1448

Present

Past

Future

Progressive

Progressive

Progressive

Affirmative

am

was

is

+ Ving

were + Ving

will + Ving

are

FORM

He is planning

He was

He will be

planning

planning

Negative

He is not

He was not

He will not /

planning

planning

won't be

planning

Interrogative

Is he planning?

Was he

Will he be

planning?

planning?

action in

an interrupted

interrupted

USAGE

progress "at

action in the

action in the

this very

past

future

moment" or

two past

two parallel

around it.

events in

actions in the

near future,

parallel

future

particularly

plans

They are

We were

I can’t see you

having a

discussing our

on the 12th

EXAMPLE

meeting about

expansion

because I will

the catalogue.

plans when he

be attending a

came.

training

course.

Present Perfect

Past Perfect

Future

Perfect

Affirmativ

have

will have +

e

has + Ved/ 3

had + Ved/ 3

Ved/ 3

He will have

FORM

He has written

He had

written

written

Negative

He has not

He had not /

He will not /

written

hadn't written

won't have

written

Interrogati

Has he written?

Had he

Will he have

ve

written?

written?

unspecified

completed

completed

time before

action or

action or

USAGE

now

duration

duration

duration before

before

before

now

something

something

in the past

in the

future

They have

He had

I will have

EXAMPLE

already

completed

taken part

discussed this

his

in many

problem

experiment

confer

by the time

ences by

his chief

2020.

came.

Present Perfect

Past Perfect

Future

Progressive

Progressive

Perfect

Progressive

Affirmative

He has been

He had been

He will

writing

writing

have been

writing

FORM

Negative

He has not

He had not

He will not

been writing

been / hadn't

/ won't

been writing

have been

writing

Interrogative

Has he been

Had he been

Will he

writing?

writing?

have been

writing?

duration from

duration

duration

USAGE

the past until

before

before

now

something in

somethin

the past

g in the

cause of

future

something in

cause of

the past

somethin

g in the

future

We have been

I had been

They will

EXAMPLE

analyzing the

solving this

have been

results of the

problem for a

testing

experiment

week when I

this

since last week

realized I sho-

material

(and still are).

uld use

until they

another

get all the

approach.

necessary

data.

Simple

Progressive

Perfect

Present

am

am being

have been

is + V 

is being + V 

+

are

are being

V 

has been

Past

was

was being

+ V 

+ V

had been +

were



V 

were being

Future

will be + V 

will have

been +

V 

Functions

ability

obligation

no

advice

speculatio

possibility

obligatio

n

n

Modal

can

must

needn’t

should

may

Verbs

have to

might

could

Functions

asking for permission

previously

(more polite)

arranged plan;

obligation resulting

from previous

arrangement

Modal Verbs

Could

be to

ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ

Предисловие

3

Part 1

5

Unit 1. Digitized world

5

Unit 2. The Internet and its influence

12

Unit 3. Computers and business efficiency

18

Unit 4. Pros and Cons of computers

26

Unit 5. IT specialist in IT industry

34

Unit 6. Skills required in computer engineering

43

Unit 7. Practical application of IT

51

Unit 8. Aspects of information security

59

Part 2. Grammar revision

67

Unit 1

67

Unit 2

70

Unit 3

72

Unit 4

75

Unit 5

76

Unit 6

79

Unit 7

81

Unit 8

83

Abbreviation list

89

Appendices

90

Библиографический список

96