
- •Apothecary
- •History
- •Other Mentions In Creative Literature
- •Noted Apothecaries
- •See also
- •References
- •Overview
- •Etymology
- •Function
- •Examples
- •See also
- •References
- •Clinical pharmacy
- •[Edit] See also
- •[Edit] References
- •[Edit] External links
- •Compounding
- •History
- •New England Compounding Center incident
- •Roles During research and development
- •Patients with unique or unusual medication needs
- •Personalized medicine and polypharmacy
- •Recent trends
- •Regulation in the United States
- •Analogy to "off-label" use
- •Drug testing and reporting of incidents
- •Criticism
- •Regulation in Australia
- •See also
- •References
- •External links
- •Consultant pharmacist
- •United States
- •United Kingdom
- •See also
- •External links
- •Etymology
- •Medication
- •Spiritual and religious use
- •Self-improvement
- •Recreational drug use
- •Administering drugs
- •See also
- •References
- •Health care
- •Health care delivery
- •Primary care
- •Secondary Care
- •Tertiary care
- •Quaternary care
- •Home and community care
- •Related sectors
- •Health system
- •Health care industry
- •Health care research
- •Health care financing
- •Health care administration and regulation
- •Health information technology
- •See also
- •Herbalism
- •History
- •Ancient times
- •Middle Ages
- •Early modern era
- •Modern herbal medicine
- •Biological background
- •Clinical tests
- •Prevalence of use
- •Herbal preparations
- •Practitioners
- •Government regulations
- •Traditional herbal medicine systems
- •Herbal philosophy and spiritual practices
- •Uses of herbal medicines by animals
- •Extinction of medicinal plant species
- •See also
- •References
- •Further reading
- •History of pharmacy
- •Prehistoric pharmacy
- •Antiquity
- •Middle Ages
- •See also
- •References
- •Hospice
- •History Early development
- •Rise of the modern hospice movement
- •Hospice care
- •North America Canada
- •United States
- •United Kingdom
- •Other nations
- •See also
- •Further reading
- •External links
- •Hospital pharmacy
- •Sterile production
- •See also
- •External links
- •Hospital
- •Etymology
- •General
- •District
- •Specialized
- •Teaching
- •Clinics
- •Departments
- •History Early examples
- •Roman Empire
- •Medieval Islamic world
- •Medieval Europe
- •Colonial America
- •Modern era
- •Criticism
- •Funding
- •Buildings Architecture
- •See also
- •References
- •Bibliography
- •External links
- •Medical education
- •Entry-level education
- •Postgraduate education
- •Continuing medical education
- •Online learning
- •Example of medical education systems
- •Medical Education Journals
- •See also
- •References
- •External links
- •Medical ethics
- •History
- •Values in medical ethics
- •Autonomy
- •Beneficence
- •Non-Maleficence
- •Double effect
- •Conflicts between autonomy and beneficence/non-maleficence
- •Euthanasia
- •Informed consent
- •Confidentiality
- •Criticisms of orthodox medical ethics
- •Importance of communication
- •Control and resolution
- •Guidelines
- •Ethics committees
- •Medical ethics in an online world
- •Cultural concerns
- •Truth-telling
- •Online business practices
- •Conflicts of interest
- •Referral
- •Vendor relationships
- •Treatment of family members
- •Sexual relationships
- •Futility
- •Sources and references
- •External links
- •Medical psychology
- •Behavioral medicine
- •Certifications
- •References
- •See also
- •External links
- •Institutions
- •Branches
- •Basic sciences
- •'Medicine' as a specialty
- •Diagnostic specialties
- •Other major specialties
- •Interdisciplinary fields
- •Education
- •Medical ethics
- •Legal controls
- •Criticism of modern medicine
- •Honors and awards
- •History
- •Ancient world
- •Middle ages
- •Patron saints
- •Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- •Background
- •Nomination and selection
- •Diplomas
- •Award money
- •Ceremony and banquet
- •Laureates
- •Time factor and death
- •Controversial inclusions and exclusions
- •Limits on number of awardees
- •Years without awards
- •References
- •Bibliography
- •[Edit] External links
- •Online pharmacy
- •Home delivery
- •Risks and concerns
- •Discussion
- •International consumers
- •U.S. Consumers
- •Overseas online pharmacies and u.S. Law
- •Enforcement
- •Mail fraud
- •Uk consumers
- •See also
- •References
- •External links
- •Pharmacist
- •Nature of the work
- •Education and credentialing
- •Practice specialization
- •Training and practice by country
- •Australia
- •Japan History
- •Contemporary
- •Tanzania
- •United Kingdom
- •Education and registration
- •Vietnam
- •United States
- •Pharmacy School Accreditation
- •Education
- •Specialization and credentialing
- •Earnings and wages
- •Noted people who were pharmacists
- •See also
- •References
- •Further reading
- •External links
- •Pharmacognosy
- •Introduction
- •Issues in phytotherapy
- •Constituents and drug synergysm
- •Herb and drug interactions
- •Natural products chemistry
- •Loss of biodiversity
- •Sustainable sources of plant and animal drugs
- •Acceptance in the United States
- •External links
- •References
- •Pharmacology
- •Divisions
- •Environmental pharmacology
- •Scientific background
- •Medicine development and safety testing
- •Drug legislation and safety
- •Education
- •See also
- •Footnotes
- •[Edit] External links
- •Pharmacopoeia
- •Etymology
- •History
- •City pharmacopoeia
- •National pharmacopoeia
- •International pharmacopoeia
- •Medical preparations, uses and dosages
- •See also
- •References
- •External links
- •Pharmacy automation
- •History
- •Chronology
- •Global variations
- •Current state of the industry
- •Technological changes and design improvements
- •Other pharmacy-dispensing concerns besides counting
- •Future development
- •Liquid Oral doses (Childs, aging, oncology...)
- •Repackaging process and stability data
- •See also
- •References
- •External links
- •Videos of robots in action
- •Pharmacy technician
- •See also
- •References
- •External links
- •Pharmacy
- •Disciplines
- •Professionals
- •Pharmacists
- •Pharmacy technicians
- •History
- •Types of pharmacy practice areas
- •Community pharmacy
- •Hospital pharmacy
- •Clinical pharmacy
- •Ambulatory care pharmacy
- •Compounding pharmacy
- •Consultant pharmacy
- •Internet pharmacy
- •Veterinary pharmacy
- •Nuclear pharmacy
- •Military pharmacy
- •Pharmacy informatics
- •Issues in pharmacy Separation of prescribing from dispensing
- •The future of pharmacy
- •Pharmacy journals
- •See also
- •Symbols
- •References
- •External links
- •Philosophy of healthcare
- •Ethics of healthcare
- •Medical ethics
- •Nursing ethics
- •Business ethics
- •Political philosophy of healthcare
- •Patients' Bill of Rights
- •Health insurance
- •Research and scholarship
- •Clinical trials
- •Quality assurance
- •Birth and death Reproductive rights
- •Birth and living
- •Death and dying
- •Role development
- •See also
- •References
- •External links
Criticism
The FDA and others say that the larger compounding pharmacies are acting like drug manufacturers while circumventing FDA regulations. Compounding pharmacies are manufacturing and distributing drugs, but there is little FDA regulation. Instead, they are regulated by state agencies, whose regulations are not as strict. Drugs from compounding pharmacies can be much cheaper, but contaminated drugs have been traced back to compounding pharmacies. Compounding pharmacies have been regulated by laws that were developed when they made custom prescriptions for patients with special needs, but now they have become "miniature drug companies." Lawyers critical of the pharmacies say that large-scale compounders often behave like manufacturers, with sales teams that market to doctors, without following FDA regulations, circumventing the regulatory process.[1][21]
Regulation in Australia
In Australia there is no regulatory board that governs how and where a Pharmacist compounds medications. It is very important for consumers to choose their Australian Compounding Pharmcies carefully as they are all self regulated. The only guidelines that need to be followed are by the Pharmacys governing body – The Pharmacy Board – where the only regulation is that a compounded product be prepared on an individual basis (not manufactured) and they follow the Professional Practice Standards – Section 10.[22] Since compounding has grown in popularity, the highest quality compounding chemists are self regulated. Compounding Chemists Australia,[23] is a website devoted to ensuring they only list reputable compounding chemists. It is not uncommon to find compounding being performed in the pharmacy's back room near the kitchen sink, however, this is not illegal. Sterile compounding and non-sterile compounding have different requirements. For sterile compounding, the use of a laminar flow hood or vertical flow hood must be used. In non-sterile compounding, including most topical compounded medications, a hood is not required and does not adversely effect potency or quality of the final product.
See also
Apothecary — the ancestral practitioner of compounding, and his shop
Bioidentical hormone replacement therapy — Compounding is involved in the surrounding controversy
Professional Compounding Centers of America
New England Compounding Center meningitis outbreak
References
^ a b Grady, Denise; Pollack, Andrew and Tavernise, Sabrina (2012-10-07). Scant Oversight of Drug Maker in Fatal Meningitis Outbreak. New York Times.
^ Meningitis outbreak toll: 119 cases, 11 deaths. Usatoday.com (2012-10-09). Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
^ Morgan, David. "Health officials knew of problem steroids in 2002: U.S. House panel". CNBC. http://www.cnbc.com/id/49511024. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
^ a b Burtin, T. M.; Grimaldi, J. V. and Martin, T. W. (2012-10-14). Pharmacies Fought Controls; Industry at the Focus of Meningitis Outbreak Beat Back More Federal Oversight, Wall Street Journal
^ Information taken from the abstract of Hadzović, S (1997). "[Pharmacy and the great contribution of Arab-Islamic science to its development] (Article in Croatian)". Medicinski arhiv 51 (1–2): 47–50. ISSN 0350-199X. PMID 9324574.
^ Sharif Kaf al-Ghazal, Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine, 2004 (3), pp. 3–9 [8].
^ Cdc – Hai. Cdc.gov. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
^ a b "International Academy of Compounding Pharmacists: Definition of Compounding". http://www.iacprx.org/site/PageServer?pagename=What_is_Compounding. Retrieved 2010-07-18.
^ "ArmourThyroid". http://www.armourthyroid.com/. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
^ "Options for thyroid treatment | Stop The Thyroid Madness". http://www.stopthethyroidmadness.com/options-for-thyroid-treatment/. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
^ "www.fda.gov". http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/CVMUpdates/ucm137148.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-18.
^ Boothby LA, Doering PL (August 2008). "Bioidentical hormone therapy: a panacea that lacks supportive evidence". Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 20 (4): 400–7. doi:10.1097/GCO.0b013e3283081ae9. PMID 18660693.
^ "5-in-1 PolyPill Treatment May Prevent Heart Disease". Bayviewrx.com. 2009-04-01. http://www.bayviewrx.com/bayview-blog/bid/18766/5-in-1-PolyPill-Treatment-May-Prevent-Heart-Disease. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
^ a b c The Special Risks of Pharmacy Compounding. Fda.gov (2012-12-03). Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
^ "International Academy of Compounding Pharmacists: Frequently Asked Questions". http://www.iacprx.org/site/PageServer?pagename=FAQs. Retrieved 2010-07-18.
^ Thompson v. Western States Medical Center (535 U.S. 357, 2002). law.cornell.edu
^ "Medical Center Pharmacy v. Mukasey". Fda.gov. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/PharmacyCompounding/ucm134919.htm. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
^ "Importation of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) Requirements CPG 460.200 Pharmacy Compounding Compliance Policy Guides Manual (Tab M)" (PDF). http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/CDER/UCM118050.pdf. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
^ a b "American Society of Health-Systems Pharmacists: Statement on the Use of Medications for Unlabeled Use". http://www.ashp.org/DocLibrary/BestPractices/FormStUnlabeled.aspx. Retrieved 2012-04-04.
^ a b Bogdanich, Walt and Tavernise, Sabrina (2012-10-22). U.S. Concern Over Compounders Predates Outbreak of Meningitis. New York Times.
^ Martin, T. W.; Burton, T. M. and Dooren, J. C. (2012-10-09). "Outbreak Spurs Calls for New Controls". The Wall Street Journal. The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390443982904578044682649925200.html?mod=WSJ_hpp_LEFTTopStories. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
^ "Professional Practice Standards VERSION 4 2010" (PDF). http://www.psa.org.au/download/standards/professional-practice-standards-v4.pdf. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
^ "Compounding Chemists Australia". Compoundingchemists.com.au. http://www.compoundingchemists.com.au. Retrieved 2012-02-05.