Index

Abortion, right to, 236 Accommodation, right to, 232

balancing lessee and lessor’s rights, 108–9 discrimination in renting, 38–9

Action, freedom of, 27, 32, 42 Adoption, 170

Assault and battery, 48, 65, 137, 366 Assembly, freedom of, 135

Association, freedom of, 15, 101, 297, 310, 311, 377

Autonomy, 62, 64, 194, 247, 272

individual, right to, 14, 69, 98, 183–4, 186, 189, 191, 193

of associations, 107 of will, 18, 34–6

property right, expression of, 253, 255–6 restraint of trade , 267

trusts, 277

Basic Law:

German, 16, 74, 99, 101–4, 106–10, 114–15, 118, 122–7, 377

Israel, 14, 16–17, 23, 36, 40 see also Constitution

Battery, see Assault and battery

BGB, 23, 106–9, 113–14, 118, 120–1, 125–6, 162, 168–70

Bill of Rights, 17, 21, 73, 75–8, 80–96, 188, 259, 311

South-Africa, 73–4 US, 26

see also Charter Biomedicine:

Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, 190, 194–6

genetic discrimination, 190–8 genetic information, use of, 198

UNESCO Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights, 196–7

Bodily integrity, right to, 48, 211–12, 214, 219–20, 234

Charter, Canadian, 43, 45–6, 50–7, 59–72, 74 Child and parent:

adoption, 170 chastising a child, 140

child labour, prohibition of, 311 child protection, 69–70, 145 custody, joint, 168–9

parent’s right to bring up a child, 102 parent’s visiting right, 169–70 welfare, 170

see also Family

Collective bargaining, 302, 304, 305–6, 310 Common calling, see Public calling Confidence, breach of, 140

Conscience, freedom of, 182 Constitution, 176

Canadian, 56, 72, 201 see also Charter

German, 57, 98, 101, 162, 165, 168, 170–1, 175, 178, 377

see also Basic law South-African, 73–4, 89, 93, 95 United-States, 376

Contract:

against public policy, 18, 32, 35, 38, 39, 187 consumer, 198

discriminatory, 26–7, 39, 68, 190 duty to make, 39, 176–7, 204, 220 employment, see Employment equality, see Equality

exclusion clause, 184 informed consent, 187

inheritance, 116–21, 123, 125, 128 immoral, 120, 124–5

insurance, 196, 198 interpretation, see Interpretation non competition, 105–6, 177 performance, right to, 48 restraint of trade clause, 24

restricting right to marriage, 124–5, 266–7 sale of organs, 194

specific performance, 22, 157, 216, 290 surrogacy, 194

to discriminate, 225 unconscionability, 218

see also Discrimination, Freedom of Contract , Good Faith, Public policy

Corrective justice, 247, 359

Defamation, 19, 26, 32, 45, 54, 56, 91, 264 Denunciation, in totalitarian regime, 113–14,

126–7

Dignity, 14–15, 47–50, 62, 101, 181–4, 188–99, 206, 221–2, 247, 260, 272, 277, 311

damages for breach of, 91, 203–4 discrimination, 66, 203, 279 employment relations, 311, 322, 325

390 Index

Dignity (cont.):

freedom of contract, 34–5, 37, 182–4, 191–195, 199

freedom of expression, 105 human autonomy, 34, 64, 183, 189 privacy, 16

private law, 21, 49, 50, 65 property, 253–6, 258, 265 refusal to act, 104

sexual harassment. 308 State duty to protect, 103

Discrimination, see also Dignity, Equality, Public policy

common law, 82, 209, 229–30, 246 constitutional provision, 27

contract, 26, 37, 104, 117, 176–7, 187, 190, 197, 202, 220, 225

disability, 197

employment, 156, 203, 220, 290, 297, 308, 326–7

genetic, 190–8 landowner, by, 257

pre-contractual negotiation, 41

property, use of to discriminate, 28, 39, 227, 243, 257–9, 280

public policy against, 275, 279 public service providers, 39, 204

racial and religious, 25–6, 261–3, 272–3 renting accommodation, 38–9

restaurant service, 28, 38, 245, 252, 261–8 State obligation to avoid, 20, 27 testamentary provision, 27, 116–23

tort, 41, 65–6, 202–5, 227 Dismissal, see Employment Distributive justice, 360 Duress, 157–8, 288, 289

economic, 187

Duty of care, see Negligence

Election, see Vote Employment:

child, 311

collective bargaining, 302, 304, 305–6, 310 contract, 110–11, 124–5, 155–6, 160, 182,

196, 283, 290, 294, 301–3, 315, 317, 321 discrimination in:

Homosexuality, 156, 195–6, 203, 220, 290, 297, 308, 320–1, 326–7

see also Equality

dismissal and termination, limitations on, 124–6, 128, 156

employee, 22–4, 110–11, 124–7, 303, 309 demonstrating, 376

freedom of expression, 22–4, 306, 310, 321 picketing, 237–40

privacy, 303, 306, 310, 318, 321–5, 327, 376

restricting marriage of, 124–5

labour unions, 302, 304, 306, 310, 324 managerial rationality, 311, 318, 325–6 public policy, 307–9, 311, 318

small business, 110–11 unionise, right to, 87, 101, 297

Equality, 1–3, 14, 24–6, 56–7, 98–102, 175, 209, 211, 215, 219, 222, 226–7, 230, 237, 269, 273–4, 304, 322

breach of, abuse of right, 41 contract, 26, 37–8, 218 contract negotiation, 40 employment, 321–2

good faith requiring, 40 human rights, based on, 308 inheritance, 35

legislature’s duty to secure, 104

of opportunity, 201–5, 207–9, 211, 216, 219–20, 222–7, 235, 243

public policy, 64

selecting contract partners, 35 torts, 357–71

transactional, 52–3, 58, 67, 69, 72 see also Discrimination

European Convention on Human Rights: contract, 155–9, 175–8, 187–90 English law, effect on, 132–9, 181–2 family, 168–70

German law, effect on, 114, 160–5, 167 privacy, 376

tort, 140–55, 336–56 unfair competition, 172–4

European Court of Human Rights, 132–3, 145, 147–8, 163, 166–7, 169, 172–4, 332, 338–40, 343–50, 352–5

Exclude, right to, see Property

Expression, freedom of, 16, 20, 22–6, 35–7, 43, 54, 78, 82, 87, 91–2, 135, 182, 189, 378

artistic, 105

defamation, 26, 45–6, 56, 59–60, 92, 95 employee’s, 22–4, 237–40, 306, 310, 321, 376 German law, 22–3, 44, 59–60, 101, 106–7,

161–3, 171–3, 377 of personality, 156 picketing, 60–1, 237–40

political speech, 22, 240–2, 376 press, 104, 310, 378

property, 237–42, 310 scope of, 32

Facilities, public right to use, 233–4, 237, 239, 250–1, 256

Family: adoption, 170

consortium, loss of, 61 custody, joint, 168–9

protection of, 157–8, 161–2, 167–9, 226, 337 right to, 170, 189

surrogacy, 194

see also Child and parent, Marriage, Will and Testament

Freedom of contract, 35–41, 128, 137, 161–2, 175–8, 181–91

as human right, 189 as liberty, 184–7 classical law, 186

decline, 34–5, 37, 182–4, 191–5, 199 dignity, 300–2, 308–9, 321 employment relations, 38–41, 104, 187,

195–8, 218–19

equality and discrimination, 16, 35, 37 freedom of expression, balanced with, 22,

36–7

freedom of occupation, balanced with, 105 power imbalance, 18, 32, 35, 38–9, 187 public policy, limiting utilitarianism, 185–6 see also Contract; Discrimination

Good faith:

ambit of application, 120 consumer contract, 198

contract negotiation, in, 21, 40, 198, 309 discrimination, 21, 39–41

dismissal of employee, lacking, 125–6, 309 exercise of right, 120, 307–9

German law, 113–14, 120

human rights, 14, 22, 30–1, 34, 206, 307 insurance contract, 198

interpretation, in light of, 30–1, 34, 113–15, 308

managerial rationality, 311, 318, 325–6 objective principle, 33

Harassment:

protection against, 140, 141 sexual, 308

Harm, duty to avoid, 104 Homosexuality, 124–6, 128, 156

Human Rights Act, 74, 131–40, 152–3, 155, 158, 181, 184, 187–8, 190, 196–9, 331–2, 339

Human rights: dignity, see Dignity

discrimination, see Discrimination Drittwirkung, 13, 15, 44, 64, 74, 162, 166 Effect on:

contracts, see Contract interpretation, see Interpretation property, see Property

effect via the judiciary, 14, 205 equality, see Equality

non application in private law, 14, 18–20, 23, 28–9, 205

third party effect, 14, 159, 181

direct, 14–20, 29–30, 74, 97–9, 102, 115, 124–5, 127–8, 132–4, 136–7, 162, 167, 181, 205

Index 391

indirect, 14, 16, 19, 21–5, 29–32, 41–2, 44, 74, 97–9, 127–8, 132, 135, 137, 162, 167, 181–2, 198, 205–8, 223–4, 227

see also specific rights, e.g Expression, freedom of; Privacy

Identity, “theft of”, 374 Immunity, 152, 159, 341–2, 355

Police, 146–7

Public authority, 141–6, 149, 153 see also Police; Public authority

Imprisonment, false, 138, 140 Income, right to, 315 Information, freedom of, 171–2 Inheritance:

contract of, 116–21, 123, 125, 128 equality, 35

right of, 123, 157

see also Will and testament Insurance:

breach of dignity, 16 contract, 196, 198

genetic discrimination, 195–6 Internet, 373–4, 378–87 Interpretation, human rights effect on:

legislation, 135, 162, 165

blanket clause, 113, 115, 125–6, 162, 167 open texture norm, 98–9, 104, 111

private law and contract, 15, 23, 30, 34, 50, 73, 98, 103–11, 115, 134–6, 156, 162, 167, 175, 178, 187, 208, 223

Kant, 47, 87, 100, 191–2, 194, 202, 375

Labour, see Employment

Landlord and tenant, see Accommodation; Discrimination; Property

Legislation, limitations on, 17, 21, 26, 34

Marriage:

brokerage, 264, 266–7, 269 contract restricting, 124–5, 266–7 protection of, 102

right to, 117, 119, 124–5

testamentary provision, restricting, 116–23 see also Family

Movement, freedom of, 20, 35–6, 127

Necessity, limitation on property, 232–3, 252–3 Negligence, 22–3, 31, 33, 41, 52, 69, 138–9, 141, 143, 145–6, 148–9, 151–2, 154, 331, 335,

337, 339–40, 342–6, 351–5, 360, 367 duty of care, 141–7, 149–52

omission, 337, 347, 370 police, see Police

proximity, 150–2, 335–7, 339, 342–4, 346, 348

see also Public authority Nuisance, 3, 140, 154–5, 264

392 Index

Occupation and profession, freedom of, 18, 22, 24–5, 34–7, 105, 110, 127, 310, 321

Omission, see Negligence Opinion, freedom of, 104 Ownership, right of, see Property

Participation in social process, freedom of, 171 Passage, right of, 231, 239,

see also Property

Personal development, right to, 16, 35, 125 Personhood, right to, 21, 24, 37, 104, 117,

124–5, 163, 171, 206 Picket, right to, 237–40 Police:

immunity, 237–40 liability of, 146–7

obligation to protect human rights, 138, 143–4, 146–50, 192, 335–7, 339–44, 347–9

Political speech, right to, see Expression, freedom of

Press, freedom of, 104, 378 Privacy, 25, 32, 39, 69, 141

computer and internet, 373–4, 378–87 ECHR, 376

employee’s, 303, 306, 310, 318, 321–5, 327, 376

English law, 140

freedom of expression, 377–8

German law, 23, 160–3, 170–1, 174, 373, 383

invasion of, 66, 140, 181 rational of, 375–7

Property:

acquisition and ambit, 212–18, 229, 239, 246, 384

as constitutional right, 37 as human right, 35 concept of, 211, 239, 246

determine use, owner’s right to, 235 discriminatory use of, 28, 39, 227, 243,

257–9, 280

employer–employee, right of, 309–11, 318, 321–2

facilities, public right to use, 233–4, 237, 239, 250–1, 256

in information, right of, 384 lessee–lessor, balancing rights of, 108–9 necessity as limitation, 232–3, 252–3 passage, right of, 231, 239

picketing on another’s, 60–1

protection via private law, 1–3, 21, 30, 48 public policy, as limitation, 260–5, 267,

269–71, 278–80

right to exclude, limits on, 60–1, 241–2, 245–56, 258, 261–5, 279

right vis-á-vis the State, 30 State’s duty to guarantee, 35

Proportionality, 57–60, 67, 71, 146, 153, 337, 352, 385–6

Proximity, see Negligence Public authority

application of human rights to, 17 HRA effect on, 131–8

immunity, 141–6, 149, 153 liability of, 148–9, 159, 352–3

Protection of individuals against, 1, 13, 100–1, 115, 135, 165–6

tort and, 362

Public calling, 204, 209, 229, 231, 259 Public policy:

absorbing human rights and values, 14, 22, 31, 34, 37–8, 62, 64, 115

balancing values, 22, 24, 33, 37–8, 150, 344, 355

contract, contrary to, 18. 187 damages for breach of, 126

denunciation in totalitarian regime, 126 employment relationship, 307–9, 311, 318 equality and discrimination, 39, 63, 203–4,

245–6, 271–5

equality of opportunity, 204, 207–8, 224–5 freedom of expression, contract limiting, 35–6 immunity based on, 144–8

limiting freedom of contract, 206

limiting property rights, 260–5, 267, 269–71, 278–80

marriage contract, 266–7 police liability, 336, 339–43 public authority, 348–55 restraint of trade, 24 testamentary provision, 68

Rawls, 197, 219 Religion:

association, 107–8 discrimination, 261–3, 272–3 freedom of, 15,43,102,156 tolerance, 274

Reputation, right to, 21 see also Defamation

Rescue, duty to, 153, 211–12

Sale of organs, 194 see also Contract

Self-realisation, right to, 21, 206

Slavery, 2–3, 26, 62, 100, 188, 222, 283–95 Statutory duty, breach of, 49

Succession, 102, 116, 122–3, 125, 127–8 Surrogacy, contract of,

see also Family; Contract, 194

Testamentary disposition, freedom of, see Will and Testament

Torts: environmental, 154

intentional, 23, 65, 140 unintentional, 141

see also specific torts, e.g Negligence Torture, 188

Trespass, 27, 60–1, 140, 237–8, 240, 254, 256–7, 272

Unconscionability , 218

UNESCO Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights, 196–7

Union, see Employment

Index 393

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 165,

188, 196

Vote, interference with the right to, 228

Will and testament, 27, 119, 121, 128, 255, 264 discrimination, 27, 116–23

primogeniture clause, 124–5, 266–7 restriction on marriage, 116–23 testamentary disposition, freedom of, 27, 68,

116–23, 128 Work, right to, 285, 297