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2.Прочитайте текст, найдите абзац, в котором сообщается о причинах изменения поверхности Земли. Выпишите информацию в форме тезисов и сообщите ее вашему партнеру.

3.Прочитайте текст, найдите и скажите:

а) какие науки используют геодезические данные для выполнения своих

исследований?

б) к данным каких наук обращается геодезия при изучении поверхности

Земли?

4. Составьте выражения из предложенных слов и словосочетаний:

5. Ответьте на вопросы вашего партнера:

1.What is geodesy?

2.What measurements are used in geodesy?

3.What system does building roads and bridges depend on?

4.Why is geodesy becoming more and more important today?

5.What is geodesy used for in the transportation industry?

6.What sciences involve geodetic data to study physical processes?

7.Why does the Earth’s surface change?

8.What phenomena influence shaping of the Earth’s surface?

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9.What are the traditional measurements of early geodesy?

10.What new technologies provide for measurement precision?

11.What observations does contemporary geodesy make using the latest technologies?

6. Подтвердите или опровергните высказывания вашего партнера,

используя фразы:

That’s right, you are right, to my mind, in my opinion, I agree with you, I think so, as is known, I can say that, I do not agree, on the contrary, I think you are wrong, according to the text.

Образец: While constructing a bridge geodetic data are not necessary. – I think you are wrong. On the contrary, if you do not use these data the bridge may not meet in the middle.

1.Geodesy is a science of the Earth, the materials of which it is made.

2.Land surveys and map drawing are based on a spatial reference system.

3.Geodesy can’t help the scientist to determine the exact change of the Earth.

4.Geodesy makes approximate measurements of distance and time.

5.The Earth changes its form only in relation to earthquakes, volcanoes and flooding.

6.The traditional measurements are associated with land surveying and gravity observations.

7.Используя лексику и содержание текста 7.2., постройте краткое сообщение о науке геодезии.

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7.3. Geodesist’s Position Description

Every time the results of Geodetic Engineers activities are found around us, from the legal security of your property boundaries, the appropriate location of mobile telephone transmitters, the safe navigation of ships, to the protection of environmental resources.

When the questions - what is it, where is it, and how much is there - are asked, the geodetic engineer provides the answer. All decisions that are made by planners, engineers and decision makers regarding the earth, its environment and resources, initially require studies and analyses of models of the earth in the form of maps, plans, earth images and digital information.

Scientists known as geodesists create networks of accurately measured points on Earth’s surface. They measure the angles, distance, and gravity differences between these points, and then compute their latitude, longitude, and height. In addition, they determine how processes such as movements of Earth’s crust cause the results of these measurements to vary over time.

The sets of accurately measured points that geodesists create are known as control networks. These control networks are used to construct accurate maps and charts. They also provide reference grids for surveys made in building roads, bridges, pipelines, tunnels, and many other structures.

Geodesy is closely related to geophysics. In fact, the two sciences overlap in several significant areas, such as in the study of Earth’s gravity. Both geodesists and geophysicists require precise measurements and accurate mathematical models in their work. In general, geodesists focus on measurements and coordinates (sets of numbers that together describe the exact positions of things), while geophysicists focus on how and why various physical processes and effects occur.

Geodesists analyze, interpret and use geospatial information for applications in natural resources, geology, environment and land use planning. They design and prepare maps, interpret aerial photographs, operate interpretative and airborne remote sensing equipment, and develop and operate geographical information systems. They are employed by all levels of government, the armed forces,

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utilities, mapping, computer software, forestry, architectural, engineering and

consulting firms and other related establishments.

Activities

1.Прочитайте текст и выпишите слова, характеризующие деятельность инженера-геодезиста.

2.Прочитайте текст и сообщите, в каких организациях могут работать геодезисты.

3. Прочитайте текст и дополнительную информацию. Скажите, в

каких абзацах вы могли бы использовать дополнительную информацию.

Often working closely with geologists, geophysicists use the principles of physics, mathematics, and chemistry to study not only the earth’s surface, but its internal composition; ground and surface waters; atmosphere; oceans; andmagnetic, electrical, and gravitational forces.

Geophysicists use three methods of oil exploration: magnetic, gravity, and seismic.

In magnetic exploration, a magnetometer is used to determine the

strength of the earth’s magnetic field at a specific point on the earth’s surface.

In gravity exploration, a gravity meter, or gravimeter, is used to

determine the strength of the earth’s gravity at a specific location. The magnetometer and gravity meter are used to locate hidden, subsurface petroleum traps.

In seismic exploration, sound is transmitted into the ground by an explosive, such as dynamite, or by a thumper truck. As the sound passes into the subsurface, it is reflected off subsurface rock layers and returned to the surface as echoes. The echoes are detected and recorded at the surface with microphones, called geophones, or jugs. The recordings are processed to form a picture of subsurface rock layers.

Geophysicists have been at the forefront of one of the biggest technical advances of the last decade. Seismic exploration uses advanced computer modeling

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to develop three-dimensional models of the subsurface that have significantly enhanced the industry's ability to locate more precisely additional oil and gas deposits. Seismic models are sometimes viewed in huge visualization theaters that make it seem as if you are «stepping into» a subsurface reservoir.

4.Выполните учебный перевод дополнительной информации.

5.Ответьте на вопросы вашего партнера:

1.What are geodesists concerned with?

2.What questions does a geodesist provide the answer to?

3.What forms of the Earth analysis are made by geodesists?

4.What are the control networks used for?

5.How are geodesy and geophysics alike and how do they differ?

6.What spheres require geodetic data for their operation?

7.What companies can geodesists work for?

6.Прочитайте краткую справку и интервью с геодезистом Koldo

Verheij.

Koldo Verheij lives in Rotterdam. He is Dutch but was born in San Sebastian. Koldo is Basque for Luis. He studied geodesy, a branch of earth sciences.

Koldo, what were your studies about?

KV: Geodesy is about measuring the earth’s surface, including sea surface, from land, from water, or from the air, meaning through satellites. In my last year at the Technical University of Delft, I investigated the possibilities of using satellite images and digital imaging techniques to update maps.

So maps are updated now thanks to your thesis on using satellites for

that.

KV: I’m afraid my work was not that important, but it was an interesting matter at

the time.

What was your first job?

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KV: My first job was to investigate the possibilities of automated determination of the lumbar bone mineral mass using digital image processing techniques. That was at the University Hospital of Leiden.

Didn’t you also work in Spain?

KV: Yes. In Barcelona I worked at the Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya to learn how to transfer satellite images to “normal” maps using themes like land use. I have forgotten much about my daily business there. That was 23 years ago.

What do you do now?

KV: I work with the Rotterdam Climate Initiative, a program addressing climate change. Connected to the (Bill) Clinton Foundation, it involves the city of Rotterdam, port authorities, industrial companies, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Rijmond. EPA Rijmond is the organization I work for. Rijmond is the area consisting of the Port of Rotterdam and 17 surrounding municipalities.

And what’s your «daily business»?

KV: My current job is to monitor the results of our efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We want CO2 emissions in 2025 to be 50% less than in 1990. I have to point out where we’ve been successful and where not, so that new or better measures can be taken. I have to determine the effectiveness of these measures. And then I submit annual reports to management and the municipal council of

Rotterdam so that they know what’s been done with the money invested in the

Initiative.

You have no doubts about climate change.

KV: One has to be really stubborn not to be convinced that human (fossil) activities are the cause of changing climate.

How do you go to work?

KV: I bike. It’s healthy, money-saving, and better for the environment. And there are no parking problems. Everyone should try it at home.

Talk about the Netherlands being more environmentally conscious than other countries.

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KV: I’m not so sure about that. We were one of the front-runners ten years ago, but haven’t done much for the environment since. Only when air pollution started to frustrate spatial planning, on account of our legal system, were measures to combat air pollution initiated. I think that Spain is now at least on a par with the

Netherlands. Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Germany are in my eyes Europe’s most environmentally conscious countries.

What do you like to call yourself. An environmentalist? A geodesist? An earth surveyor?

KV: Environmentalist is probably closest to the truth but it sounds so idealistic, like a Greenpeace activist. Earth surveyor sounds good and can be interpreted in two ways.

What two ways?

KV: Well, earth surveying as a profession, meaning satellites, etc. And traveling around.

How many languages do you speak and why are the Dutch such polyglots?

KV: I speak Dutch, English, some German, French, and Spanish… and some words in Catalan and Basque. I guess since we are a small country and our language seems quite hard to learn, we have to learn the languages of the countries surrounding us. More so being a country with a trade culture. Some believe, though, that if New York, originally Nieuw Amsterdam, hadn’t been traded for

Surinam in the 17th century, the world would now be speaking Dutch.

7. Занесите в таблицу названия организаций, в которых учился и

работал Koldo Verhej, а также круг выполняемых задач.

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……………………………………… …………………………………………….

……………………………………… …………………………………………….

……………………………………… …………………………………………….

……………………………………… …………………………………………….

7.4. Measurement Systems and Techniques in Geodesy

Geodesy, the science of measuring the size, shape, and gravity field of the Earth, supplies positioning information about locations on the Earth, and this information is used in a variety of applications, including civil engineering, boundary demarcations, navigation, resource management and exploration, and geophysical studies of the dynamics of the Earth.

The conventional measurement systems in geodesy are triangulation and trilateration for determining horizontal positions, and leveling for determining heights. These techniques depend on the Earth's gravity field, and so a major part of geodesy has been not only position determination but also the measurement of the Earth's gravity field.

Two major measurement systems were developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s:

satellite laser ranging (SLR) systems, which could measure the distance from the ground to a satellite equipped with special corner-cube mirrors; and

very long baseline interferometry (VLBI), which could measure the difference in arrival times between radio signals from extragalactic radio sources.

With these systems it is possible to measure accurately (within a few centimeters) the distances between points located on different continents, making possible the creation of truly global coordinate systems. Both systems were deployed around the world to measure not only the positions of locations but also the changes in those positions; and thus it was confirmed that the Earth is not a

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static but a highly dynamic body, with much of this dynamism causing catastrophic events such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

The more recent Global Positioning System (GPS) offers much of the capability of SLR and VLBI.

The most recent development in geodetic techniques is interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR). This technique is used to measure heights of the topography or, if the topography is already known, the changes in the topography between two synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Heights measured with InSAR are far less accurate than normal geodetic height measurements, but since InSAR is an imaging system, large areas can be measured easily. If the InSAR instrument is on an orbiting spacecraft, global topography can be measured. The measurement of changes in topography with InSAR has been widely used to measure the surface displacements after earthquakes (by comparing before and after SAR images) and for monitoring volcanic deformations.

Some of the major impacts of modern geodetic measurements have been in the study of the dynamics of the Earth. The measurement systems enable the observation of many of the minute motions of the Earth, such as those associated with plate tectonics and other geophysical processes, and changes in the rotation of the Earth.

Activities

1. Прочитайте текст и выпишите из каждого абзаца слова,

отражающие основное содержание.

2.Прочитайте текст и озаглавьте каждый абзац.

3.Прочитайте текст и назовите основные геодезические системы.

4.Прочитайте текст и выпишите глаголы, определяющие цель применения различных геодезических измерительных систем.

5.Опираясь на записи задания 4, сделайте краткое сообщение о геодезических системах.

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6. Найдите соответствия следующих английских и русских слов и

7. Ответьте на вопросы партнера:

1.What are the application areas of positioning information?

2.What conventional systems of geodesy do you know?

3.What are they used for?

4.What systems make possible to measure the distances between different continents?

5.What is VLBI?

6.Why is the Earth dynamism dangerous?

7.What measurement system combines SLB and VLBI capabilities?

8.What is InSAR used for?

9.How can InSAR deal with the consequences of natural hazards?

7.5. Applications of Geodesy

Geodesists can concentrate their studies and measurements in different application areas: a) Boundary demarcation, b) Ecology, c) Engineering projects, d) Environmental management, e) Geography, f) Hydrography, g) Mapping, h) Planetology, i) Urban Management.

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