Учебный год 22-23 / An Historical Introduction to Private Law

Ableiges, Jacques d', 39 absolutism

decline of, 32-3 development of, 30, 184 and Roman law, 73

academic law, 172 Accursius, 50, 51 administrative law in France, 176

advocates

abolition of, 131-2 and case law, 96

and the judiciary, 177 and the learned law, 75 training, 79-80

Agobard of Lyon, 24

Alciato, Andrea, 56, 57 Alexander III, Pope, 62, 63 Alfonso X, King of Castille, 88 Alfred the Great, 85 n

Alsace, 89, 94 ancien regime

and change in law, 182 courts and procedure, 10 criticisms of, 115-16, 128 and legislation, 86

social organization, 187 Anglican Church, 3 Anglo-Saxon law, 19, 85 n, 183

Ansegisus, abbot of St Wandrille, 23 Anselmo, Antoine, 44

Antoon, Philippe, count Merlin de Douai, 148

appeal procedure

in England, 163-4 Argentre, Bernard d\ 41 Aristotle, 47, 107-8 Artois

and customary law, 37-8 Aubry, C , 149-50 Augustine, St, 62

Austin, John, 161 Austria

codification, 124-5 Austrian Netherlands, 151

and the Enlightenment, 121, 122 judicial reform, 35, 129 marriage law, 195

'authentic' documents, use of, 189-90 Avignon, University of, 78 n

Bacon, Francis, i23n, i38n Baldus de Ubaldis, 54

Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders, 88, 191 Bartholomew of Brescia, 64

Bartolist School, 44, 56, 57, 72

Bartolus of Saxoferrato, 54, 83

Batavian Republic (United Provinces), 152 Baudry-Lacantinerie, G., 149

Bavarian code, 123 Beaumanoir, Philippe de, 38-9 Belgium, 148

Code judiciaire (1967), 92

Cour de Cassation, 131, 175, 176 and the French Code civil, 1, 178-9 judicial reform, 129

law of evidence, 190

nineteenth-century developments, 151-5 Belleperche, Pierre de, 54

Benedict XV, Pope, 64

Bentham, Jeremy, 13, 137-9, 160, 177 Bernard of Parma, 64 Bigot-Preameneu, F., 5

Blackstone, Sir William, 136, 137, 138 Blois, Ordonnance of, 194-5

Bologna, 181, 190 School of Law, 189 University of, 78 n

Boniface VIII, Pope, 64, 87, 183 Bourges, university of, 56-7 Bourjon, Francois, 6-7 Boutillier, Jean, 39-40

Brabaru^on Revolution, 122, 133

Brabant

Council of, 43, 80n, 98

customary law, 38, 43, 45

Bracton, Henry, 71, 72

Braem, Hendrik, 75 n

Britain

and judicial review, 175-6

see also England; Scotland

Brougham, Henry, 1st Baron, 138, 161, 162

Bruges, 94

Brussels, 133-4

Bude, Guillaume, 41, 56

Bugnet,J.-J., 139

Byzantium, 16

Calvin, John, 192 Cambaceres, J. J., de, 4, 5, 9

Cambridge, University of, 70, 77, 160 canon law, 2, 87

in the early Middle Ages, 24, 27 in England, 3, 135

and learned law, 65, 66

and marriage law, 61-2, 62-3, 195 and national law, 178

and Roman law, 46, 58-67, 72, 81 capitalism, development of, 30-1 capitularia legibus addenda, 22 capitularia missorum, 22

capitularia per se scribenda, 22 capitularies

in the early Middle Ages, 21-4 Carmer, J. H. C. von, 124 Carolingian dynasty, 16, 23

case law, 95-9, 139, 174, 182 advantages and disadvantages, 172-3 Beaumanoir on, 38-9

and codification, 14

in England, 13, 96, 70, 135, 159, 160 and the Enlightenment, 122

in France, 6, 150

in the French Code civil, 8-9 and legislation, 86

and marriage law, 194-5

and the School of Exegesis, 151 and statutes, 170

Castro, Paulus de, 54 casus, 50

Catholic Church, see Roman Catholic Church

change is law, 181-3

Charlemagne, King, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 83,

191

Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, 59, 82, 101

Charles V, Emperor, 36-7, 195 Chatelet, case law of the, 39, 96 Christianity, 32

Christynen, Paul van, 98 church, the

in the ancien regime, 116 and case law, 95

in the early Middle Ages, 21-2, 24-5 and English law, 3

and the law of succession, 185 and marriage law, 193-4, X95~6

and modernization of the law, 107, 108 power of the papacy, 30, 183-4

and Roman law, 72 and usury, 191-2

see also church courts; popes church courts, 25, 102-4, I 2 6

curia episcopalis, 100, 102 Curia Romana, 101

and the law of evidence, 106, 189 loss of power, 105

officialities, 99-100, 102, 103, 189 cities, 184

and the development of capitalism, 31 and modernization of the law, 107, 108 and municipal legislation, 94

and restrictions on the sale of land, 186-7 civil law

in France, 150

reforms in England, 164-5 Clement V, Pope, 64

Clito, William, 94

Clovis (Merovingian king), 19 Cocceji, Samuel von, 123-4

Code civil desfrancais (1804), 1-2, 4-10, 14,

148, 149, 187 in Belgium, 178-9 criticism of, 150 and case law, 8-9

fundamental principles, 7 and judges, 130

and the law of evidence, 190

and the law of succession, 185, 186 and legislation, 90, 91, 92

and lending, 192

and marriage law, 194, 195-6

Code de procedure civile (1806), 91-2 Codex (Corpus iuris), 18, 48, 49 codification

advantages and disadvantages, 13-14,

1 7 1

of civil law, in France, 92-3 and civil procedure, 91-2, 132-4 in the early modern period, 35 in England, 159, 165

in the Enlightenment period, 122-8 in Germany, 155, 156-8

merits of, 11-12

Napoleonic, 1, 147, 152, 153; see also Code civil

opposition to, 13-14 Savigny on, 173, 174 Coke, Sir Edward, 135

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 91 collections

of capitularies, 23-4 Cologne, University of, 78 n commentators

of Roman law, 52-5 commercial law

in England, 135-6, 182 in Germany, 155

and Roman law, 83-5 common law

American, 59 and case law, 95

and commercial law, 85

in England, 3, 34, 35, 59, 70, 106, 107, 134-5, 136, 138-9, 160, 162, 163, 164, 178

in France, 6

conciliarist theories, period of, 87 constitutional law

in France, 176

Consulat de Mar, 84

Coquille, Guy, 41

Corpus iuris canonici, 64

Corpus iuris civilis (Justinian), 11, 17-18 commentators of, 52-5

criticisms of, 41, 121 glossators of, 47-52

and the Historical School, 143

and the Humanist School of Roman law,

55-8 influence of, 42

and the law of evidence, 189 and natural law, 117, 118, 140 rediscovery of, 45-7

see also Roman law

Council of Brabant, 43, 80 n, 98

Council of Flanders, 43, 80 n, 98, 101, 121 Council of Nicaea, 191

Council of Trent, 87, 194 county courts

in England, 163

Cour de Cassation, 129, 131

Court of Appeal

in England, 163-4

Court of Common Pleas (England), 100 courts

and case law, 172 centralization, 100-2

in the early Middle Ages, 25-6

in the early modern period, 35, 99-107 in England, 100-1, 135, 161, 163-4

in the Enlightenment period, 128-34 in France, 101

and the French Code civil, 10-11 in the late Middle Ages, 99-107 and Roman law, 34

specialization and professionalization,

102-4

see also church courts

Coutume de Paris, 6, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 95 criminal law

in the ancien regime, 116, 187 and canon law, 67

and debt, 141 n in England, 165

and the Enlightenment, 141 criminal procedure

in canon law, 66 Cujas, Jacques, 56-7 customary law

in the early modern period, 35-45 in England, 135, 138

and the Enlightenment, 122

in France, 1, 2, 6, 9, 27, 33, 68-9, 81-2 in the Germanic kingdom, 17 homologation of, 36-8

and the law of evidence, 190 and legal education, 80 modernization of, 33-4

and natural law, 140

in the Netherlands, 35, 36, 37, 82, 152; commentators on, 42-5; homologation of, 33, 36-8

and Roman law, 2, 34, 38, 71

and the School of Exegesis, 150, 151 Cynus of Pistoia, 54

Dabin, Jean, 154

Daguesseau, Henri Francois, 6, 92 Damhouder, Joos de, 44 Dampierre, Guy de, 74

Decretales, 11

decretals, 60 n, 62-4, 95

Decretum Gratiani, 60-2, 63, 64, 65

Dekkers, R., 154

Demolombe, J.-C.-F., 149, 150 Descartes, Rene, 119, 127

Dicey, A. V., 161

Digest (Corpus iuris), 18, 48, 49 Dionysius Exiguus, 2411 discrimination

in the French Code civil, 9-10 distinctio, concept of, 49-50, 60-1 divine law (ius divinum), 118, 171 divorce, 141, 165, 193, 196 Domat, Jean, 6, 120

Doneau, Hugues, 57

Du Moulin, Charles, 40-1 duels, judicial, 26, 88, 105, 188 Durant, Guillaume, 103 Duranton, A., 149

economic considerations

and the codification movement, 126-7 economic development

early Middle Ages, 16-17 early modern period, 30-1, 32

and modernization of the law, 108 education of lawyers

in England, 79-80, 160-1 see also universities

Edward I, King of England, 88 Eichhorn, K., 142 n, 156 'Elegant School', 58

England

Anglo-Saxon law, 19, 85 n, 183 case law, 13, 70, 96, 135, 159, 160 and change in law, 181, 182

and codification, 13 commercial law, 182

Common Law, 3, 4, 35, 59, 70, 106, 107, 134-5, l3^, l$&~$> *6o, 162, 163, 164, 178

courts, 100-1, 135, 161, 163-4 customary law, 135, 138 decline of absolutism, 32-3

in the early Middle Ages, 27 economic considerations, and the law,

127

education of lawyers, 79-80, 160-1 and the Enlightenment, 134-9 and the ius commune, 70-1, 81 judicial procedure, 134

judiciary, 177

kings as legislators, 87-8, 90 law of evidence, 190 learned law, 3, 70-1

legal development, 3 local legislation, 94 and national law, 178

nineteenth-century developments, 159-65 procedure, 104

and Roman law, 3, 73, 135 see also Britain

Enlightenment, the, 32-3, 115-17 and codification, 12, 122-8 courts, 128-34

and criminal law, 67 and customary law, 122

and freedom of contract, 192 and French legal writers, 7

equity

in England, 135, 163, 164 in France, 151

Esmein, A., 150

Esprit des lois (Montesquieu), 121, Estates General (France), 91, 172 European law, 2

evidence, law of, 19, 187-90 rationalization of, 105-7, 188-90

Exegetical School, 8, 142, 148, 149-51, 153-5, 158

family, the, 184, 185 family law

in the German BGB, 157

in the Middle Ages, 193 feudal bonds, 184

feudal courts, 25, 105 feudal lands

and the disposal of personal property, 186

feudal law, 20, 25, 76, 80, 88, 178 evolution of, 181-2

and the law of succession, 185 feudalism

and learned law, 81 Fierlant, Goswin de, 121 Flanders, 88, 179

Council of, 43, 80n, 98, 101, 121 courts, 101

and customary law, 38, 42 legists, 74

local legislation, 94 Fortescue, Chief Justice, i72n France

and Belgian law, 178-9 case law, 96-7

Code de procedure civile (1806), 5, 10-11,

91-2

codification, 92-3, 125, 147; see also Code civil

commercial law, 83-4 courts, 101

coutumiers: in the Middle Ages, 38-40; in modern times, 40-2

customary law, 1, 2, 6, 9, 27, 33, 68-9,

81-2

economic considerations, and the law,

127

and the Enlightenment, 122 Estates General, 91

judges, and statutes, 130-1 judicial control of statutes, 176 judicial reform, 129-30

kings as legislators, 88 legal dichotomy in, 68-9 legislation, 90-3

legists, 74

local legislation, 94 marriage law, 194-6

mos gallicus, 54-5, 56, 58 and national law, 178

nineteenth-century developments, 147-51

Ordonnance civile (1667), 10, n , 134 political system, 33

procedural codes, 134

and Roman law, 27, 73, 81, 82 royal ordinances, 89, 90-3 School of Natural Law, 120-1 sixteenth-century humanists, 54-5

south of: and Roman law, 2, 17, 27, 36, 68

universities, 4, 128, 147-51 see also French Revolution

Frankish kingdom, 16, 19, 20, 21, 23 n, 182 courts, 25

Frederick I, Emperor (Barbarossa), 52, 73, 78

Frederick II, Emperor, 75, 88

Frederick II, King of Prussia (the Great), 123, 132, 133

Frederick William I, King of Prussia, 123 French Revolution, 1, 4, 9, 105, 122, 127,

163, 172-3

and judicial reform, 129-30 and lending, 192

and marriage law, 195-6

French School of Exegesis, 149-51, 153-5,

.58

Friesia

and customary law, 37

Gaius, 18 Galileo, 119 Geny, Fr, 150

Germanic kingdoms, 16, 17 courts, 104

and legislation, 20-1, 88 national laws, 18-19, 20

Germany

ancient German law, 156

Burgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB), 157-8, 174

case law, 96, 98

code of civil procedure (1877), 155 codes, 171

courts, 102

and learned law, 34, 40, 69 legislation, 90

nineteenth-century developments, 155-9 Pandectist School, 143, 155, 156

and Roman law, 3, 33, 156, 158 School of Natural Law, 119-20 universities, 128

and the Volksgeist, 177-8 Ghent, 75 n, 94

Charter of (1191), 186-7 Ghewiet, Georges de, 44 Gierke, O. von, i57n glossators

of Roman law, 47-52, 73 glosses, 51

Gratian, 60-2, 63, 64, 65 Greece, ancient

and natural law, 117 Gregorian Reform, 62, 72, 86 Gregory IX, Pope, 62, 63 Gregory VII, Pope, 86-7, 122 Grimm, J., 142 n, 156

Groot, Hugo de (Grotius), 45, 118-19, 126, H3, 192

Hainaut

and customary law, 37-8 Hedemann, J. W., i58n Hegel, G. W. F., 177

Henry II, King of England, 35, 87-8, 100 Henry VIII, King of England, 139 heresy

in canon law, 66

Historical School, 14, 115, 142, 143 Hocsem, John of, 75 n

Holland, Sir Thomas Erskine, 161 Holland

economic considerations, and the law, 126

Napoleonic code, 152 see also Netherlands

Holy Roman Empire, 41, 59, 72, 88 Honorius III, Pope, 69, 82 Hotman, Francois, 41, 82

House of Commons, 174 House of Lords, 163, 164, 174 Huber, Eugen, i58n HumaYiist School, 33, 41 Hungary, 178

Industrial Revolution, 32, 127, 136 Innocent I, Pope, 62

Innocent III, Pope, 190

Institutes (Corpus iuris), 18, 48 Institutes (Gaius), 18 intellectual factors

in the codification movement, 127—8 and developments in the law, 107-8 in the Enlightenment period, 127-8

Irnerius, 51

Isidore of Seville, 24 Italian jurists

in the School of Commentators, 54-5 Italian towns

democratization of political institutions,

187

and the law of evidence, 190 Italy

case law, 98-9

Codice civile, 125-6

and the Corpus iuris, 47 local legislation, 94

and Roman law, 2, 17, 27, 68, 75 ius commune

European, 45-85 and legislation, 86 and national law, 178

iusproprium ('particular' law), 46

Japan

introduction of western law, 46-7 Jerome, St, 62

Jhering, Rudolf von, 159

John, King of England, 181, 182, 186 John XXII, Pope, 64

Joseph II, Emperor of Austria, 35, 122, 124, 129, 133, 134, 195

judges

attacks on 'tyranny' of, 176-7 and case law, 172

church courts, 99

critical approaches by, 174-5 in the early Middle Ages, 26

in England, 100-1, 135, 136, 160, 161,

162

and the Enlightenment, 122-3 in the Frankish kingdom, 25 and the learned law, 75-6 and lending, 192

in the Middle Ages, 104

and the reforms of the Enlightenment,

129, 130

and the Reglement de procedure civile, 133-4 and Roman-canonical procedure, 103 training, 79-80

judicial review, 175-6 juries, 26

in England, 88, 101, 104, 106, 107, 164 introduction of, 132

jurisprudence

and case law, 95

in the early Middle Ages, 24-5 German, 158

and the Historical School, 142 and legislation, 86

in the Netherlands, 152, 155 and Roman law, 71-2 Savigny on, 173

and the School of Exegesis, 151 Justinian, Emperor, 11, 17-18, 45, 65, 72,

75

Kemper, Johan Melchior, 152-3 kings

as legislators, 21, 87-91

in the Middle Ages, 21-2, 87—90 and Roman law, 72-4, 82

kinship bonds, 184 Klein, F., 133 Kluyskens, A., 154

Kreittmayr, W. A. von, 123

Lamoignon, Guillaume de, 91, 93 landowners

and learned law, 80-1

Langton, Archbishop Stephen, 181 Latin language, 16, 56

Laurent, Francois, 140, 151, 154, 177 Law Lords, 164

Law Reports, 96 lawyers

role in society, 197 Savigny on, 173-4

learned law

and canon law, 65, 66 and case law, 97

and customary law, 3738 development of, 34

in the Dutch coutumiers, 43 in England, 3, 70-1

of evidence, 106

in Germany, 34, 40, 69 Romanization of, 67-8

see also canon law; Roman law Lecocq, Jean, 97

legal practice

influence of ius commune on, 67-85 legal scholarship, see scholarship legislation, 85-94

advantages and disadvantages, 170-1