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2

: ., . .

2011

1.

...........................

4

 

1.3

.......................................................

4

 

1.4

.........................................................................................

6

 

1.5

............................................................................

7

 

1.6

..........................................................................................................................................

7

2.

.........................................................................

9

2.3.

 

.................................................................................................................................................

9

 

2.4

.................................................................

11

 

2.5

............................................................................................

14

 

2.6

......................................................................

15

 

............................................................................................................................

15

 

...........................................................................................................................

16

 

........................................................................................................................

17

 

............................................................................................

17

 

2.7

...........................................................

17

 

( ).............................................................................................

17

 

......................................................................................................................

18

 

.....................................................................................................................

19

 

..........................................................................................................

20

 

................................................................................................

21

 

2.8

...............................................................................................................

22

 

2.9

...............................................................................................

26

 

2.10

.........................................................................................

28

3.

....................................................................

35

 

3.3

..................................................................................

35

 

.......................................................................................................................................

36

 

...............................................................................................................................

36

 

........................................................

36

 

...........................................................................................

37

 

....................................................................................................................................

37

4.

..........................................................................................

39

 

4.3

..................................................................................................................

40

 

4.4

...................................................................

42

5.

...........................................................................................

45

 

R .................................................................................................................

46

 

................................................................................................................

46

 

5.1

..................................................................

47

 

5.2

..........................................................................................................

49

 

5.3

.............................................................................................

52

 

5.4

................................................................................................................

54

 

5.5

.....................................................................

56

 

.................................................................................................

58

 

5.6

.........................................................................................................

58

 

5.7

..........................................................................................................

60

6.

RC ..............................................

62

 

6.3

: ..................................................................

62

 

6.4

.........................................................................................................................

63

 

6.5

..................................................................................................................................

64

 

6.6

...........................................................................................

64

 

6.7

.................................................................................................................

67

 

6.8

..........................................................................................

67

 

6.9

...................................................................................................

68

 

6.10

..........................................................................................................

70

 

6.11

RC 180 .............................

72

2

7.

.................................................................

76

7.3

...............................................................................

76

7.4

..........................................................................................................................

76

7.5

.................................................................................................

77

7.6

.........................................................................................

77

7.7

...................................................................................................

78

7.8

..........................................

79

7.9

............................................................................................

80

7.10

.........................................................

81

7.11

( , )...................................................................

82

7.12

..............................................................

83

7.13

..........................................................................................

84

7.14

.....................................

87

8.

..........................................................................

89

8.3

.....................................................................................................................

89

8.4

..............................................................................

92

8.5

....................................................................................

93

8.6

.................................................

95

8.7

...............................................................................................................

95

9.

..........................................................................................

99

9.3

.......................................................................................................

100

9.4

.....................................................

102

9.5

..................................................................................................

103

10.

...................................................................................

105

10.3

.....................................................................................................................

105

 

...........................................................................................................

105

 

...................................................................................................................

107

 

........................................................

109

10.4

.......................................................................................

110

10.5

...................................................................................................

113

 

. ..........................................................................................................

118

10.6

..............................................................................................................................

119

 

. ...................................................................................................................

119

 

. ..............................................................................................................

120

10.7

..................................................................................................................................

121

10.8

RS- ...............................................................................................................................

121

10.9

D- .................................................................................................................................

122

10.10

..................................................................................................................................

124

10.11

JK- ................................................................................................................................

124

10.12

..................................................................................................................................

126

 

.......................................................................

127

 

........................................................................................................................

127

 

..................................................................................................

131

 

.......................................................................

133

10.13

..................................................................................................................................

135

 

.................................................................................................................

135

 

...................................................................................................................

136

10.14 ( )............................................................................

138

10.15

.................................................................................................................

139

 

c ( ).................

139

 

R–2R ......................................................................................................

140

10.16

..........................................................................................................

141

 

.....................................................................................

141

 

........................................................

142

10.17

..........................................................................................................

143

 

( ) .....................

143

 

......................................................................................................................

144

3

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5

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1.2.

. 1.2.

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Uo;

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tc ( ). . ,

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tc , u = 0,5Um. , -

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– . 0.5

. tn = T-

– .

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-

.

f – . , f =1 / T

Q - . , -

: Q = /t

6

K – .. , -

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2.3.

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p-n .

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.1.2.

 

R1

 

 

VT1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

R

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-

+

.1.2.

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. ,

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10

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