
- •Contents
- •Acknowledgements
- •Table of cases
- •Abbreviations
- •Introduction to the second edition
- •1 The roots of corporate insolvency law
- •Development and structure
- •Corporate insolvency procedures
- •Administrative receivership
- •Administration
- •Winding up/liquidation
- •Formal arrangements with creditors
- •The players
- •Administrators
- •Administrative receivers
- •Receivers
- •Liquidators
- •Company voluntary arrangement (CVA) supervisors
- •The tasks of corporate insolvency law
- •Conclusions
- •2 Aims, objectives and benchmarks
- •Cork on principles
- •Visions of corporate insolvency law
- •Creditor wealth maximisation and the creditors’ bargain
- •A broad-based contractarian approach
- •The communitarian vision
- •The forum vision
- •The ethical vision
- •The multiple values/eclectic approach
- •The nature of measuring
- •An ‘explicit values’ approach to insolvency law
- •Conclusions
- •3 Insolvency and corporate borrowing
- •Creditors, borrowing and debtors
- •How to borrow
- •Security
- •Unsecured loans
- •Quasi-security
- •Third-party guarantees
- •Debtors and patterns of borrowing
- •Equity and security
- •Equity shares
- •Floating charges
- •Improving on security and full priority
- •The ‘new capitalism’ and the credit crisis
- •Conclusions
- •4 Corporate failure
- •What is failure?
- •Why companies fail
- •Internal factors
- •Mismanagement
- •External factors
- •Late payment of debts
- •Conclusions: failures and corporate insolvency law
- •5 Insolvency practitioners and turnaround professionals
- •Insolvency practitioners
- •The evolution of the administrative structure
- •Evaluating the structure
- •Expertise
- •Fairness
- •Accountability
- •Reforming IP regulation
- •Insolvency as a discrete profession
- •An independent regulatory agency
- •Departmental regulation
- •Fine-tuning profession-led regulation
- •Conclusions on insolvency practitioners
- •Turnaround professionals
- •Turnaround professionals and fairness
- •Expertise
- •Conclusions
- •6 Rescue
- •What is rescue?
- •Why rescue?
- •Informal and formal routes to rescue
- •The new focus on rescue
- •The philosophical change
- •Recasting the actors
- •Comparing approaches to rescue
- •Conclusions
- •7 Informal rescue
- •Who rescues?
- •The stages of informal rescue
- •Assessing the prospects
- •The alarm stage
- •The evaluation stage
- •Agreeing recovery plans
- •Implementing the rescue
- •Managerial and organisational reforms
- •Asset reductions
- •Cost reductions
- •Debt restructuring
- •Debt/equity conversions
- •Conclusions
- •8 Receivers and their role
- •The development of receivership
- •Processes, powers and duties: the Insolvency Act 1986 onwards
- •Expertise
- •Accountability and fairness
- •Revising receivership
- •Conclusions
- •9 Administration
- •The rise of administration
- •From the Insolvency Act 1986 to the Enterprise Act 2002
- •The Enterprise Act reforms and the new administration
- •Financial collateral arrangements
- •Preferential creditors, the prescribed part and the banks
- •Exiting from administration
- •Evaluating administration
- •Use, cost-effectiveness and returns to creditors
- •Responsiveness
- •Super-priority funding
- •Rethinking charges on book debts
- •Administrators’ expenses and rescue
- •The case for cram-down and supervised restructuring
- •Equity conversions
- •Expertise
- •Fairness and accountability
- •Conclusions
- •10 Pre-packaged administrations
- •The rise of the pre-pack
- •Advantages and concerns
- •Fairness and expertise
- •Accountability and transparency
- •Controlling the pre-pack
- •The ‘managerial’ solution: a matter of expertise
- •The professional ethics solution: expertise and fairness combined
- •The regulatory answer
- •Evaluating control strategies
- •Conclusions
- •11 Company arrangements
- •Schemes of arrangement under the Companies Act 2006 sections 895–901
- •Company Voluntary Arrangements
- •The small companies’ moratorium
- •Crown creditors and CVAs
- •The nominee’s scrutiny role
- •Rescue funding
- •Landlords, lessors of tools and utilities suppliers
- •Expertise
- •Accountability and fairness
- •Unfair prejudice
- •The approval majority for creditors’ meetings
- •The shareholders’ power to approve the CVA
- •Conclusions
- •12 Rethinking rescue
- •13 Gathering the assets: the role of liquidation
- •The voluntary liquidation process
- •Compulsory liquidation
- •Public interest liquidation
- •The concept of liquidation
- •Expertise
- •Accountability
- •Fairness
- •Avoidance of transactions
- •Preferences
- •Transactions at undervalue and transactions defrauding creditors
- •Fairness to group creditors
- •Conclusions
- •14 The pari passu principle
- •Exceptions to pari passu
- •Liquidation expenses and post-liquidation creditors
- •Preferential debts
- •Subordination
- •Deferred claims
- •Conclusions: rethinking exceptions to pari passu
- •15 Bypassing pari passu
- •Security
- •Retention of title and quasi-security
- •Trusts
- •The recognition of trusts
- •Advances for particular purposes
- •Consumer prepayments
- •Fairness
- •Alternatives to pari passu
- •Debts ranked chronologically
- •Debts ranked ethically
- •Debts ranked on size
- •Debts paid on policy grounds
- •Conclusions
- •16 Directors in troubled times
- •Accountability
- •Common law duties
- •When does the duty arise?
- •Statutory duties and liabilities
- •General duties
- •Fraudulent trading
- •Wrongful trading
- •‘Phoenix’ provisions
- •Transactions at undervalue, preferences and transactions defrauding creditors
- •Enforcement
- •Public interest liquidation
- •Expertise
- •Fairness
- •Conclusions
- •17 Employees in distress
- •Protections under the law
- •Expertise
- •Accountability
- •Fairness
- •Conclusions
- •18 Conclusion
- •Bibliography
- •Index

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C O R P O R A T E I N S O L V E N C Y L A W
S E C O N D E D I T I O N
The first edition of Corporate Insolvency Law proposed a fundamentally revised concept of insolvency law – one intended to serve to corporate as well as broader social ends. This second edition takes on board a host of changes that have subsequently reshaped insolvency law and practice, such as the consolidation of the rescue culture in the UK, the arrival of the ‘pre-packaged’ administration and the broad replacement of administrative receivership with administration. It also considers the implications of recent and dramatic changes in the provision (and trading) of credit, the movement of an increasing amount of ‘insolvency work’ towards the preformal insolvency stage of corporate affairs and the explosion, on the insolvency scene, of a new cadre of specialists in corporate turnaround. Looking to the future, Vanessa Finch argues that changes of approach are needed if insolvency law is to develop with coherence and purpose and she offers a framework for such an approach.
vanessa finch is a Professor of Law at the London School of Economics and Political Science, where she teaches Corporate Insolvency Law and Corporate Accountability at undergraduate and master’s levels.

CORPORATE
INSOLVENCY LAW
Perspectives and Principles
SECOND EDITION
VANESSA FINCH
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521878104
© Vanessa Finch 2009
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2009
ISBN-13 |
978-0-511-53991-6 |
eBook (EBL) |
ISBN-13 |
978-0-521-87810-4 |
hardback |
ISBN-13 |
978-0-521-70182-2 |
paperback |
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
To Rob
and in memory of D.F.G. and M.A.G.
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements |
|
page |
xi |
|
|
|
Table of cases |
xii |
|
|
|
|
|
Table of statutes and other instruments |
xxx |
|||||
List of abbreviations |
|
xlviii |
|
|
|
|
Introduction to the second edition |
1 |
|
||||
P A R T I Agendas and objectives |
7 |
|
||||
1 The roots of corporate insolvency law |
9 |
|||||
Development and structure |
10 |
|
|
|
||
Corporate insolvency procedures |
19 |
|
||||
The players |
25 |
|
|
|
|
|
The tasks of corporate insolvency law |
|
27 |
|
|||
Conclusions |
28 |
|
|
|
|
|
2 Aims, objectives and benchmarks |
29 |
|
||||
Cork on principles |
29 |
|
|
|
|
|
Visions of corporate insolvency law |
|
32 |
|
|||
The nature of measuring |
|
48 |
|
|
|
|
An ‘explicit values’ approach to insolvency law |
52 |
|||||
Conclusions |
63 |
|
|
|
|
|
P A R T I I The context of corporate insolvency law: financial
and institutional |
67 |
|
|
3 Insolvency and corporate borrowing |
69 |
||
Creditors, borrowing and debtors |
70 |
|
|
Equity and security |
84 |
|
|
vii
viii |
|
|
|
contents |
|
|
|
||
|
The ‘new capitalism’ and the credit crisis |
133 |
|
|
|||||
|
Conclusions |
140 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
Corporate failure |
144 |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
What is failure? |
145 |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
Who defines insolvency? |
|
149 |
|
|
|
|
||
|
Why companies fail |
151 |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
Conclusions: failures and corporate insolvency law |
171 |
|
||||||
5 Insolvency practitioners and turnaround professionals |
178 |
||||||||
|
Insolvency practitioners |
|
179 |
|
|
|
|
||
|
The evolution of the administrative structure |
182 |
|
|
|||||
|
Evaluating the structure |
|
186 |
|
|
|
|
||
|
Reforming IP regulation |
|
202 |
|
|
|
|
||
|
Conclusions on insolvency practitioners |
220 |
|
|
|||||
|
Turnaround professionals |
221 |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
Conclusions |
237 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P A R T I I I |
The quest for turnaround |
241 |
|
|
||||
6 |
Rescue |
243 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What is rescue? |
243 |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
Why rescue? |
245 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Informal and formal routes to rescue |
251 |
|
|
|||||
|
The new focus on rescue |
|
253 |
|
|
|
|
||
|
Comparing approaches to rescue |
276 |
|
|
|
||||
|
Conclusions |
292 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
Informal rescue |
|
294 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Who rescues? |
295 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The stages of informal rescue |
299 |
|
|
|
||||
|
Implementing the rescue |
|
317 |
|
|
|
|
||
|
Conclusions |
324 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
8 Receivers and their role |
327 |
|
|
|
The development of receivership |
|
328 |
|
|
Processes, powers and duties: the Insolvency Act 1986 onwards |
331 |
|||
Efficiency and creditor considerations |
340 |
|
||
Expertise |
353 |
|
|
|
Accountability and fairness |
354 |
|
|
|
|
|
contents |
|
|
ix |
|
|
Revising receivership |
358 |
|
|
|
||
|
Conclusions |
361 |
|
|
|
|
|
9 |
Administration |
363 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
The rise of administration |
363 |
|
|
|
||
|
From the Insolvency Act 1986 to the Enterprise Act 2002 |
365 |
|||||
|
The Enterprise Act reforms and the new administration |
380 |
|||||
|
Evaluating administration |
392 |
|
|
|
||
|
Conclusions |
451 |
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
Pre-packaged administrations |
453 |
|
|
|||
|
The rise of the pre-pack |
|
454 |
|
|
|
|
|
Advantages and concerns |
456 |
|
|
|
||
|
Controlling the pre-pack |
|
465 |
|
|
|
|
|
Conclusions |
477 |
|
|
|
|
|
11 |
Company arrangements |
479 |
|
|
|
||
|
Schemes of arrangement under the Companies Act 2006 |
|
|||||
|
sections 895–901 |
479 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Company Voluntary Arrangements |
488 |
|
|
|||
|
Conclusions |
514 |
|
|
|
|
|
12 |
Rethinking rescue |
517 |
|
|
|
||
|
P A R T I V Gathering and distributing the assets |
527 |
|||||
13 |
Gathering the assets: the role of liquidation |
|
529 |
||||
|
The voluntary liquidation process |
529 |
|
|
|||
|
Compulsory liquidation |
|
536 |
|
|
|
|
|
Public interest liquidation |
541 |
|
|
|
||
|
The concept of liquidation |
548 |
|
|
|
||
|
Conclusions |
596 |
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
The pari passu principle |
599 |
|
|
|
||
|
Exceptions to pari passu |
|
602 |
|
|
|
|
|
Conclusions: rethinking exceptions to pari passu |
625 |
|||||
15 |
Bypassing pari passu |
|
628 |
|
|
|
|
|
Security |
631 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Retention of title and quasi-security |
641 |
|
|
|||
|
Trusts |
648 |
|
|
|
|
|
x |
|
contents |
|
|
Alternatives to pari passu |
666 |
|
|
|
Conclusions |
673 |
|
|
|
P A R T V The impact of corporate insolvency |
675 |
|||
16 Directors in troubled times |
677 |
|
||
Accountability |
677 |
|
|
|
Expertise |
716 |
|
|
|
Efficiency |
740 |
|
|
|
Fairness |
750 |
|
|
|
Conclusions |
753 |
|
|
|
17 Employees in distress |
754 |
|
|
|
Protections under the law |
756 |
|
|
|
Efficiency |
767 |
|
|
|
Expertise |
772 |
|
|
|
Accountability |
772 |
|
|
|
Fairness |
775 |
|
|
|
Conclusions |
778 |
|
|
|
18 Conclusion 780
Bibliography 788
Index 837