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Предисловие

Учебное пособие “About Logistics in English” предназначено для бакалаврантов, обучающихся по направлениям 38.03.02 «Менеджмент», профиль «Логистика» и 38.03.06 «Торговое дело», профиль «Международная коммерция», владеющих иностранным языком на продвинутом уровне.

Основная цель пособия – совершенствование языковых знаний, умений и навыков студентов, дальнейшее развитие навыков просмотрового и аналитического чтения, аудирования, а также говорения в рамках профессиональной тематики.

Пособие состоит из 5 уроков, описывающих логистические процессы, их планирование, каналы распределения продукции и складской менеджмент.

Каждый урок включает вокабуляр, вводно-описательный текст для обсуждения, систему упражнений по тексту, материал для аудирования. В некоторые уроки добавлены учебные деловые ситуации.

В вокабуляр включены активные слова, встречающиеся в текстах и упражнениях, необходимые для работы с конкретной темой. Упражнения предназначены для закрепления активной лексики текстов с целью её дальнейшего использования в учебных деловых ситуациях.

Деловые ситуации знакомят студентов с реальными проблемами бизнеса. Их основная цель – пользоваться точным и правильным профессиональным английским языком при анализе и интерпретации предлагаемой ситуации.

Материал для аудирования был взят с сайта компании «Logistics Bureau», Австралия и представляет собой видеолекции, читаемые сотрудниками данной фирмы. Этот информационный блок также сопровождается упражнениями на закрепление понимания реалий логистического бизнеса.

При составлении данного учебного пособия была использована оригинальная зарубежная и российская литература, а также интернет-ресурсы.

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Unit 1. Key things in Logistics.

Words to remember: aisle – пролёт (цеха) carriers – перевозчики

cross docks – перевалочные пункты

decision-support system – система поддержки принятия решений decoupling – расцепка

delivery van – автофургон

distinct – явный, предпочтительный direct shipment – прямая отгрузка extractors – добывающие компании

finished goods inventory – готовая продукция fixed costs – постоянные затраты

full truckload (FTL) shipments – перевозка при полной загрузке handling costs – затраты на погрузочно-разгрузочные работы inventory turnover ratio – коэффициент оборачиваемости запасов inter-modal transportation – интермодальная транспортировка in-transit inventory – запасы в пути

lead time – время выполнения

less-than-truckload (LTL) shipments – перевозка при неполной загрузке mode of transportation – способ перевозки

package carriers – курьерские службы pallet – поддон

production facilities – производственные мощности railway engine – локомотив

raw materials inventory – запас сырья risk-pooling effect – эффект объединения риска storage costs – затраты на хранение

storage facilities – складские мощности supply chain – цепь поставок

tanker ship – наливное судно, танкер transportation lanes – транспортные средства transportation medium – транспортная компания

work-in-process (WIP) inventory – незавершённое производство

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I.Read the text and do exercises.

A supply chain is basically a set of facilities connected by transportation lanes. Facilities generally fall into one of two categories, depending on their primary function: production facilities and storage facilities. Transportation lanes are categorized by their mode of transportation; they include roadways, railways, waterways, sea lanes, air lanes, and pipelines. Viewed in the largest context, supply chains extend from the original extractors of raw materials, such as mines and farms, to the ultimate consumers of finished goods, the people who actually put those goods to their intended purpose.

Facilities contain controlled quantities of materials called inventories. Production facilities hold inventory in three different forms: Raw materials inventory consists of materials ready for use in production; work-in-process (WIP) inventory includes all the materials currently being worked on; and finished goods inventory holds completed products ready for shipment. Storage facilities vary: warehouses usually contain only a single kind of inventory, but distribution centers that do final assembly contain all three kinds. Cross docks, which are used only to transfer goods between trucks, do not contain any separately managed inventory. Retail stores also vary in this regard: custom bicycle shops have all three types of inventory, warehouse-style stores contain only one, and some appliance stores carry none at all.

Transportation lanes are used to move inventory between facilities along a particular mode of transportation, using a combination of vehicles and containers. Some vehicles, such as truck tractors and railway engines, can be decoupled from their containers, whereas other vehicles, such as delivery vans and tanker ships, have the container built in. Decoupling is an important consideration because it offers more flexibility in routing, dispatching, temporary storage, and other transportation activities. In the case of pipelines, the functions of the vehicle and the container are merged with the lane itself, with pumps providing the motive force and pipes containing the inventory in transit.

Each mode of transportation offers a unique mix of speed, cost, availability, and capability. For example, shipping by air is fast, expensive, available from all large cities, and limited to small and lightweight packages. By contrast, shipping by sea is slow, cheap, available only at cities with ports, and virtually unlimited with regard to size and weight. There are also different volume tradeoffs within each mode. In

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trucking, it is much cheaper to send full truckload (FTL) shipments than it is to use less-than-truckload (LTL) shipments, and, the FTL option offers tighter control over the routing and timing of the shipment. However, using FTL shipments requires building up more finished goods inventory and may cause delays in shipments. Similar tradeoffs apply in the other modes.

Shipping within a limited geographical region normally uses a single mode from source to destination. For larger distances, including most international trade, shipments generally use two or more modes, a practice known as inter-modal transportation. For example, a shipment might travel by rail to the nearest seaport, cross the ocean by ship, and travel the rest of the way by truck. Inter-modal shipments are usually enclosed in steel cargo containers that can be transferred between specially fitted rail cars, container ships, and tractor-trailers.

Like facilities, transportation lanes contain inventory. This in-transit inventory bridges the gap between the shipping facility's finished goods inventory and the receiving facility's raw materials inventory. In-transit inventory is different from other forms in that it is unavailable for use, is at higher risk of loss from theft and accidents, and is subject to delays due to vehicle breakdown and lane congestion. Along with raw materials, work in process, and finished goods, in-transit inventory represents the fourth major type of inventory.

The distinction between in-transit inventory and the two inventories it connects is often blurred in practice. Trailers or railcars are frequently used to store finished goods at production facilities until full loads are produced, in which case the goods are still part of the plant's finished goods inventory. But if the storage is brief and the destination of the goods is determined by the choice of containers, the goods in the container may be treated as inventory in transit as soon as they are loaded. Similar issues come up at the destination, where full containers may sit for days or weeks in a yard before being unloaded. In one rather perverse practice, railway cars are actually kept on the move, circling in wide arcs around a facility, until there is space to park them in the yard. This is a very expensive way to hold inventory.

Although they don't make use of a separate transportation medium, package carriers such as UPS and FedEx are commonly viewed as a distinct mode when making transportation decisions. In reality, these carriers use a mix of air and highway transport to deliver their packages, using their own fleets of aircraft and trucks. As a practical matter, however, it doesn't matter how a package is conveyed

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because that decision is out of the shipper's hands, so using a package carrier is viewed as an alternative on a par with shipping by air, land, or water. The tradeoffs discussed for the other modes also apply to package carriers: They are fast, relatively expensive, available in most locations, and limited to relatively small, lightweight products.

1. Match the words or phrases on the left with the definitions on the right.

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2. Find the words in the text meaning the following:

To move; division (into); costly; to overcome; transport breakage; jam, obstruction; dim, indistinct; together/along with; alternative.

3. Define whether the sentences are True or False.

1.Facilities generally fall into one of three categories, depending on their primary function.

2.Mode of transportation includes roadways, railways, waterways, sea lanes, air lanes, and pipelines.

3.Work-in-process inventory includes products ready for shipment.

4.Cross docks contain different types of separately managed inventory.

5.Transportation lanes are used to move inventory between facilities along a particular mode of transportation, using a combination of vehicles and containers.

6.Inter-modal shipments are usually enclosed in cases or crates that can be transferred between specially fitted rail cars, container ships, and tractor-trailers.

7.Package carriers use a mix of air and highway transport to deliver their packages, using their own fleets of aircraft and trucks.

4.Comprehension/interpretation:

1.What is supply chain?

2.What are the types of facilities?

3.What are transportation lanes categorized by?

4.What are the different forms of production facilities?

5.Why is decoupling an important consideration?

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6.What are the examples of a unique mix of speed, cost, availability and capability?

7.What are the different volume tradeoffs within each mode of transportation?

8.What kind of mode of transportation is used within a limited geographical region?

9.How does in-transit inventory differ from other types of inventories?

5.Here is the text about different distribution strategies. Fill in the gaps while reading it.

Let’s consider the portion of the supply chain beginning with the manufacturer and supplier and continuing, in the case of retail goods, to the retailer. Typically, three distinct outbound distribution strategies are used:

1.1) _______ is when items are shipped directly from the supplier to the retail store without going through distribution centers.

2.2) _______ is the classic strategy in which warehouses keep stock and provide customers with items as required.

3.3) ________ is the strategy in which items are distributed continuously from suppliers through warehouses to customers. However, the warehouses rarely keep the items for more than 10 to 15 hours.

Direct shipment strategies exist 4) __________warehouses and distribution centers.

Employing direct shipment, the manufacturer or supplier delivers goods directly to

6) ______are reduced.

This type of distribution strategy also has a number of important 7) ____________: Risk-pooling effects 8) ________because there is no central warehouse.