Durkheim, Emile - The Elementary Forms Of The Religious Life

Ratapa, or soul-germs, 251, 252.

Recreative elements of religion, 379 ff., 382 f.

Reincarnation of souls, doctrine of, in Australia, 169, 250, 253 f., 256, 265.

Religion, must have a foundation in reality, 2, 70, 225 ; none are false, 3, 417, 438 ; real purpose of, 416 ; eternal elements of, 427 ff. ; as source of all civilization, 9, 70, 223, 418 f., 419 n. i ; source of science and philosophy, 9, 203, 238, 325, 362 ff. ; so-called conflict of, with science, 416 ff. ; speculative functions of, 430 ; recreative and aesthetic elements of, 379 ff. ; as preeminent expression of social life, 419 ff. ; said to be characterized by supernatural, 24 ff. ; or by idea of spiritual beings, 29 ff. ; not based on fear, 223 ff., but happy confidence, 224 ; characterized by that which is sacred, 37 ; distinguished from magic, 42 ff. ; none proceeds on any unique principle, 41 ; importance of primitive, 3 ff. ; totemism most elementary form of, 167 f. ; definition of, 47.

Representative rites, 370 ff. ; value of, for showing real reasons for cult, 371, 378 f. ; as dramatic representations, 373, 376 ff., 380; moral purpose of, evident, 375 ; expect no material benefits, 377 ff.

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Respect, inspired by society, 207 f.

Rites, how related to beliefs, 101 ; totemic principle attached to, 200 ; social function of, 226 ; material efficacy attributed to, due to moral efficacy of, 346, 359 f. ; moral and social significance of, 370 ff. ; reasons for, as given by Australians, 371 ; as form of dramatic art, 373. 380 ; aesthetic nature of, 381 ; interchange'ability of, 384 ff.

Sacred, the, characteristic of all that is religious, 37 ; not characterized by its exalted position, 37, but by its distinction from the profane, 38 ; superimposed upon its basis, 229 ; created by society, 206 ff. See Totemic Principle; double nature of, 301, 320, 409 ff.

Sacrifice, forms of, in Australia, 327 ff., 336 ; see Intichiuma ; theory of Robertson Smith of, 336 ff., 340 ; alimentary communion essential part of, 337 ; how this strengthens one's religious nature, 337 f. ; sacrilege inherent in, explained, 338 f. ; oblations essential to, 341 ; why gods have need of, 38, 346 ; social function of, 347 ff.

Science, so-called conflict of, with religion, 416 ff., 430, 445 ; religious origin of, 9, 203, 238, 325, 362 ff. ; supplants religious speculation, 429 ff. ; but cannot do so completely, 431 ; authority of, 208, 43i.

Sexual totems, 165 f. Social life, basis for religious representations, 221, 316, 347 ; rhythm of, and religion, 219, 349 ; model for philosophical representations, 18, 19 n. 2, i44 ff.

Society, how forms of, determine character of religion, 94, 196 f., 234 ; characterized by institutions, 366 n. i ; ideal nature of, 288, 345, 420 и., 422 f. ; not an illogical or a-logical being, 444 ; how it recasts animal nature into human nature, 66 ; how it arouses sensations of divine, 206 ff., of dependence, 206 f., of respect, 207, of moral authority, 207 f., of an external moral force, 209, of kindly external forces, 212, of the sacred, 212 ff., 218; stimulating and sustaining action of, 209 ff. ; how it gives men their most characteristic attributes, 212 ; how it exists only through its individual members, 221, 347 ; how this gives men their sacred character, 221 f. ; foundation of religious experience, 418.

Sociological theory of knowledge, 13, 15 fi., 18 ff., 144 ff., 203 f., 234 ff., 269 ff., 321 ff., 362 ff., 431 ff., 439 ff.

Soul, idea of, found in all religions, 240 ; various representations of, 241 ff. ; relation of, to body, 242 ff. ; after death, 244 ff. ; origin of, according to the Arunta, 247 ff. ; reincarnation of, 250, 253 ff., 265 ; as totemic principle incarnate in the individual, 248 ff., 254 ff., 259 ff. ; or parts of totemic divinity, 65, 249 ; close relations of, with totemic animal, 259 f; sacred character of, 262 ; notion of, founded in reality, 262 f. ; represents the social part of our nature, 262 f. ; reality of our double nature, 263 f., 444 ff. ; coeval with notion of mana, 266 f.; how a secondary formation, 266; idea ef immortality of, explained, 267 ff., see Immortality; how related to idea of personality, 269

ff., see Personality; distinguished from spirit, 273 ; form in which human force is represented, 366 ; social elements of, 366 ; how employed to explain mourning, 401 ; origin of idea of, according to animism, 50 f.

Space, category of, religious and social origin of, 11 f., 441 and n. i. [455]

Spirits, distinguished from souls, 273 ; from ghosts, 274 ; related to Roman genius, 275 ; relations of, to things, 275 f. ; how derived from idea of soul, 277 f. ; objective basis of idea of, 280 f. ; spirits of evil, 281 f., 420 ; animistic theory of origin of, 51 f.

Spiritual beings, as characteristic of religion, 29 ; absent from many religions, 30, 137, or strictly religious rites, 35 ; not sufficient to explain religion, 35. See Sow/, Spirits.

Spiritualism, Lang's theory of, as origin of idea of soul, 60 n. i.

Suffering, religious r61e of, in inferior societies, 312 ff. ; believed to give extra strength, 314 ; how this idea is well founded, 315.

Supernatural, the, as characteristic of religion, 24 ff. ; conception of, quite modem, 26 ; not the essential element of religion, 28.

Sympathetic magic, so-called, at basis of imitative rites, 355 ff. ; fundamental principles of, 356 ; why this term is inexact, 361 f.

Taboo, derivation of word, 300. See Interdictions. Tattooings, totemic, 117, 232.

Time, category of, religious and social origin of, ю f., 440 f., 441 n. i.

Totality, concept of, could never be suggested by individual experience, 441 ; related to concepts of society and divinity, 442 n. i.

Totem, derivation of word, 103 ; as name of clan, 102 f. ; nature of things serving as, 103 ff. ; species, not individuals, 104 f. ; how inherited, 106 ff. ; of phratries, 107 ff., 112; of matrimonial classes, 109 ff. ; as emblem or coat-of-arms of group, 113 ; religious nature of, 119 ; relations of, with men and things, 150 ; sub-totems, 151 ; individual totems, 157 ff. ; symbol of totemic principle of clan, 206 ; clan inseparable from, 167.

Totemic animals, interdiction against eating by men of that clan, 128 ff. ; or by those of other clans of the same phratry, 131 and n. i ; and against killing, 132 ; less sacred and powerful than totemic emblems, 133 ; related to men, 134, 139, 259 ff. ; sacredness of, due to resemblance to emblem, 222.

Totemic emblem, as collective emblem, 113 ; sacred character of, 122, 126 ; conventional nature of, 126 f. ; more sacred and powerful than totemic aniihal, 133 ; as first form of art, 127 n. 4.

Totemic principle, or Mana, cause of the sacredness of things, 62 ff., 188, 199 f. ; totem material representation of, 189, 2o6 ; as a force, 190 ; as source of moral life of clan, 190 ; compared to totemic god, 189 ; personified in gods of higher religions, 191, 199, 291 f. ; as Wakan, 192 f. ; as Orenda, 193 f.; as Mana, 194 f.; ubiquity of, 189, 193, i94 ; multiformity of, 193; used in magic, 198, 201 f.; attached to rites, words, etc., 200 ; as representation of clan, 206, 214 ff. ; first conceived in the midst of great social effervescence, 218 f. ; how it comes to be symbolized by totem, 219 ff.

Totemic system, unity of, 295 f. ; work of whole tribe, 154 f., 283, 295.

Totemism, early theoricians of, 88 ff. ; Australia as classic land of, 93 f. ; importance of American, 96 f. ; as most elementary religion, 88, 167 ; former universality of, unimportant, 95 ; religious nature of, unquestionable, 167 ; not animal-worship, 139, 170 f., nor nature-cult, 171 f. ; contains all the elements of the religious life, 415 , conceptional totemism, inadequacies of, 180 ff.

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Tribe, totemic system work of whole, 154 f., 283, 295 ; unity of, expressed by great gods,

294 f.

Universalism, religious, 294 f. ; how explained, 425 и. Vendetta, how related to rites of