Учебный год 22-23 / William_Simons_Private_and_Civil_Law_in_the_R
.pdf358 |
Robert Sharlet |
some and hubristic oligarch”,46 the appetite of the Western oil majors for investing in the Russian fields remained generally unabated. Their main obstacle, however, was not the trial but new Russian legislation limiting foreign ownership of natural resources.47 In the mid term, perhaps the greatest cost was to the reputation of the Russian legal system. In spite of the Justice Minister’s public emphasis in 2004 on the priority of defend- ing individual rights “against administrative arbitrariness”,48 the Yukos affair presented a decidedly different picture. Unfortunately, closer to the truth of the situation was an essay revisiting the traditional problem of Russian legal nihilism, published later that year by a young Moscow legal scholar. He wrote: “Thus, nihilism is a constantly changing, dynamic social phenomenon which has always existed and will continue to exist as long as society exists.”49
However, on the positive side of the ledger, it must be acknowledged thatthePutinteamemergedfromtheYukosaffairwithanumberofsignifi- cantgains.Intheshortterm,Khodorkovsky’sdomesticpoliticalinterven- tionswereeffectivelystymiedandanypresidentialaspirationshemayhave had for 2008 were conclusively blocked. The predictable outcome of the trial, no doubt, also had a further deterrent effect on other oligarchs and, thus, contributed to Putin’s longer-term goal of rebuilding the authority of the state and the office of the president. In addition, the Yukos affair produced several strategic political economic gains for the state, including the collection of substantial back taxes while firing a warning shot across the bows of major scofflaws,50 preventing foreign operational control of
Russia’soilfields,and—inthede facto re-nationalizationofYukos—taking a major step toward establishing Russia as a major oil superpower on the state capitalist model of Saudi Arabia.51
In Lieu of a Conclusion
Finally, we re-pose the question raised at the outset: was theYukos affair a singular, aberrant event in Russia’s long march toward the rule of law or
46“Yukos, Putin and the Oligarchs”, The Economist 1 January 2005, 49.
47A. Ostrovsky and K. Morrison, “Russia bars foreign-owned firms from key assets”,
Financial Times 10 February 2005.
48Iu. Chaika, “Za edinoe pravovoe prostranstvo”, Rossiiskaia iustitsiia 2004 No.2, 2.
49V.G. Safonov, “Poniatie pravovogo nigilizma”, Gosudarstvo i pravo 2004 No.12, 68.
50A Putin aide stated in Izvestiia that a key aim of theYukos affair was “to teach com- panies to pay their taxes”, Johnson’s Russia List 31 March 2005, #9108.
51Except for the US and UK, Russia is the only major oil exporting country where the state does not hold a dominant position in the industry. See P. Lavelle, “What Does Putin Want?”, 103 Current History 2004, 314.
PoliticsoftheYukosAffair |
359 |
does it portend a possible negative trend toward “judicial counter-reform”52 in Russia?Ample signs suggest pessimism, but an answer at this time—in the wake of the main proceedings—would be premature. Better to await further Russian legal developments which may clarify the direction in which Putin is leading the country during his second term.53
52See P.H. Solomon, Jr., “Threats of Judicial Counterreform in Putin’s Russia”, 13
Demokratizatsiya 2005 No.3, 325-345.
53Research for this chapter was completed in 2006.
Index
A |
|
|
|
|
|
Accountability....... |
284, 290, 292, 294, 329, |
||||
......................... |
31-332, 335, 338-339, 345-346 |
||||
Agricultural aims (enterprises, |
|
||||
products)........................ |
|
|
2, 117, 137, 139, 143, |
||
........................................... |
|
|
146, 167, 314, 319 |
||
Amicable settlement......... |
133, 135-137, 146, |
||||
........................................... |
|
|
167-170. 244-245 |
||
Amnesty International . |
........................ |
|
356 |
||
Analogia iuris |
|
|
|
|
|
(analogy of law)...................... |
|
|
20, 37, 50, 102 |
||
Analogia legis |
|
|
|
|
|
(analogy of legislation, |
|
|
|
||
statutory analogy).................. |
|
20, 37, 50, 102 |
|||
Analogy .................................. |
|
|
|
20, 21, 31, 38, |
|
............................................. |
|
|
50, 58, 102, 220 |
||
(see also Analogia iuris, Analogia legis) |
|||||
Andropov, Iu. |
.......................................... |
|
|
|
329 |
Arbitrariness...... |
|
xxiv, 336, 338-339, 349, 358 |
|||
Arbitration tribunal, see Court |
|
||||
(international commercial arbitration) |
|||||
Arbitrazh managers......... |
137, 166, 168-170 |
||||
Arbitrazhnyi upravliaiushchii |
|
|
|||
(see Arbitrazh managers) |
|
|
|||
Austin, J.......................................... |
|
|
|
|
xxvi, 272 |
B |
|
|
|
|
|
Babylonian law....................................... |
|
|
|
268 |
|
Bakunin, M............................................. |
|
|
|
|
301 |
Balance of interests (rights).. |
54, 72-74, 82, |
||||
........................................ |
|
|
170, 207, 209, 266, |
||
........................................... |
|
|
298, 307, 321, 332 |
||
Balance of legislation |
|
|
|
||
(judge made law)................................ |
|
|
13, 172 |
||
Balance of obligations ........................... |
|
|
179 |
||
Balance of power................................... |
|
|
340 |
||
Balance of risks..................................... |
|
|
|
208 |
|
Balance (separation of powers) |
............. 334 |
||||
Balance (statism/liberalism).................. |
|
330 |
|||
Balancing act.......................................... |
|
|
|
294 |
|
Bankruptcy............... |
|
8, 29, 30, 101, 129-133, |
|||
.............................. |
|
135-143, 145-159, 161-170, |
|||
.......................................... |
|
|
190, 261, 303, 320 |
||
Banks............. |
6, 22-23, 28, 31-32, 34, 54, 60, |
||||
...................... |
71, 72-73, 92, 97-98, 100, 104, |
||||
.....................109, 124-125, 134, 137, 140-142, |
|||||
............................. |
|
148-149, 153-155, 158, 164, |
|||
.................... 189-191, 202, 257, 289, 295, 320 |
|||||
Basaev, Sh................................................ |
|
|
238 |
Battle of the forms................................... |
|
|
24 |
Berezovsky, B..................... |
340, 347, 351-353 |
||
Bewind..................................................... |
|
|
194 |
Bierling, F.......................................... |
|
|
272-273 |
Blackstone, W......................................... |
|
|
274 |
Braginskii, M............................................ |
|
|
97 |
Branches of legislation (of law)..... |
7, 37, 39, |
||
............................... 41-44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 53, |
|||
................................55-59, 62, 69, 70, 73, 81, |
|||
................................ 82, 87, 101, 272, 273-276 |
|||
Brandeis, L. ........................................... |
|
|
xxii |
Bratus, S.................................................... |
|
|
48 |
Brezhnev, L. ............................................ |
|
|
331 |
Bulgaria ............................ |
286-287, 291, 293 |
||
C |
|
|
|
Calabresi, G. .......................................... |
|
|
324 |
Cardozo, B. ........................................... |
|
|
xxii |
Central Bank............. |
60, 124, 134, 140, 191 |
||
CIS............................... |
xx-xxi, 11, 16, 20-21, |
||
................................... 38, 49, 65, 83, 145, 325 |
|||
(see also Model Civil Code (CIS)) |
|
||
CIS Convention on Human Rights |
|||
(1995)......................................................... |
|
|
16 |
Carey, J.................................................... |
|
|
334 |
Chechot, D.M. ........................................ |
|
|
91 |
City-forming organizations............ |
137-139, |
||
Civil...........................................Code (Dutch) |
146, 162-165, 167 |
||
|
11, 12, 13, 14, 17, |
||
...................................... |
18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, |
||
Civil.......................................Code (French) |
25, 26, 30, 31, 33, 59 |
||
|
304, 306, 310 |
||
Civil Code (German). |
....................... |
|
12, 310 |
Civil Code (Quebec) ............................. |
|
|
194 |
Civil Code (Russian, 1922)............. |
|
2, 16, 38, |
|
..........................41, 43, 45, 48, 100, 211, 218, |
|||
............................251, 252, 255, 256, 258, 297, |
|||
Civil Code (Russian, 1964). |
....... 3, 8, 11, 16, |
||
.....................17, 26, 29, 37, 38, 42-45, 48. 56, |
|||
........................ 58, 67, 84, 100, 104, 113, 171, |
|||
...................... 182, 211, 212, 213, 215, 235, 251, |
|||
...........................252, 255, 256, 257, |
258, 260 |
||
Civil Code (Russian, draft 1905)...... |
38, 40 |
||
Civil Code (Swiss).................... |
|
40, 253, 310 |
|
Civil law relationships (“borderline”)... 114
Civil Procedure Statute (1864).......... |
38, 42 |
|
Civil society............... |
1, 9, 336-337, 340-342 |
|
362
CMEA....................................................... |
85 |
Code (commercial, |
|
economic, trade) ................................ |
4, 46 |
Code (“super”).......................................... |
76 |
Codification .................. |
11-12, 16, 37-38, 44, |
.....................................46, 56, 73-74, 81, 111, |
|
Cohen,...........................................F |
113, 205, 207, 310 |
xxii |
|
Commercial courts......................... |
99, 108 |
Commercial entities (organizations, |
|
relations, transactions) . |
............. 1-9, 12, 15, |
........................... 20-21, 23, 25, 31, 34, 54, 61,
.....................63-64, 76, 91, 98-101, 105, 107,
................... 112, 113, 115, 117,119-129 131, 137,
..............140, 148, 154, 168, 171-173, 175-176,
................. 182, 186, 192, 199, 200, 202, 205,
................242-243, 309, 311-312, 314, 316-317 (see also Entrepreneurs,
entrepreneurial activity)
Commercial law....................................... |
76 |
Committee of Constitutional Supervision |
|
(USSR)....................................................... |
xx |
Communist Party....... |
66, 282, 333, 336, 345 |
Competition law.................................... |
308 |
Confiscation ............................................ |
45 |
........................................................... |
98, 314 |
(see also Expropriation and
Requisition)
Conflicts of law (of rules, branches
(conflict norms))..................... |
70,73, 82, 94, |
|
Constitution....................................................(Dutch) |
121, 126-128 |
|
|
16 |
|
Constitution (economic) .................. |
|
xx, 75 |
Constitution (French)............................ |
|
305 |
Constitution (Imperial Russian) |
............335 |
|
Constitution (RF)................. |
1-2, 6, 7, 9, 15, |
|
................ 54-56, 60-62, 65-67, 69-70, 72-77,
................ 79-82, 87-98, 102-103, 107, 11-112,
......114,-117, 143, 198, 217, 221, 224, 229-230,
......235, 248-249, 251, 308-309, 332, 334-338,
.......................340-341, 345-346, 351-352, 355
Constitution (RSFSR)..................... |
92, 219 |
Constitution (USSR)................... |
42, 55, 56, |
............................................ |
67, 219, 252, 300 |
Private and Civil Law in the Russian Federation |
||
Constitutional Court (FRG).................. |
325 |
|
Constitutional Court (RF).............. |
xx, xxv, |
|
.............................. |
7, 9, 53, 61, 64-66, 7174, |
|
............................. |
76, 79, 80, 82, 90-98, 116, |
|
................................... |
168, 230, 235, 248, 326 |
|
Constitutionalism (pseudo)................... |
346 |
|
Constitutionalism (quasi)...................... |
346 |
|
Constitutionalism (sham)...................... |
346 |
|
“Constructive norms”............................ |
274 |
|
Consumers........................ |
8, 23-24, 59, 100, |
|
........................... 142, 164, 171-180, 205-207, |
||
............................. |
215, 216, 242, 262, 311, 313 |
|
Copyright............................. |
41, 48, 112, 137, |
|
........................................... |
151, 160, 170, 243 |
|
Corbin, A. ............................................. |
|
xxii |
Corporate governance ........................... |
352 |
|
Corruption (bribe taking)............. |
212, 238, |
|
...............245-246, 291-293, 337, 339, 343, 353 |
||
Council for the Preparation |
|
|
of Prioritized Normative Acts |
|
|
in the Economic Sphere........................ |
101 |
|
Council of Europe......................... |
109, 254, |
|
........................................... |
283, 326, 354, 355 |
|
(see also European Convention on |
|
|
Human Rights, European Court of |
||
Human Rights) |
|
|
Council on Codifying and Reforming |
||
Civil Legislation |
.................................... |
101 |
Court (international |
|
|
commercial arbitration)................... |
117, 118 |
|
............................................ |
122-123, 126, 168 |
|
Criminal codes ............................. |
|
xxiv-xxv, |
..................... 16, 42, 55-56, 67-71, 76, 80, 85, |
||
.............. 168, 171, 218-221, 223-224, 226-229, |
||
.................... 233-234, 239, 265, 267, 274-276, |
||
...................... 311, 319, 347-348, 350, 354-355 |
||
Czech Republic......... |
283, 286-287, 291-292 |
|
Czechoslovakia................................. |
|
84, 282 |
D |
|
|
Decentralization |
........................... |
xxvi, 315 |
Déclaration des droits |
|
|
de l’homme et du citoyen (1789).................. |
299 |
|
Democracy (“managed”)................. |
329, 343 |
|
Index |
363 |
Discretion (judicial)............................. |
7, 19 |
Disputes (conflicts)............................. |
6, 30, |
...................... 38, 42, 47, 63, 65-66, 109, 112, |
|
...................... 120-121, 123, 125-128, 132, 168, |
|
...............179, 237-238, 240, 243, 334-335, 337 |
|
Disputes (consumer) ............................. |
179 |
Disputes (economic) ........ |
54, 99, 102, 106, |
.... 108, 119, 120, 168, 243, 246, 263, 265-267
Disputes (labor) ........................... |
|
57, 60, 74 |
Doveritel’noe upravlenie..................... |
|
185-186 |
Dudaev, D........................................ |
|
238-239 |
“Dual Russia”.......................................... |
|
348 |
Due process, see Law (due process of) |
||
Duguit, L................................................. |
|
274 |
Dutch scholars.......................................... |
|
11 |
Dvina Land (Charter of (1397))............. |
267 |
|
Dvor......................................................... |
|
320 |
E |
|
|
El’tsin, B........................... |
322, 328, 330, 333, |
|
............................................. |
335-341, 343-345 |
|
Entrepreneurs (entrepreneurial |
|
|
activity) ............................................ |
|
2-4, 19, |
.............. 23-24, 26, 34, 46, 51, 54, 63, 88-90,
................99-100, 103, 107-109, 113, 115-117,
................119-121, 130-132, 137, 141-143, 146,
...............152, 160, 167-168, 171-175, 178-180,
..................186-188, 208, 242, 298, 300, 309
(see also Commercial entities, |
|
|
organizations, relations, |
|
|
transactions) |
|
|
Entrusted administration |
|
|
(see Trust administration ) |
|
|
Equity, see Reasonableness (equity) |
|
|
Erbschein................................................... |
|
253 |
Estonia................................ |
85, 286-287, 291 |
|
European Administrative Space.......... |
290 |
|
European (Geneva) Convention |
|
|
(1961)....................................................... |
|
126 |
European Convention on Human Rights
(1950)...................................... |
16, 53, |
62, 324 |
European Court of Human Rights |
.......350 |
|
European Union.................... |
xv, 83-84, 281, |
|
..................... 285-286, 289-292, 295, 324-325
Expropriation ........................ |
|
|
299, 308, 323 |
|
F |
|
|
|
|
Factoring (international) |
. |
......................... |
5 |
|
Fairness.............................. |
|
|
102, 165, 176 - 177 |
|
False information...................... |
|
|
231, 235 - 236 |
|
Federalism (asymmetrical) ................... |
344 |
|||
Fiducia........................................................ |
|
|
|
32 |
Fiducie...................................................... |
|
|
|
194 |
Fish, M..................................................... |
|
|
|
333 |
Foreign |
|
|
|
|
(economic) policy............... |
|
|
335, 352 - 353, 357 |
|
Foreign assistance ................................... |
|
|
|
xx |
Foreign commentators |
|
|
|
|
(scholars)............................ |
|
|
xxii, 11, 297, 356 |
|
Foreign commercial transactions .......... |
25 |
|||
Foreign law (legal system)....... |
200, 217, 273 |
|||
Foreign lawyers....................................... |
|
|
|
356 |
Foreign press................................... |
|
|
|
212, 297 |
Foreign relations...................................... |
|
|
|
41 |
Foreigners |
|
|
|
|
(citizens, companies, income, |
|
|||
investors, organizations, trade)............... |
5, |
|||
............................26, 59, 63, 77, 98, 109, 111, |
||||
.............................118-120, 122-126, 128, 162, |
||||
........................212, 222, 273, 352-353, 357-358 |
||||
Forfeiture ......................................... |
|
|
|
16, 176 |
Fraud ............................... |
|
2, 16, 26, 153, 154, |
||
.......................................... |
|
175, 207, 254, 349 |
||
Freedom (contract).................... |
|
|
xxiii, 6, 12, |
|
...........................23, 50, 88, 91, 106, 120, 173 |
||||
Freedom |
|
|
|
|
(economic activity, |
|
|
|
|
entrepreneurship).................... |
|
|
3, 12, 87, 88, |
|
................91, 99-100, 115, 197, 263, 293, 300 |
||||
Freedom (fundamental) .................... |
|
|
15, 16, |
|
................... 22, 47, 66, 67, 72, 90, 91, 93-96, |
||||
............114, 229, 230, 235, 236, 237, 246-249, |
||||
.................. 251, 273, 284, 287, 288, 298, 300, |
||||
................... 302,303, 307, 309, 320, 321, 322, |
||||
............................326, 327, 340, 341, 344, 353 |
||||
(see also Human rights) |
|
|
|
|
Freedom (movement of goods services, |
||||
financial funds)........... |
12, 87, 88, 91, 97, 275 |
|||
364
French system |
............................. |
331, 333-335 |
G |
|
|
Gaidar, E................................... |
|
237, 245-246 |
Gaps (in legislation)............ |
5, 17, 20, 21, 22, |
|
........................ |
27, 44, 60, 90, 100, 133, 146, |
|
............................ |
149 - 152, 219, 220, 253, 298 |
|
Gaps (in missiles) ................................. |
200 |
|
German style........................................ |
|
31-32 |
German legislation ........................ |
130, 136, |
|
Gierke,..................................................O. von |
253, 266-267 |
|
272-272 |
||
Good faith....... |
19, 20, 27, 102, 178, 283, 318 |
|
Gorovtsov, A..................................... |
|
271-277 |
Goskomimushchestvo........... |
154-155, 158, 315, |
|
Governance................... |
|
281, 284, 289, 294, |
............. 300, 318, 329, 330, 334, 337, 341-342 |
||
Grazhdanskoe Ulozhenie...................... |
38, 40 |
|
Grotuis, H. ............................................ |
|
261 |
Guiding Explanations .................. |
6, 56, 57, |
|
Gusinsky,......................................V |
|
60, 63, 102, 112, 232 |
|
347, 351, 354 |
|
H
Hague Convention on the Law
Applicable to Trusts and
on their Recognition (1985) |
................... 195 |
|
Hahn, G.................................................. |
|
338 |
Hanson, S........................................ |
|
280, 284 |
Harmonization ......... |
xx, 73, 83, 84, 85, 276 |
|
Hazard, J................................................. |
|
297 |
Herzen, A................................................ |
|
301 |
Higher Arbitrazh Court.................. |
5, 6, 20, |
|
................ 21, 28, 54, 101-104, 106, 107, 109,
..............110, 112. 113, 149-162, 164, 165, 309
Hoeberl, A. ............................................ |
265 |
Hohfeld, W. .......................................... |
xxii |
Holmes, S................................................. |
333 |
Honor and dignity ................. |
44, 48, 55-56, |
........................66-67, 87, 91, 94-95, 112, 114, |
|
............... 216-218, 231-235, 237-244, 245-249 |
|
Human rights, ..................16, 47, 53, 55, 59,
.............................73, 264, 283-284,292, 299,
...................................321, 324, 326, 340, 350
(see also Freedom (fundamental)) |
|
|
Hungary........ |
281-282. 285-288, 291-293, 333 |
|
Huntington, S.......................................... |
332 |
|
Private and Civil Law in the Russian Federation
Huskey, E................................................. |
|
|
|
337 |
I |
|
|
|
|
Iakovlev, V.............................................. |
|
|
|
309 |
ICC Uniform Rules |
.................................. |
|
5 |
|
Illegal (definition of) ............................. |
|
329 |
||
Illegal accusations.................................. |
|
|
212 |
|
Illegal activity (acts)........................ |
|
|
70, 108, |
|
............................. |
214, 219-223, 225-226, 229 |
|||
Illegal appropriation ...................... |
|
312, 316 |
||
Illegal arrest............................................ |
|
|
|
228 |
Illegal contracts...................................... |
|
|
320 |
|
Illegal conviction |
|
|
|
|
(prosecution)..................... |
|
|
219-221, 226-227 |
|
Illegal dismissal........................................ |
|
|
65 |
|
Illegal privatization ................................ |
|
|
318 |
|
IMF......................................................... |
|
|
|
289 |
Information (access to)........... |
287-288, 292 |
|||
Information (classified). |
........................ |
292 |
||
Information (false)............. |
|
231, 233, 235-236 |
||
Information (harmful) .................... |
|
232-233 |
||
Insurance ...................... |
|
|
8, 15, 28, 30, 33, 34, |
|
.....................59, 104, 136-137, 140, 146, 168, |
||||
............................ |
173, 206, 208, 214-215, 239 |
|||
Insurmountable force............................ |
|
187 |
||
International law.............. |
|
126, 249, 272-277 |
||
Internationalization of legal rules........ |
203 |
|||
Italy............... |
xiii, 84, 195, 254, 333, 337, 339 |
|||
J |
|
|
|
|
Japan.......................................... |
|
|
337, 339, 353 |
|
Jellinek, G........................................ |
|
|
|
274-275 |
Jhering, R. von ............... |
|
262, 304, 276, 322 |
||
Judicial Chamber for |
|
|
||
Informational Disputes |
........................ |
237 |
||
Judicial review......... |
65, 69, 98, 114-115, 232 |
|||
Judicial supervision......... |
|
71, 74, 115, 117-118 |
||
Justice (access to (courts))..67, 69, 109, 112 |
||||
Justness ................................... |
|
|
165, 307, 354 |
|
K |
|
|
|
|
Kant, I...................................... |
|
|
272, 274, 276 |
|
Kargalitsky, B. |
......................................... |
|
|
322 |
Kavelin, A.......................................... |
|
|
|
39, 275 |
Khodorkovsky, M.................... |
|
340, 347-358 |
||
Khalfina, R.............................................. |
|
|
|
297 |
Kierulff, J................................................. |
|
|
|
272 |
Index |
365 |
Kropotkin, P........................................... |
|
|
|
301 |
L |
|
|
|
|
Laski, H. ................................................ |
|
|
|
xxv |
Latvia................................... |
|
|
85, 286-287, 291 |
|
Law (dictatorship of) ..................... |
|
345, 351 |
||
Law (due process of) ............... |
68, 348, 354 |
|||
Law (global) ........................................... |
|
|
|
277 |
Law (predictability, |
|
|
||
stability, certainty of)....................... |
|
8, 9, 12 |
||
Law (“shadowy”)..................................... |
|
349 |
||
Law-making (“spontaneous”) ................... |
8 |
|||
Leasing (international financial) |
..............5 |
|||
Legal persons |
...................... |
|
2-5, 8, 14, 16-17, |
|
....................... |
21-22, 25, 47, 49, 52-55, 63-65, |
|||
........................ |
69, 70, 98, 103-106, 108, 111, |
|||
..................... 112, 114, 115, 116, 129, 136-139, |
||||
...................142, |
164, 167, 180, 182, 189-191, |
|||
..................... 193, 212-213, 215, 220, 222-224, |
||||
....................226, |
231-232, 241-243, 245-248, |
|||
.............................. |
|
307-308, 311-313, 317, 320 |
||
Legislation (“delegated”)........................ |
|
336 |
||
Lenin, V............................................. |
|
|
|
41, 305 |
Level playing field............................. |
|
23, 179 |
||
Lex mercatoria.................................... |
|
|
20, 127 |
|
Linz, J. ................................................... |
|
|
|
280 |
Lithuania.................................... |
|
|
85, 286-287 |
|
Llewellyn, K............................................ |
|
|
|
265 |
Locke, J. .................................. |
|
|
274, 299, 322 |
|
M |
|
|
|
|
Mandatory rules ................... |
30, 32, 34, 192 |
|||
Marx, K.............. |
|
181, 299, 301-302, 305, 342 |
||
Meier, D. ........................................... |
|
|
|
39, 40 |
Mendeleev, D.......................................... |
|
|
277 |
|
Method (of protection) .......................... |
|
47 |
||
Miliband, R............................................ |
|
|
|
338 |
Model Civil Code (CIS)............. |
|
xx, 83, 145 |
||
Model contracts |
|
|
||
(terms and conditions)........................ |
|
33-34 |
||
Montesquieu........................................... |
|
|
|
274 |
Mortgage....... |
17, 26, 27, 28, 32, 104-105, 193 |
|||
N |
|
|
|
|
Nachlassgericht.......................................... |
|
|
253 |
|
Nadzor............................................... |
|
|
|
115, 318 |
Nationalization ................. |
|
xxi, xxvi, 3, 311, |
|
.................................................... |
|
|
322 - 323, 358 |
NATO.................................. |
|
xix-xx, 288-289 |
|
Napoleon .................. |
304, 306, 329-30, 342 |
||
Natural liberty.................... |
|
272-273, 275-277 |
|
Natural rights ............................ |
|
|
55, 274-275 |
Neoplatnost’.............................................. |
|
|
130 |
Neplatezhesposobnost’................................ |
|
|
130 |
“New public management”. |
................. 282, |
||
........................................... |
|
285-286, 288-289 |
|
Nomenklatura....................... |
|
56, 316, 340-341 |
|
O |
|
|
|
OECD...................................... |
|
|
285, 289 -290 |
Olson, M................................................. |
|
|
327 |
Openness ............................................... |
|
|
294 |
Ortolan, J................................................ |
|
|
272 |
Ottawa Conventions (1988)....................... |
5 |
||
Ownership (“indivisible”)..................... |
300 |
||
Ownership (“stretched”) .............. |
306 -309, |
||
.................................................. |
|
|
316, 320, 326 |
Ownership (private) |
|
|
|
(see Private property) |
|
|
|
Ownership (social function of), |
|||
see Property (ownership), |
|
||
social function of |
|
|
|
P |
|
|
|
Pandectist ................................................ |
|
|
38 |
Party (hegemonic).................................. |
|
|
341 |
Pashukanis, E......................................... |
|
|
305 |
Patrimoined’affectation |
............................ |
194 |
|
Pavlovsky, G..................................... |
|
|
332, 343 |
Perestroika................................... |
|
|
xix, 56, 297 |
Petrazhitskii, L...................... |
|
|
xxii, xxvi, 272 |
Pinchoet, A............................................. |
|
|
342 |
Pipes, R................................................... |
|
|
328 |
Pledge ............................ |
|
4, 6, 22, 26-33, 135, |
|
.......................................... |
|
170, 199, 309, 317 |
|
Poland......................... |
|
84, 285-288, 291, 293 |
|
Pokrovskii, I............................................ |
|
|
313 |
Power (access to)............................ |
|
|
340, 343 |
Power (hegemonic)................................ |
|
|
345 |
Pravo khoziaistvennogo vedeniia |
|||
(see Right of economic management) |
|||
Pravo operativnogo upravleniia |
|||
366
(see Right of operative management).........
“Pre-constructive rules”........................ |
274 |
|
Presidency (“hegemonic”) |
............. 329-330, |
|
Principles..................................................of Civil Law, |
336, 345-346 |
|
|
||
USSR (1961)...................... |
|
42, 43, 45, 55, 56, |
..................................... |
58, 216, 218, 219, 220 |
|
Principles of Civil Law, |
|
|
USSR (1991)................. |
5, 44, 45, 48, 56, 61, |
|
.....................120, 126, 172, 182, 211, 215, 216, |
||
...............217, 218, 220, 221, 227-229, 251, 257 |
||
Principles, general (or |
|
|
proper administration) ........................... |
16 |
|
Principology............................................ |
|
272 |
Private international law................. |
1, 5, 15, |
|
...........84, 99, 119-121, 123, 126-128, 273, 276 |
||
Privatization |
............................. |
xxii, 1, 3, 6, |
....................... |
21, 92, 182, 184, 283, 297-298, |
|
Prokuratura...................... |
300, 303-304, 315-320, 351-352 |
|
|
132, 317-318, 320 |
|
Property (bureaucratic repartition of)..317
Property (intellectual).............. |
1, 15, 87, 89, |
|
..................................... |
91, 171, 200, 308, 317 |
|
Property (labor theory of)............. |
299, 301 |
|
Property (private)..................... |
xxii, 2-3, 22, |
|
....................... |
60, 87-88, 91, 97-98, 101, 115, |
|
....................... |
251, 297-314, 316-317, 319-321, |
|
..................................... |
323-325, 327-328, 346 |
|
Property (redistribution) ........ |
303, 316, 321 |
|
Property (state)................... |
xxii, 1, 3, 6, 16, |
|
....................... |
22, 99, 155, 157, 182, 298, 300, |
|
....................... |
305, 308, 311-313, 315-319, 347 |
|
Property (state, |
|
|
theft of)...................... |
297-298, 302, 312, 323 |
|
Property ((ownership), |
|
|
social function of)................. |
298, 300-301, |
|
Prosecutor..................... |
303-304, 308, 315, 319-320, 325 |
|
|
68-69, 116, 118, |
|
Proudhon,...............................P |
132, 233, 348-351, 354-355 |
|
................................... |
301-303 |
|
Public order.............................................. |
|
53 |
Public order (world)............................... |
227 |
|
Public policy............................................ |
118 |
|
Putin, V....................... |
328-333, 335, 337-349, |
|
.............................................. |
|
351-353, 355-359 |
Private and Civil Law in the Russian Federation
R |
|
|
|
Reasonableness (equity).................... |
18-20, |
||
.................................................... |
|
33, 102, 178 |
|
Regime politics......................... |
336-337, 339, |
||
.................................................. |
|
341, 344-346 |
|
Reliance principle |
................................... |
24 |
|
Remington, T.......................................... |
|
|
336 |
Reparation.............................................. |
|
|
275 |
Reputation ...................... |
|
48, 87, 91, 95, 112, |
|
......................114, 148, 216-218, 231-249, 358 |
|||
Requisition ............................... |
|
45, 98, 308 |
|
Resources (access to state).................... |
345 |
||
Restitution ........... |
|
38, 175-176, 283, 302, 318 |
|
Retroactivity ............................................. |
|
|
9 |
Rhineland model.................................... |
|
326 |
|
Right of economic |
|
||
management ............................ |
|
181-184, 190 |
|
Right of operative management |
|
||
(administration) .............................. |
|
181-184, |
|
......................................... |
|
190, 201, 300, 318 |
|
Risk................... |
11, 51, 71, 168, 173-174, 182, |
||
........................... |
205, 207-209, 298, 312, 330 |
||
Roman law.................... |
|
12, 22, 40, 202, 258, |
|
................................ |
|
259, 261, 264, 266, 268, |
|
................................... |
|
271, 272, 286, 304, 327 |
|
Romania.................................. |
|
286 -288, 291 |
|
Rousseau, J.............................................. |
|
|
301 |
Rule of law........................... |
|
19, 83, 99, 284, |
|
................... 288, 290, 294, 331-332, 339-340, |
|||
........................... |
342, 344-346, 348, 354, 358 |
||
Rules of the game............. |
262, 319, 332, 343 |
||
Russkaia Pravda............................... |
|
|
264, 267 |
S |
|
|
|
Saint-Simon ........................................... |
|
|
302 |
Sartori, G........................................ |
|
|
306-307 |
Savigny, F. von......................................... |
|
|
275 |
Secrets |
|
|
|
(commercial, family, state, trade)........... |
63, |
||
.......................... |
64, 69, 76, 80, 217, 287, 288 |
||
Securities............................. |
|
97, 137, 189, 191 |
|
Selbstbindung........................................ |
|
|
75, 79 |
Self-regulation . |
....................................... |
|
23, |
Separation of powers .................... |
334, 336, |
||
.................................................. |
|
337, 341, 344 |
|
Index |
|
|
|
|
|
|
367 |
Sham constitutionalism |
........................ |
346 |
Supreme Court (New Mexico) |
............... 96 |
|||
Sham transactions ........................... |
|
32, 199 |
Supreme Court (NL).......................... |
|
31, 32 |
||
Sharlet, R................................................ |
|
|
334 |
Supreme Court (RF)....................... |
|
5, 6, 20, |
|
Shershenevich, G. ............................ |
|
41, 313 |
...............21, 57, 60, 63, 65-66, 69, 71-72, 79, |
||||
Shevtsova, L...................................... |
|
|
323-333 |
....... 102-103, 104, 107, 111-118, 216, 225-227, |
|||
Shugart, M.............................................. |
|
|
334 |
.................... 229, 230, 232, 235, 249, 312, 319 |
|||
Siloviki...................................................... |
|
|
335 |
Supreme Court (US)............................. |
|
xxii |
|
Slovakia..................................... |
|
|
287-288, 291 |
Suretyship....................................... |
|
|
6, 22, 34 |
Slovenia ............................ |
|
281, 287 - 288, 292 |
Sverkhzadolzhennost’................................ |
|
130 |
||
Social contract ........................................ |
|
|
352 |
Systematization of law............................. |
55 |
||
Social function ....... |
256-257, 298, 300-301, |
T |
|
|
|
||
............................. |
303-304, 315, 319-320, 325 |
|
|
|
|||
Social guarantees .................................... |
|
80 |
Taking, see Expropriation |
|
|||
Social interests. |
.................. |
154 - 155, 318 -319 |
Tkachev, N.............................................. |
|
|
317 |
|
Social justice.................... |
|
298 - 299, 301, 319 |
Tolstoy, L................................................. |
|
|
301 |
|
Social relationships ........ |
58, 61, 62, 66, 90 |
Tolstoi, Iu................................... |
|
|
89, 301 - 302 |
||
Social security............................. |
|
|
72, 137, 325 |
Tort liability.................. |
|
93, 211-215, 217-221, |
|
“Social state” principle.......... |
72, 73, 82, 325 |
............................................ |
|
223-225, 227-229 |
|||
Social theory of law............................... |
|
304 |
Traditions (French, German)................ |
289 |
|||
Socialism .................. |
211, 216, 252, 300-301, |
Transformation (law (society))........ |
49, 99, |
||||
.................................................. |
|
306, 310, 328 |
..............279-281, 283, 294, 297, 307, 313, 322 |
||||
Socialism (“real”)................... |
300, 306, 310 |
Transparency .......................... |
|
4, 23, 27, 99, |
|||
Socially dangerous act............................ |
|
223 |
.................................. |
128, 157, 166, 170, 284, |
|||
“Solidarism”............................................ |
|
|
274 |
Trust................................... |
287-288, 290, 294, 352 |
||
Speculation .................................. |
|
|
2, 171, 311 |
|
31, 207, 292, 343-344 |
||
Stahl, F.................................................... |
|
|
275 |
Trust (administration)........... |
4, 33, 97, 100, |
||
Stammler, R............................................ |
|
|
274 |
......................181, 183, 185-195, 201, 203, 324 |
|||
Standardization (of contracts). ............... |
23 |
U |
|
|
|
||
Standards.......... |
17-20, 33, 48, 147, 162, 168, |
|
|
|
|||
.......................... |
208, 235, 289-290, 306, 341 |
Ukraine...................................... |
|
|
xx, 281, 329 |
||
Statutory analogy, |
|
|
Ulpian................... |
39, 41, 261, 262, 264, 275 |
|||
see Analogia legis |
|
|
|
Unfair.............................. |
|
23-24, 87, 178, 208 |
|
Stein, von L............................................. |
|
|
272 |
UNIDROIT Principles of International |
|||
Stepan, A................................................ |
|
|
280 |
Commercial Contracts (1994)...... |
20, 21, 25 |
||
Strict liability..... |
174, 187-188, 208-209, 219 |
Unification .................... |
|
83-85, 121, 276, 343 |
|||
Subsidiary application |
|
|
Uniform Commercial Code.......... |
199 - 200 |
|||
of legislation .......... |
44, 52, 57, 122, 229, 230 |
Uniform Rules for Collection .................. |
5 |
||||
Subsidiary company............................... |
|
199 |
Uniform Rules for |
|
|
||
Subsidiary legislation .................. |
|
44, 52, 57, |
Demand Guarantees ................................. |
|
5 |
||
................................................... |
|
|
122, 229-230 |
Uniform Rules for |
|
|
|
Subsidiary liability.................................. |
|
225 |
Documentary Credits |
............................... |
5 |
||
Subsidiary obligation ............................ |
|
160 |
Unjustness............................................... |
|
|
223 |
|
Subsidiary standard.................................. |
|
25 |
Unreasonably onerous ....................... |
23-24 |
|||
Supervision (state)..................................... |
|
4 |
Ustav Grazhdanskogo |
|
|
||
Suppletive law .......................................... |
|
|
33 |
Sudoproizvodstva ...................................... |
|
|
38 |
(see also Subsidiary application)