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нии: hereinafter далее по тексту, в дальнейшем; aforesaid ранее упомянутый;

построение очень длинных предложений, содержащих большое количество оборотов, дополняющих либо характеризую- щих первоначальное утверждение.

Вобычной практике переводчику юридических текстов приходится работать с довольно большим количеством разнооб- разной документации, однако можно выделить основные виды юридических документов, подлежащих переводу:

контракты (договоры, соглашения);

сертификаты, свидетельства, протоколы;

учредительные документы;

судебные решения;

лицензии, доверенности;

выписки из реестров;

финансовые отчеты, бухгалтерские документы, бизнес-

планы;

перевод апостилей (личных документов и других нотари- ально заверяемых документов);

законодательные и нормативные акты и их проекты. Каковы же требования, предъявляемые к переводчику при

переводе юридической документации? Очень важно, чтобы пере- водом юридической документации занимался только профессио- нальный переводчик, имеющий соответствующее юридическое образование, с большим опытом перевода юридических текстов как на родной язык, так и на английский. Очень важно серьезно относиться к переводу контрактов и другой документации, поскольку допущенные ошибки могут иметь тяжелые последст- вия, например, вызвать возбуждение судебного иска или привес- ти к финансовым потерям.

Довольно часто услуги юридического перевода носят ком- плексный характер, т. е. сопряжены с сопутствующими юридиче- скими услугами, такими как нотариальное заверение перевода и легализация (апостиль), причем эти услуги оказывают не пере- водчики, а нотариусы и юристы, действия которых лежат вне сферы контроля переводческих агентств, несущих, тем не менее, ответственность за результат. Поэтому начинающему переводчи-

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ку юридических текстов необходимо понимать суть сопутствую- щих юридических услуг и быть готовым дать соответствующие разъяснения заказчику перевода.

Нотариальное удостоверение подлинности подписи переводчика. Если нотариусу не известен язык, на котором из- ложен документ, или язык, на который требуется перевести до- кумент, перевод может быть выполнен профессиональным из- вестным нотариусу переводчиком. В таком случае нотариус сви- детельствует подлинность подписи переводчика на переводе. При этом устанавливается личность переводчика и лица, предста- вившего документ на перевод. Вопреки распространенному сте- реотипу, нотариус не заверяет правильность перевода, так как он не обязан знать иностранные языки и, как правило, не владеет ими. Фактически заверение подписи сводится к постановке удо- стоверяющего подпись штампа и внесению записи в реестр нота- риуса, в котором предварительно должно быть зарегистрированы имя и номер диплома переводчика, выполнившего перевод.

Нотариальное удостоверение подлинности копии до-

кумента на русском языке. Нотариус свидетельствует верность копий документов и выписок из них, выданных юридическими лицами, при условии, что эти документы не противоречат зако- нодательству Российской Федерации. Верность копии с копии документа свидетельствуется нотариусом при условии, что вер- ность копии засвидетельствована в нотариальном порядке или копия документа выдана юридическим лицом, от которого исхо- дит подлинный документ.

Нотариальное удостоверение подлинности копии пе- ревода при условии нотариально заверенной подписи пе-

реводчика. Практически это выглядит так: оригинал документа и его перевод сшиты вместе и скреплены конгривкой со штампом нотариуса. Нотариус снимает ксерокопии со всех страниц этой сшивки (т. е. и с оригинала, и с перевода) и затем заверяет эту ксерокопию точно так же, как копию, например, свидетельства о браке или трудовой книжки.

Содействие в легализации нотариально заверенного документа проставление апостиля на нотариально заверен- ную копию или на заверение подписи переводчика. Документы,

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выданные и имеющие юридическую силу на территории одного государства, могут быть использованы на территории другого го- сударства только после их соответствующего удостоверения, если иного не предусмотрено международными договорами, участни- ками которых являются государства. В настоящее время наибо- лее широкое распространение получили 2 способа такого удосто- верения: консульская легализация и проставление апостиля.

Апостиль «удостоверяет подлинность подписи и качество, в котором выступало лицо, подписавшее документ, и, в надлежа- щем случае, подлинность печати или штампа, которыми скреп- лен этот документ» (ст. 5 Гаагской конвенции). Это упрощенная форма легализации документов для стран участниц Гаагской конвенции.

Апостиль проставляется по просьбе любого предъявителя документа непосредственно на свободном от текста месте доку- мента либо на его обратной стороне или же на отдельном листе бумаги. В этом случае листы документа и лист с апостилем скре- пляются вместе путем прошивания ниткой любого цвета (либо специальным тонким шнуром, лентой) и пронумеровываются. Последний лист документов в месте скрепления заклеивается плотной бумажной «звездочкой», на которой проставляется пе- чать. Оттиск печати должен быть расположен равномерно на «звездочке» и на листе. Количество скрепленных листов заверя- ется подписью лица, проставляющего апостиль. Лист с апостилем должен быть подшит к документу указанным выше способом и в том случае, если документ имеет твердую обложку (например, свидетельство органа ЗАГСа).

Легализация нотариально заверенного документа осущест- вляется в Главном управлении Федеральной регистрационной службы, Министерстве иностранных дел РФ и Министерстве юс- тиции РФ.

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Глава 2 ВВОДНЫЙ КУРС ЮРИДИЧЕСКОГО ПЕРЕВОДА

2.1. INTRODUCTION INTO LAW

Текст 1

WHAT IS LAW?

Law is a system of rules a society sets to maintain order and protect harm to persons and property. Law is ancient, dating back at least to the Code of Hammurabi, written by an ancient Babylonian king around 1760 BC. Today in Western Europe there are two main systems: Roman law and English law. US law is a modified form of English law.

The legal system of ancient Rome is now the basis of civil law, one of the main European legal systems. English law has its roots in Anglo-Saxon customs, which still form the basis of the common law. Unique to English law is the doctrine of stare decisis* which requires that courts abide by former precedents when the same points arise again in litigation.

The main differences between the British legal system, called the accusatorial or adversarial system, and the system of some European countries (for example, France), called the inquisitorial system, are that in the accusatorial system the judge acts as an impartial umpire; prosecution and defense each put their case; and the jury decides. In the inquisitorial system the inquiry into the facts is

*stare decisis – «стоять на решенном» («принятое решение остается

всиле»). Принцип общего права, согласно которому решение, принятое судом более высокой инстанции, имеет силу прецедента и становится обязательным для всех аналогичных дел и для всех судов низшей ин- станции и остается таковым до принятия нового решения с отменой пре- дыдущего.

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conducted by the judge, who also examines the evidence and interrogates witnesses.

Nowadays most countries have tens or hundreds of thousands of pages of law. Laws are enforced by the police, supported by the court and prison systems. Laws are written by legislators, such as senators or congressmen. In America and many other countries, laws must uphold and not contradict the Constitution, a document outlining the most basic rules of the country.

Aside from law being a set of rules, the word also refers to the law as practiced by lawyers, who either prosecute or defend a client from an accusation of violating the law. Becoming a lawyer requires attending law school and passing a bar exam. This entitles the lawyer to a law license. Only lawyers with a law license are allowed to practice law.

There are many categories of law. These include contract law, property law, trust law, tort law, criminal law, constitutional law, administrative law, and international law. Each of these sets the rules for a distinct area of human activity. Without laws, there is lawlessness, which historically has led to a general breakdown in society, sometimes to the point of a near-standstill in the economy. Those that advocate the abolition of all laws are called anarchists.

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следую- щим русским терминам и выражениям.

Система норм, обвинительное судопроизводство, член зако- нодательного органа, выступать в качестве обвинителя, договор- ное право, вещное право, экзамен на право заниматься адвокат- ской практикой, уголовное право, конституционное право, не противоречить Конституции, международное право, допрашивать свидетелей, обвинение, судебный процесс, гражданское право, правовые нормы о доверительной собственности, инквизиционное судопроизводство, деликтное право, беззаконие, третейский су- дья, Римское право, требовать соблюдения норм, общее право, прецеденты.

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Упражнение 2. Сопоставьте термины и их перевод на русский язык.

Common law

Прецедент

Contract law

Квалификационный экзамен

 

на присвоение статуса адвоката

Precedent

Принцип состязательности

Civil law

Общее право

Bar exam

Законодатель

Legislator

Лицензионное право

Adversarial system

Договорное право

Law license

Гражданское право

Упражнение 3. Выполните полный письменный перевод текста 1.

Текст 2

LAWS AND THE LEGAL SYSTEM

Why do we have laws and legal systems? At one level, laws can be seen as a type of rule which is meant to govern behaviour between people. Families may have rules about keeping one’s bedroom tidy or not staying out late. Schools have rules about doing homework and not running in corridors. Football associations have rules about not using hands (except for goalkeepers) and not swearing at the referee. So, rules seem to be an almost inevitable part of any organised social interaction, and societies have almost always developed such rules.

Primitive societies will have relatively few formal rules, and such rules as exist will often be derived from other moral codes such as religion. So, a prohibition on murder and theft may exist, but it may be left to individuals to decide what other arrangements they should make for themselves.

In more complex societies, such as the United Kingdom, two developments occur:

rules grow in extent. The basic purposes of law often revolve around ideas of protection and the maintenance of the peace, which are basic functions of any state. So, laws are passed about crime and

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disorder and also the peaceful settlement of disputes between citizens. But as social and economic interaction develops, there will also be rules about how commerce can be practiced and how the state can care for the needs of its citizens. So, there are rules about industrial processes, land use, and motoring, and also social welfare, health, housing and education, none of which exists in primitive societies

rules develop about rules – how to make or change rules, how to determine the validity or meaning of rules. In this way the rules become systematised.

When a complex legal system has developed, it is important to realise that it does not solely consist of rules. Legal principles can come into play in order to make sense of collections of rules and to provide the basis for future development. Legal principles are more generalised statements than legal rules and will often be akin to moral precepts.

Though there can be bad laws and good laws, it has been argued that laws should only be recognised as having authority as such if they comply with the requirements of the rule of law. In this way, we should be able to distinguish between a system of laws and a system of terror. This is a very noble idea – the rule of law is associated with requirements such as “due process” (laws which are clear, discussed in advance and equal in application) as well as broader aims such as respect for individual rights and social equality and justice. However, the more demanding meanings of the rule of law are in the realms of political morality rather than legal validity. Many dictatorships and evil regimes have been able to rule by law, though not in accordance with the doctrine of the rule of law.

Текст 3

SOURCES OF LAW

Sources of law is a legal term that refers to the authorities by which law is made. There are a number of different sources that are used to define the creation and force of law, though not all are used equally. Some examples of sources include legislation, government regulation, court decisions, and custom.

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Constitutions are legislative documents that are a primary source of law in many regions. They are typically the highest law of the land, meaning that state or regional laws cannot conflict with a constitutional statute. States may also have constitutions, which local laws cannot conflict with. Most modern countries have a written constitution, though some, like New Zealand and the United Kingdom, have constitutions that are uncodified, meaning that they have grown and changed over time and include both written and unwritten sources.

Common law is one of the major sources of law that has been in use for nearly 1,000 years. This type of law is based on judges' decisions as well as legislation deeming certain actions illegal. Common law may dictate the specific laws and penalties of certain crimes, including murder, rape, and theft. One common concept in this important source of law is that of precedent, which suggests that future courts follow the rulings of prior courts on specific issues.

In addition to constitutions, many governments have the right to create legislation and statutes. Even local organizations such as city councils have the power to create ordinances that affect citywide behavior. These statutes and ordinances are often recognized as sources of laws.

Although discussions of sources of law generally revolve around regional law, other types of rule systems and guidelines cite specific sources. Religion, for instance, often draws on specific important texts and laws handed down by elders in the organization to create codes of behavior and permitted actions. Natural law theorists argue that some laws are built into the fabric of universe itself, guiding both behavior and scientific principles, such as the inability to travel faster than the speed of light.

Custom-based sources of law generally rely on an existing behavior in a population. If, for instance, the entire workforce of a town takes a certain day off work each year, the city council could use that custom to create a law calling that day a public holiday. This type of law dates back at least until the Middle Ages in Europe, when local law would codify rights and responsibilities based on customs that had existed for generations.

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Текст 4

AMERICAN JUSTICE? ISN’T THAT A CONTRADICTION?

William Rees-Mogg

Americans are well aware of the horrid faults of their legal system, but they still like to think that it is the best in the world. Its abuses include plea bargaining, class actions, Hollywood actions, Guantanamo Bay, racism, elected district attorneys looking for votes, hick justice in states such as Arkansas, federal patronage of prosecutors and judges, the politicisation of the Supreme Court, the squalor and brutality of big federal and state prisons and the aggressive ruthlessness of tax and regulatory authorities. In the United States, you can be ruined by the cost of doctors if you get sick and by the cost of lawyers if you get into court.

There are, of course, honourable lawyers and distinguished judges, some of whom are among the best in the world. It is the downside of US law that terrifies Americans and should terrify foreign businessmen.

A British businessman should never become a nonexecutive director of an American company, since the legal fees, in the event of trouble, can be a multiple of the board fees. If threatened with a legal action in the US, one should hire a lawyer who frightens the other side and settle as quickly as possible. If necessary, go to live in a country, such as Russia, which has not signed an extradition treaty with the United States; President Putin will protect you, but you can be sure that the British Government will not.

Before 9/11 Britain had a reasonably fair system of extradition with the United States, which, among other provisions, required any country seeking extradition from Britain to produce prima facie evidence that an offence had indeed been committed. This extradition system exasperated US prosecutors because it was subject to long legal delays. Even British judges shared this impatience; good lawyers could defer extradition for years.

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2.2. CRIME AND PUNISHMENT

Текст 1

TYPES OF CRIME

It is commonly said that everything can be cured by its antibiotic, contraceptive, or preventing measures, but crime can never be cured because it is attached with the human’s nature. It is a psychic problem, a mental disorder that compels people to instigate a warfare against everything which becomes obstruction of one’s life. Usually wrong means are used to win the warfare of wishes and finally called as crime. Breaching a law or social norms comes under the ambit of crime. In present world, a crime is the law breaking activity. When a person commits crime, he is subjected to punishment. Punishment is not announced on the spot, first the matter is investigated and then the accused is punished with witnesses and proofs. Crime can be of many types. Some of them are given below:

Burglary and robbery are the most common form of crimes. People involved in these crimes are due to their deprivation and greed. When their wishes are not come true with their personal constrained resources, they try to snatch everything from other people. Robbers intend to run off with money and precious assets by keeping people at gun point. Sometimes they steal things in the absence of lords. Bank robbery is very tricky but makes a person wealthy. The punishment of robbery is very severe up to the extent of life time jail and sometime be kept in jail for several years. In this case the culprit is released finally.

Kidnapping is very common crime. The people involved in this type of crime shows thrust of money against kidnapping. This is called ransom. Usually child kidnapping is found everywhere. Children can easily be caught while coming back to home from schools. Kidnapping carries the long-lasting animosity between the culprit and affectees. The kidnapper wants to accomplish his desires by doing this act.

Rape is associated with the mental frustration, which is released physically by doing sex forcefully. When a person feel himself deprived and could not be able to fulfill his physical desires with his life partner, he does rape of innocent girls. Rape is the major evil

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