
- •Introduction
- •List of tables
- •List of figures
- •Table of cases
- •Table of statutes
- •Glossary
- •1 UK construction sector context
- •1.1 The nature of the sector
- •1.2 The nature of professionalism in construction
- •1.3 The nature of projects
- •1.4 Procurement methods
- •2 Roles and relationships
- •2.1 Common problems
- •2.2 Client roles
- •2.3 Consultant roles
- •2.4 Professional services agreements
- •2.5 Architect
- •2.6 Quantity surveyor
- •2.7 Typical terms in professional services agreements
- •2.8 Integrated documentation
- •3 General contracting
- •3.1 Background
- •3.2 Use of general contracting
- •3.3 Basic characteristics
- •3.4 Risk in general contracting
- •3.5 Standardized approaches to general contracting
- •4 Design-build
- •4.1 Background
- •4.2 Features of DB contracts
- •4.3 Use of the JCT design build form (JCT DB 11)
- •4.4 Characteristics of JCT DB 11
- •4.5 Risk in DB
- •4.6 Approaches to DB
- •5 Construction management
- •5.1 Background
- •5.2 Use of construction management contracts
- •5.3 Principles of CM contracting
- •5.4 Overview of JCT CM Contract
- •5.5 Allocation of risk in construction management
- •5.6 Approaches to construction management
- •6 Collaborative contracting
- •6.1 Background
- •6.2 Use of collaborative contracting
- •6.3 Principles of collaborative contracting
- •6.4 Characteristics of collaborative contracting
- •6.5 Risk in collaborative contracting
- •6.6 Approaches to collaborative contracting
- •7 Risk allocation and procurement decisions
- •7.1 Types of risk in construction contracts
- •7.2 Dealing with risk
- •7.3 Procurement
- •7.4 Identifying and choosing procurement methods
- •7.5 Characteristics of procurement methods
- •8 Contract choice
- •8.1 Use of standard contracts
- •8.2 Contract drafting
- •8.3 JCT contracts
- •8.5 The burgeoning landscape of standard forms
- •9 Tendering and contract formation
- •9.1 The meaning of construction contracts
- •9.2 The formation of contracts by agreement
- •9.3 Contracts made by tender
- •10 Liability in contract and tort
- •10.1 Express terms
- •10.2 Exemption clauses
- •10.3 Incorporation by reference
- •10.4 Implied terms
- •10.5 Liability in tort for negligence
- •11.1 Standard of work
- •11.2 Statutory obligations
- •11.4 Transfer of materials
- •12.1 Implied obligations
- •12.3 Responsibility for the contract administrator
- •12.4 Responsibility for site conditions
- •12.5 Health and safety
- •13 Responsibility for design
- •13.1 Design management
- •13.2 Design duties in law
- •13.3 Legal responsibility for design
- •14 Time
- •14.1 Commencement
- •14.2 Progress
- •14.3 Completion
- •14.5 Adjustments of time
- •15 Payment
- •15.2 The contract sum
- •15.3 Variations
- •15.4 Fluctuations
- •15.5 Retention money
- •16.1 Contract claims and damages
- •16.2 Grounds for contractual claims
- •16.3 Claims procedures
- •16.4 Quantification of claims
- •17 Insurance and bonds
- •17.1 Insurance
- •17.2 Bonds and guarantees
- •18 Role of the contract administrator
- •18.2 Contract administrator as independent certifier
- •19 Sub-contracts
- •19.3 The contractual chain
- •19.7 Collateral warranties
- •20 Financial remedies for breach of contract
- •20.1 General damages
- •20.2 Liquidated damages
- •20.3 Quantum meruit claims
- •21 Defective buildings and subsequent owners
- •21.1 Claims in negligence
- •21.2 Statutory protection
- •21.3 Alternative forms of legal protection
- •21.4 Assessment of damages
- •22 Suspension and termination of contracts
- •22.1 Suspension of work
- •22.2 Termination for breach at common law
- •22.3 Termination under JCT contracts
- •22.4 Termination under NEC contracts
- •22.5 Termination under FIDIC contracts
- •22.6 Termination of contract by frustration
- •23 Non-adversarial dispute resolution
- •23.1 Background to disputes
- •23.2 The nature of construction disputes
- •23.3 The role of the contract administrator
- •23.4 Methods of dispute resolution
- •24 Adversarial dispute resolution
- •24.1 Adjudication
- •24.2 Arbitration
- •24.3 Litigation
- •24.4 Arbitration or litigation?
- •References
- •Author index
- •Subject index
28 Construction contracts
using the Model Adjudication Procedures of the Construction Industry Council. There is also an arbitration agreement.
2.7.4Other standard agreements
The NEC Professional Services Contract is structured according to the headings of the Engineering and Construction Contract, and does not seem to contain any clauses that impose obligations and rights that are very different from those already discussed. The headings are:
General: Including an obligation to act in a spirit of mutual trust and cooperation.
Parties’ main responsibilities: Similar obligations to RIBA Standard Agreement 2010 for both parties.
Time: Including more detail than other forms as to the content and status of the consultants’ programme, as well as authority for the client to decide the date of completion and certify it within a week of it happening.
Quality: Including an obligation on the consultant to operate a quality management system and to correct defects identified by the client.
Payment: Broadly in line with RIBA Standard Agreement 2010.
Compensation events: The provisions under this clause bear more resemblance to provisions in building contracts than those usually found in professional services agreements, and thus are more detailed than similar provisions in RIBA Standard Agreement 2010.
Rights to material: This seems to attribute rights and obligations similar to those in RIBA Standard Agreement 2010 that grant a licence to the client to use the consultant’s material and impose confidentiality restrictions on both parties.
Indemnity, insurance and liability: The consultants’ liability seems less restricted than that in RIBA Standard Agreement 2010, otherwise, these provision are broadly similar.
Termination: The termination provisions are broadly in line with RIBA Standard Agreement 2010.
2.8INTEGRATED DOCUMENTATION
A big problem that historically faced professional institutions in preparing professional services agreements was the tension between fulfilling demands to develop co-ordinated documentation for the whole team on the one hand, and protecting the interests of their members on the other. While major developer clients often provide their own documents for consultants to use, practice in the industry is increasingly consistent, with the major contract-drafting bodies producing integrated suites of harmonized contracts and agreements for all parties in the project team. The New Engineering Contract package of documentation (in which the building contract is called the Engineering and Construction Contract) provides a fully integrated set of documentation, this being one of the reasons that the Latham Report (1994) recommended the universal adoption of these forms for
Roles and relationships 29
the industry. The conditions of engagement are referred to as the NEC3 Professional Services Contract (Institution of Civil Engineers 2005d). In a similar vein, the Joint Contracts Tribunal produce a full range of contracts and agreements that are fully integrated with each other.
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