Учебный год 22-23 / Binding Promises - The Late 20th-Century Reformation of Contract Law

confidential relationships. See fiduciary relationships

consensus ad idem, 12

consent, objective manifestations of, 51. See also real consent

constitutional law, 161, 166–68 limitations on the American Rule, 168 standards for punitive damages, 167

construction companies, 152–53 construction services, 82 consumer, definition of, 24

consumer laws, 4. See also consumer protection legislation

consumer protection legislation, 90. See also consumer laws

Consumer Reports, 27 contingent fees, 117–18, 120, 173

contra proferentem, 44, 46, 50, 70 contract

classical definition of, 3–9, 51, 72 consent and, 51

definition of, 23 relational, 182n.1

contracting power, 3, 5, 36, 65 Corbin, Arthur L., 63

course of performance, evidence of meaning, 164

Court of Chancery, 19 Court of Exchequer, 12, 18

criticisms, 98. See also charges and concerns, concerns, opposing arguments

Crosskey, Judge H. Walter, 110, 115 cross-subsidization, 99–101

damages

abuse, source of, measure of damages, 170 compensatory, 113, 122–24

emotional distress, 104–105, 186n.21 exemplary, 122 (see also punitive

damages) foreseeability rule of, 102 liquidated, 40, 74–75

litigation costs, 16, 96, 117, 104, 117 ( see also American Rule, mental suffering, 97)

punitive, 104, 113 , 122–25, 127 , 129, 131, 167, 175n.1 (Introduction), 193– 194n.82, 194n.90 (see also exemplary damages)

Darwin, Charles, 12 Demott, Deborah A., 87 deterrence, 122

discretionary powers, 88 dishonesty, 114, 125 Donahue, John J., III, 120 Doyle, Judge William E., 146

efficiency, 41, 45

efficient breach of contract, 114 emotional distress

damages for, 121, 132

employees, discharge of, 171, 193n.73 intentional infliction of, 81

employees, discharge of, 171–73. See also wrongful discharge from employment employment contracts, 13–16, 48. See also wrongful discharge from employment

equity, 45

estoppel, 45, 47–48, 155, 177n.1

Farnsworth, E. Allan, 134, 160 Federal Sales Act, 133

Federal Trade Commission Act, 90 Feldman, Justice Stanley G., 64 fiduciary, definitions of, 87–88 fiduciary duties, 87, 153

fiduciary relationships, 87, 91–92 Florida Medical Association, 120

foreseeability rule of contract law, 102. See also damages

law, foreseeability, rule of forfeitures, 75

formalism, 135–36 Francis, Justice John J., 86

fraud, 112, 113, 123, 129, 143, 153 freedom of contract

classical contract, 3, 9–10, 12–16, 35 limitation of, by relational torts, 74 limitations on, in classical contract, 74 restrictions on, in Uniform Commercial

Code, 74

full payment check, 138

Gibson, Chief Justice Phil S., 78 Gilmore, Grant, 20

good faith and fair dealing, 59, 78, 88–89 goods, definition of, 6

grand-style judging, 135–36, 138

Hand, Judge Learned, 20

Harrington, Michelle A., 114

Harris, David, 63

Henderson, Roger C., 46, 64

Hoffman, Judge Walter E., 61

I N D E X

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 20, 159 horizontal contracts, 32

Hunter limitation, 48

indebitatus assumpsit, 95 industrial revolution, 9 insurance, 44

contracts, 34, 44, 46 estoppel in, 47–48

justifications of reasonable expectations in, 45

litigation, 64–65 risk distribution, 45

Jerry, Robert H., II, 47

Jessel, Sir George, 13

Jones, William K., 94

judge and jury. See role of judge and jury

Kaufman, Judge Marcus M., 105, 107

Keeton, Robert E., 44–45, 52, 62, 79

Keeton, W. Page, 84

Kennedy, Duncan, 37

Kessler, Friedrich, 49

Kimball, Spencer L., 95

King’s Bench, 18

Knapp, Charles L., 147

Kozinski, Judge Alex, 115

laissez faire, economic doctrine of, 11 landlord and tenant, 83

last-shot rule, 145–46

Law of Sales prior to 1922, 133 Leff, Arthur Allen, 50

level playing field, disappearance of, 31 liability

automobile manufacturers’, 23, 32 manufacturers’, 12–13

liberalism, 10

litigation costs, recovery of. See American Rule

Llewellyn, Karl N., 6, 49, 55, 133, 135–37, 139, 159–60, 166

Lochner era, 13–17, 35, 48, 80

McCormick, Mark, 63

MacNeil, Ian R., 182n.1

Magnusen-Moss Federal Trade Commission Improvement Act, 90

Maine, Henry, 13

malicious prosecution, 109–10 malpractice, medical, 120

203

malpractice, professional, 157 manufacturers’ liability. See liability,

manufacturers’ Mentschikoff, Soia, 139 merchant, definition of, 24 mirror-image rule, 145

New York Court of Appeals, 33–34

New York Court of Appeals’ application of Uniform Commercial Code, 34

objective theory of contract, 20–21, 29 offeree, 18–19

oil companies, 106, 126

opposing arguments, 39. See also arguments in opposition, charges and concerns, concerns, criticisms

Origin of Species, 12

parol evidence rule, 47, 54–55, 134, 164 Patterson, Edwin W., 56

penalty, 75

person, definition of, 24 personal injuries, 152 plain-language laws, 28 Posner, Judge Richard, A., 40 Powell, Frona M., 83

price discrimination and contracts, 41 Priest, George L., 119

privity of contract, lack of, 13 producer, definition of, 24 producer, reputation of, 26–27 product, definition of, 24 product dependence, 22

products, modern, harmfulness of, 22 products liability, 27–28, 76–77

economic losses and, 76, 94 manufactured goods, 156 relational torts and, 76, 156

promises, binding, 173 property, right of private, 14–15 Prosser, William L., 84

public lawmaking, 65–66 public policy

actions in conformity with, punishment for, 81

insurance law, rules resting on, 80 relational torts and, 81, 152–53

Rahdert, Mark C., 46

Rakoff, Todd D., 53

Rand Corporation, 4, 175n.1 (Introduction)

204

real consent, 20 reasonable expectations

acceptance by courts, 44–46 binding promises and, 173

breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing and, 107

future of, 73

general contract law and, 52–53 insurance law and, 48, 54, 64, 151 law, as a question of, 71

limits on contracting power, 65 products liability and, 52 unconscionability and, 143–44 Uniform Commercial Code and, 49,

154

reasonable settlement of liability insurance claim, 79, 92, 154

reforms of contract law abuses of, 173 achievement of courts, 159

arguments in opposition to, 39

choices and prohibitions related to, 151 remedies reform, 131, 174

role of reasonable expectations in, 72 relational torts. See torts, relational reliance, detrimental, 48

remedies limitations, 33–34, 36, 147–48 remedies reform, 3, 39–40, 104 rescission of a contract, 75–76 Restatement (First) of Contracts, 20 Restatement (Second) of Contracts, 4,

54, 70, 134

Section 211, Topic 3 , Chapter 9, 54, 56, 63

Restatement (Second) of Torts, 4 retribution, 122

revocation of offer, indirect, rule of, 20 rewards, 123, 128

Reynoldson, W. W.., 63 Richardson, Frank K., 130 risk distribution, 45

roles of judge and jury, 70, 115, 127–28 rule of indirect revocation. See revocation

of offer, indirect, rule of

sale of goods. See Uniform Commercial Code

sales of new dwellings, 82 satisfaction clauses, 89 Schecter, Daniel S., 102 scholars, contributions, 162, 174 Schwartz, Alan, 41

I N D E X

Scott, Austin W., 88 Sebert, John A., Jr., 113 services, 83

settlement of claims. See claim settlement Shepherd, John C., 88

Shoemaker, Judge Daniel R., 105 Slawson, W. David, 51, 54 Smith, Adam, 10

special knowledge, effect of, 71 standard contracts

benefits of, 30 contracts as “things,” 50

effects on bargaining power, 30 insurance industry, 53

reasonable expectations and, 62, 68–70 See also adhesion, contracts of; battle of

the forms

standard forms. See standard contracts Standardized agreements. See standard contracts; adhesion, contracts of Statute of Frauds, 108–109, 199n.17

strike suits, 119 Summers, Robert S., 160

Supreme Court of California, 60, 77, 91–92, 108, 111–12, 114, 130, 152

Supreme Court of Hawaii, 56 Supreme Court of Indiana, 75, 113

Supreme Court of Iowa, 62, 67, 151, 197n.35 Supreme Court of Kansas, 14

Supreme Court of Michigan, 82

Supreme Court of New Jersey, 86 Supreme Court of North Carolina, 47 Supreme Court of Oregon, 82, 108 Supreme Court of Texas, 83, 156 Supreme Court of Washington, 82

Thesiger, Lord Justice, 18–19 tort

abuses of, 170–72

bad faith breach, of, 112, 187–88n.39, 189n.40

California, in, 77, 79 employment contracts and, 49 insurance and, 80

intentional infliction of emotional distress, 81, 106

law, 3, 10–11

mental distress and, 106 tort, relational

criticism of, 98

freedom of contract and, 74, 90–91, 103 good faith and fair dealing, 89

I N D E X

insurance and, 80, 151 liability claimants, 9

malicious prosecution, 109–110 reasonable expectations and, 68 See also wrongful discharge from

employment transactions in goods, 135 trial by jury, right to, 127

U. C. C. See Uniform Commercial Code unconscionability, 25, 57, 70, 135, 140–43,

177n.3, 197n.35 unfair contracts, 34–35

Uniform Commercial Code

Article 1, 5, 134, 166

Article 2, 5, 57–58, 89, 133–37, 145, 151, 158–160, 196n.24

Section 1–103, 147, 155 Section 1–205, 164 Section 1–207, 138–39 Section 2–104, 25 Section 2–202, 164

Section 2–207, 58, 70, 145, 147, 154, 159, 164, 197n.28

Section 2–208, 164 Section 2–209 (1), 140

Section 2–302, 140–141, 145 , 196n.25 Section 2–314, 85, 148

Section 2–315, 85, 148, 157

Section 2–316, 58, 70, 148, 154, 155, 157, 198n.45

Section 2–601, 75

Section 2–608, 75 Section 2–718, 75, 136

Section 2–719, 58, 70, 148, 198n.46

205

U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, 140

U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, 61

U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, 60

U.S. Court of Claims, 56

U.S. Supreme Court, 127, 151, 167–68

vertical contracts, 32 Veterans Administration, 168

warranties, 56 breaches of, 75

implied, 85, 147–48, 156–57 sales of new dwellings, 82 services, 83

warranty disclaimers, 85, 148

warranty of fitness for particular purpose, 85, 148

warranty of habitability, 82–83 warranty of merchantability, 66, 147–48 warranty rights, 75

Wealth of Nations, 10

Weisberg, Robert, 41

White, James J., 160

Widiss, Alan I., 45

Wilde, Louis L., 41 will, philosophies of, 12

will theory of contract, 17–20 Willard, Charles Hastings, 56 Windt, Allan D., 80

workers’ compensation, 153 Wright, Judge J. Skelly, 140–41

wrongful discharge from employment, 80

206

Foley v. Interactive Data Corp, 111 Freeman & Mills, Inc. v. Belcher Oil Co.,

111–12

Frickel v. Sunnyside Enterprises, Inc., 82

Gerhardt v. Continental Insurance Co., 45

Hadley v. Baxendale, 102

Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, Inc., 33, 76, 86, 99

Hibschman Pontiac, Inc., v. Batchelor, 75, 113, 158

Humber v. Morton, 82–83

Hunter v. Jefferson Standard Insurance Co., 47–48

K. M. C. Co. v. Irving Trust Co., 89

Lake River Corp. v. Carborundum Co., 40 Lenawee County Board of Health v.

Messerly, 82

Lochner v. New York, 155–56

McPherson v. Buick Motor Company, 13 Melody Home Manufacturing Co. v. Barnes,

82–83, 91, 156

Morin Building Products Co. v. Baystone Construction, Inc., 60

Nanakuli Paving and Rock Co, v. Shell Oil Co., 61

I N D E X

Palmateer v. International Harvester Co., 81

Patterson v. Meyerhofer, 59 Printing Company v. Sampson, 13

Schepps v. Howe, 82

Seaman’s Direct Buying Service, Inc. v. Standard Oil Co., 91, 106–108, 126, 158

Silberg v. California Life Insurance Co., 59–60

Tan Jay International, Ltd. v. Canadian Indemnity Co., 127

TXO Products Corp. v. Alliance Resources Corp., 167

Vermillion v. AAA Moving and Storage, 81

Walters v. National Association of Radiation Survivors, 168–69

Weber v. IMT Insurance Co., 67 Wetherbee v. United Insurance Co., 105 White v. Western Life Insurance Co.,

110

Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co., 141

Wilson Trading Corp. v. David Ferguson, Ltd., 33, 99–100

Winterbottom v. Wright, 12