasso, Medio Evo del Diritto, vol. (Milan, ), pp. ff., ff., ff., ff., ff.

. See, above all, E. Chénon, Histoire générale du droit français public et privé des origines à , vol. (Paris, ), p. .

. See, e.g., H. Conrad, Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte, vol. , d ed. (Karlsruhe,

), pp. ‒ .

. MGH Const I, n. . c. ; Conrad, Rechtsgeschichte, , p. .

. Conrad, Rechtsgeschichte, : ff.

. But see, above all, K. Luig, “Der Geltungsgrund des römischen Rechts in . Jahrhundert in Italien, Frankreich und Deutschland,” in La Formazione storica del Diritto moderno in Europa ( ), pp. ff.

. For more detail and references, see, e.g., Watson, Sources of Law, pp.

‒ .

. In fact, he inserted much Roman law into the customs he drew up, such as that of Berry; see R. Filhol, Le Premier Président Christofle de Thou (Paris,), esp. p. .

. For the doctrine debate, see, above all, V. Guizzi, “Il diritto comune in Francia nel xvii secolo,” T.v.R. ( ): ff.; Luig, “Geltungsgrund,” pp.

ff.

. See, above all, E. Chénon, Histoire générale, vol. ( ), pp. ‒ .. See ibid., pp. ff.; Watson, Sources of Law, pp. , nn. ‒ .

. For this notion, see K. Luig, “The Institutes of National Law in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,” Juridical Review ( ): ‒ ; John

Cairns, “Institutional Writings in Scotland Reconsidered,” Journal of Legal History ( ): ‒ . For France and the Code civil, see now, above all, C. Chêne, L’Enseignement du droit français en pays de droit écrit ( - )

(Geneva, ), esp. pp. ff.. See the end of this chapter.

. Milsom, Historical Foundations, pp. ‒ .

. Pollock and Maitland, History : ‒ .

. John Barton, Roman Law in England (Milan, ), p. .

. Pollock and Maitland, History, : ; quoted by Barton, Roman Law,

p..

. Barton, Roman Law, p. .

. See G. D. G. Hall, ed., The Treatise on the Laws and Customs of the

Realm of England Commonly Called Glanvill (London, ), p. xxxvi.

. Barton, Roman Law, p. .

. See, above all, Barton, Roman Law, pp. ff.. See Watson, Sources of Law, pp. ‒ .

. G. T. Turner and T. F. T. Plucknett, eds., Brevia Placitata, Selden Society, vol. (London, ); E. Shanks and S. F. C. Milsom, eds., Novae Narrationes, Selden Society, vol. (London, ); J. M. Kaye, ed., Placitata Coronae, Selden Society, suppl. ser. (London, ); F. W. Maitland, ed., Court Baron, Selden Society, vol. (London, ).

. See, e.g., W. Holdsworth, History of English Law, vol. , d ed. (London, ), pp. ff.; B. P. Levack, The Civil Lawyers in England (Oxford,

), pp. ff.; J. H. Baker, Introduction to English Legal History, d ed. (London, ), pp. ‒ . Significantly, Milsom does not mention any danger of a reception in that period: Historical Foundations.

. F. W. Maitland, Constitutional History of England (Cambridge, ), pp. , ff.

. Ibid., p. .

. See, e.g., R. C. van Caenegem, The Birth of the English Common Law

(Cambridge, ), p. .

. Milsom, Historical Foundations, pp. ‒ . English law with its multiplicity of courts and competing jurisdictions appears very different from and much less comprehensible than Roman law: see Alan Watson, Roman Law and Comparative Law (Athens Ga., ), pp. ‒ . For the development of German procedure, see Wieacker, Private Law, pp. ‒ .

. But elsewhere, too, an institutional writer might refer to precedent. A notable example from southern France is Claude Serres, Les Institutions du droit françois suivant l’ordre de celles de Justinien (Montpellier, ).

. See, e.g., Baker, Introduction, p. .. Maitland, History, pp. ‒ .

. See, e.g., Craig, Jus Feudale, . . . .

. Milsom, Historical Foundations, pp. ‒ .

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. See, e.g., C. Calisse, General Survey of Events, etc., in Continental Legal History, by various European authors (Boston, ), p. .

. William M. Gordon, “A Comparison of the Influence of Roman Law in England and Scotland,” in The Civilian Tradition and Scots Law, ed. David Carey-Miller and Rheinhard Zimmermann (Berlin, ), p. . He also reminds us that in England legal education for those who intended to practice the common law was distinctive: at the Inns of Courts, not as in continental Europe at universities by professors who were not primarily practitioners (p. ).

. M. T. Clanchy, England and Its Rulers - (London, ), pp.

‒ .

. , ,

. Wieacker, Private Law, p. .

. The Works of Mr. Francis Rabelais, trans. Urquhart ( ), book [Pantagruel], chap. .

. For a brief, general introduction to local Institutes, see Watson, Making of the Civil Law, pp. ‒ .

. For the humanist input on this systematization, see Wieacker, Private Law, pp. ‒ ; for the authorities of the ius commune, see, e.g., Helmut Coing, Europäisches Privatrecht, vol. (Munich, ), pp. xiii–xv, ‒ .

. The terminology used here is adopted from the translation of F. W. Kelsey, in De jure belli ac pacis (Oxford, ), II.

. Cf. already Alan Watson, Roman Law and Comparative Law (Athens, Ga., ), pp. ‒ .

. Then come three chapters, on promises, contracts, and oaths of those who hold sovereign power; on treatise and sponsions; and on interpretation.

. Cf. the prefatory remarks of Franz I of Austria to the Allgemeines Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch of that the law should be in an understandable language and in an orderly collection.

. Frederick H. Lawson, A Common Lawyer Looks at the Civil Law (Ann Arbor, Mich., ), p. .

. Cf. Watson, Sources of Law, pp. ‒ .

. Common Lawyer, p. n . See also A.T. von Mehren and J. R. Gordley, Civil Law System, d ed. (Boston, Toronto, ), pp. ‒ .

. The position is very different where codification may be imposed by an absolute autocrat like Atatürk in Turkey, or by a foreign conqueror, or is intended for a territory where there is no deeply established legal tradition.

. Cf., e.g., Wieacker, Private Law, p. .

. Cf., e.g., Wieacker, Private law, pp. ff.; R. H. Helmholz, The Spirit of Classical Canon Law (Athens, Ga., ), pp. ‒ .

. See, e.g., Helmholz, Canon Law, pp. ‒ .

. For this in canon law, see Helmholz, Canon Law, pp. , , ; for the law in Justinian’s Code, and how it could be understood, see Watson,

Roman Law and Comparative Law, pp. ‒ .

. See, e.g., Helmholz, Canon Law, pp. ‒ .

.

. I would not agree, but this is not the place for a discussion.

. See Watson, Sources of Law.

. For this paragraph, see also Watson, Transplants.

. See Watson, Sources of Law.

. See Watson, Transplants, pp. ‒ , ‒ .

. This does not mean there are not radical lawyers. But except when they are legislators, they are “bad” lawyers—not in an ethical sense, but in the sense that they have to use arguments outside the reach of the accepted mode of legal reasoning. They therefore appear to the generality of lawyers to be at the intellectual mercy of the traditionalists. Pointing this out is in no sense to be construed as support for conservative positions. In fact, precisely because of the force of the legal tradition, legal change is frequently the result of efforts of nonlawyers or of lawyers outside the tradition.

. See already Watson, “Legal Change,” pp. ‒ , esp. pp. ‒ .

. See already Alan Watson, “Comparative Law and Legal Change,” Cambridge Law Journal ( ): ‒ .

. For the argument, see Watson, Society and Legal Change, pp. ff.

. See G. Francione, “Facing the Nation: The Standards for Copyright, Infringement and Fair Use of Factual Works,” University of Pennsylvania Review ( ): ff.

. See already Watson, “Legal Change,” pp. ‒ .