Учебный год 22-23 / An Historical Introduction to Private Law

criticism of legislators, 174-6 in the early Middle Ages, 20-4 in England, 135, 136, 159

and the Enlightenment, 122-3 in Germany, 90

municipal, 93-4

see also statute/statutes legists, 74, 75, 76

Leibniz, Gottfried von, 119, 183 Leiden, University of, 57 lending, 190-2

lex Rhodia, 84

lex Romana Visigothorum, 17 n, 24 Liber Augustalis, 88

Liber extra, 63, 64 Liege, 151

Lille, coutumier of, 42

Littera vulgata, 48

logical system, law as, 120 Loisel, Antoine, 41-2 Lombard kingdoms, 23n, 27 London, University of, 160 Louis VI, King of France, 94 Louis IX, King of France, 73 n Louis XII, King of France, 91

Louis XIV, King of France, 83-4, 90, 91-2 Louis XV, King of France, 90, 92 Louvain, University of, 57, 75 Luxembourg

and customary law, 37

magistrates, 104

Magna Carta, 89, 162, 180-1, 182 Maine, Sir Henry Sumner, 161 Maitland, F. W., 161

Maleville, Jacques de, 5, 148

Malines, Great Council of, 43, 98, 101, 104

Malines, Parlement of, 43, 101

Mansfield, William Murray, Earl of, 135-6, 182

Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria, 124 maritime law, 83, 84, 92

marriage law, 193-6

and canon law, 61-2, 62-3, 195 and case law, 195-6

in the Code civil, 9 in England, 164-5

and the Enlightenment, 141 and natural law, 143

Matthijssen, Jan, 42-3

Max Joseph III, Elector of Bavaria, 123 Mayno, Jason de, 54, 56 Mediterranean regions

and learned law, 34

and Roman law, 27, 46, 67-8 Meijers, E. M., 153

Menger, A., i57n

Middle Ages, 16-28 commercial law, 84-5 economic development, 16-17 and the ius commune, 46-7 law of succession, 185 legislation, 85-90

lending policies, 190-2 marriage law, 193-4, 195 and municipal legislation, 94 and national law, 178

and natural law, 117 ordinances in France, 91

and Roman law, 17—18, 24, 27, 71 social organization, 186-7

Milan, 190

Moliere, 195 Mommsen, Th., 57 monarchy

absolute, 30, 32-3, 184 in the ancien regime, 116

royal ordinances, 6, 89-93 see also kings; sovereigns

Montesquieu, C. de, 121, I23n, 130, 133, 144, 177, 192

Montil-lez-Tours, Ordonnance of, 90 Moulins, Ordonnance of, 90-1, 190 Mudaeus, Gabriel, 57

municipal legislators, 93-4

Namur

and customary law, 37 Naples, 99, 190

University of, 75, 77

Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor, 4, 5, 8, 130, 141

Napoleonic codes

in France, 1, 147; see also Code civil in the Netherlands, 152, 153

national codes, 125-6, 144 national laws, 2, 144, 177-9

in England, 3

Germanic kingdoms, 18-19, 20 nations, law of

and natural law, 118, 119

natural law, 9, 115, 117-21, 127, 140, 171,

173

and Austrian codification, 124 failure of, 141, 142-3

in Germany, 156, 159

see also School of Natural Law Netherlands

and Boutillier's Somme Rural, 39-40

courts, 101, 104

customary law, 35, 36, 37, 45, 82, 185; commentators on, 42-5; homologation of, 33, 36-8

and the French Code civil, 2 Holland, 126, 152

and the Humanist School of Roman law, 57

jurisprudence, 152, 155

and the law of evidence, 189 legal education, 80

local legislation, 94 marriage law, 195 medieval legislation, 89

nineteenth-century developments, 151-5 and Roman law, 2-3

Roman-Dutch law, 45, 70 United Provinces, 90, 121

see also Austrian Netherlands; southern Netherlands

Newton, Sir Isaac, 127 Nicaea, council of, 191

Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia, 11-12 Nicolai', Pierre Thomas, 153 nobility, legal status of, 187 northern France

and customary law, 35, 36 and the ius commune, 69-70

notaries, 189

Novels (Corpus iuris), 18, 48 Nuremberg, laws of, 197

ordinances, see royal ordinances Orleans, University of, 76, 78 n, 128

Oxford, University of, 70, 77, 136, 160, 161

Page, H. de, 154

Pandectist School, 69, 143, 155, 156 Paris, see Coutume de Paris; Parlement de

Paris

Parlement de Paris, 39, 74, 78, 81, 82, 93 case law of, 95, 96, 97

and the church courts, 103-4 and the Estates General, 172-3 as supreme royal court, 101

parlements (France), 6 and legislation, 93

Pascal, Blaise, 120, 144, 177 Pefiaforte, Ramon de, 63 Pepo, 51

Philip, Count of Alsace, 89, 94

Philip II, King of France (Philip Augustus), 88

Philip II, King of Spain, 37

Philip III, King of France, 81

Philip IV, King of France (the Fair), 73, 74> 76-9>94

Philip of Leiden, 73 n

Picard, Edmond, 154 Pigeau, E., 11 Planiol, M., 150

Plucknett, T. F. T., 180 political factors

in the codification movement, 125-6 political power

and legal history, 183-4 Pollock, F., 161

popes

authority of, 50, 183-4 and canon law, 64, 65 and the church courts, 101 as legislators, 86-7

Portalis,J., 5, 7-8, 9, 14

positive law, 9, 118, 140, 143, 171 positivism, 115

Pothier, Robert Joseph, 7, 128, 195 Priestley, J., 138

primogeniture, law of, 185 procedure

and case law, 95-6

in church courts, 102-3

decline of popular participation, 104 in the early Middle Ages, 25-6

in the Enlightenment period, 128-34 and the French Code civil, 10-11

see also Roman-canonical procedure professors of law

in England, 160, 161 proof, 26, 188

rational means of, 105-7 by witnesses, 189-90

property

freedom to dispose of landed, 186-7 and the French Code civil, 8

right to private property, 187 Prussia

codification, 8, 123-4, I 2 5 judicial reform, 132

Pufendorf, Samuel, 199, 124, 128 Pussort, Henri, 91

Questiones (Lecocq), 97

Rabelais, Francois, 55 n Rau, F.-C, 149-50

Raymond, Lord Chief Justice of England,

174-5 reason, law of

evaluation of, 139-41

and the Historical School, 142-4

Reglement de procedure civile, 133—4 religious discrimination, abolition of, 141 Renaissance, the, 31, 55

Revigny, Jacques de, 54 Reyvaert, Jacob, 57 Robespierre, M., 130, i32n

Roman Catholic Church, 3, 16; see also church, the; popes

Roman empire fall of, 16

and legislation, 20 and natural law, 117

Roman law, 2, 17-18

and Austrian codification, 124 and Brabant law, 43

and canon law, 46, 58-67, 72, 81 and the Code civil, 148 commentators of, 52-5

and commercial law, 83-5 criticisms of, 121

and customary law, 2, 34, 38, 71 Du Moulin on, 40, 41

in the early Middle Ages, 17-18, 24, 27 in England, 3, 73, 135

and the Enlightenment, 117 in France, 6

and the French Code civil, 1, 6 in Germany, 3, 33, 156, 158 glossators of, 47-52

Humanist School of, 55-8 imperfections of, 41

in Italy, 2, 17, 27, 68, 75 and the law of evidence, 106 and marriage law, 193 medieval, 45-7

and medieval texts, 180-1 and national law, 178

and natural law, 117, 118, 119, 120, 140,

H3

in the Netherlands, 2-3 opposition to, 80-3

and Prussian codification, 123, 124 reasons for success of, 71-4

revival of, 33 vulgar law, 17, 19

see also Corpus iuris civilis

Roman Rota, 95

Roman-canonical procedure, 66, 70, 72, 81, 99, 100, 102-4, I3I» J34

codification of, 133 criticisms of, 128

and the law of evidence, 106 Roman-Dutch law, 2-3, 45, 70, 90, 152 Rothari, King, 19

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 129

royal ordinances, 6, 89-93 Russia, 155

Savigny, F. C. von, 13, 14, 142, 143,

i56> 173-4. r77 Saxony, 155 scholarship

advantages and disadvantages, 171-2 and codification, 14

in England, 136, 159, 161-2 and the Exegetical School, 142 in France, 150, 151

in Germany, 158 and statutes, 170

scholasticism, 107

School of Commentators, 52-5 School of Germanists, 144

School of Natural Law, 45, 58, 118, 120-1, 143-4, J5°> X73> J92

Schorer, Willem, 121 scientific method

and natural law, 120, 140 Scientific School, 154 Scotland, 40, 69, 178 seigneurial courts, 25, 105 Sicily

medieval legislation, 88 social factors

in legal history, 180, 181 Somme Rural (Boutillier), 39-40 South Africa, 45

southern Netherlands case law, 97-8

commentaries on the law, 44-5

and customary law, 2, 35, 36, 37, 152 and the ius commune, 69-70 legislation, 90

sovereigns

and the codification movement, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126

enlightened despots, 116, 122, 126 and Roman law, 72-4

see also kings; monarchy Spain

commercial law, 84 judicial procedure, 134 legislation, 90

and Roman law, 68 Spinoza, B., 120, 127 Staes, Ernest, i97n Stallybrass, W. T. S., 160 state, the, 184

in the ancien regime, 115-16

and the codification movement, 126 control of the courts, 105

development of nation state, 30 and the law of succession, 185-6

and modernization of the law, 107, 108 statute/statutes

advantages and disadvantages, 170-1 and case law, 95

in England, 88, 89, 90, 135, 136, 138, 160, 164-5; abolition of obsolete, 162-3

in France, 9, 93, 147, 150, 151 in Germany, 159

judicial control of, 175-6

and the law of reason, 139-40

and the reforms of the Enlightenment, 130-1

Savigny on, 173-4

and the School of Commentators, 53 see also legislation

Stephen, Sir James Fitzjames, 165 Stockmans, Pierre, 98

succession, law of, 66, 184-6

Summa Codicis (Azo), 51

Svarez, C. G., 124

Tanerijen, Willem Van der, 43 technical factors

in legal history, 180 territoriality, principle of, 19 Teutonicus, Johannes, 64 Thibaut, A. F., 13, i42n Thomasius, Christian, 119, 128 towns, development of

and the law of succession, 185 trade fairs, 84

Traite des obligations (Pothier), 7 treason, crime of, 66

Trent, Council of, 87, 194 tribes, 184, 185, 186 Tronchet, Fr., 5 Troplong, R., 149

United Nations, 183

United Provinces, 152 criticisms of Roman law, 121 legislation, 90

see also Netherlands United States, 59

judges, 129

judicial control of statutes, 175-6 universities

in early modern times, 78-9

and the education of lawyers, 79-80 in England, 160-1

in the Enlightenment period, 127-8 founding of, 47

in France, 4, 128, 147-51 in Germany, 128

and intellectual development, 31 and learned law, 38, 74 medieval, 76-9

and Roman law, 58, 71, 75

and the School of Commentators, 52-3 usury, 191-2

utilitarianism, 137-8, 162

Venice

commercial law, 84

Verlooy, Jean-Baptiste, 44-5, 121 Villers-Cotterets, Ordonnance of, 90 Vincentius Hispanus, 64

Voltaire, F., 192 vulgar law, 17, 19

Wesembeke, Mattheus van, 57 Wielant, Philippe, 43-4, 130 William I, King of England (the

Conqueror), 87, 183 Windscheid, B., 69, 141, 156, 157 witnesses, 26

and learned proofs, 107 proof by, 189-90

and Roman-canonical procedure, 103 secret examination of, 131

Wolff, Christian, 119-20, 124, 128 women

in the French Code civil, 9 and natural law, 143

written evidence, 189-90

Year Books, 96

Ypres, 97-8

Zachariae, K. S., 148-9, 149

Zasius, Ulrich, 57

Zeiller, F. von, 124

Zype, Francois van der, 44