
- •Apothecary
- •History
- •Other Mentions In Creative Literature
- •Noted Apothecaries
- •See also
- •References
- •Overview
- •Etymology
- •Function
- •Examples
- •See also
- •References
- •Clinical pharmacy
- •[Edit] See also
- •[Edit] References
- •[Edit] External links
- •Compounding
- •History
- •New England Compounding Center incident
- •Roles During research and development
- •Patients with unique or unusual medication needs
- •Personalized medicine and polypharmacy
- •Recent trends
- •Regulation in the United States
- •Analogy to "off-label" use
- •Drug testing and reporting of incidents
- •Criticism
- •Regulation in Australia
- •See also
- •References
- •External links
- •Consultant pharmacist
- •United States
- •United Kingdom
- •See also
- •External links
- •Etymology
- •Medication
- •Spiritual and religious use
- •Self-improvement
- •Recreational drug use
- •Administering drugs
- •See also
- •References
- •Health care
- •Health care delivery
- •Primary care
- •Secondary Care
- •Tertiary care
- •Quaternary care
- •Home and community care
- •Related sectors
- •Health system
- •Health care industry
- •Health care research
- •Health care financing
- •Health care administration and regulation
- •Health information technology
- •See also
- •Herbalism
- •History
- •Ancient times
- •Middle Ages
- •Early modern era
- •Modern herbal medicine
- •Biological background
- •Clinical tests
- •Prevalence of use
- •Herbal preparations
- •Practitioners
- •Government regulations
- •Traditional herbal medicine systems
- •Herbal philosophy and spiritual practices
- •Uses of herbal medicines by animals
- •Extinction of medicinal plant species
- •See also
- •References
- •Further reading
- •History of pharmacy
- •Prehistoric pharmacy
- •Antiquity
- •Middle Ages
- •See also
- •References
- •Hospice
- •History Early development
- •Rise of the modern hospice movement
- •Hospice care
- •North America Canada
- •United States
- •United Kingdom
- •Other nations
- •See also
- •Further reading
- •External links
- •Hospital pharmacy
- •Sterile production
- •See also
- •External links
- •Hospital
- •Etymology
- •General
- •District
- •Specialized
- •Teaching
- •Clinics
- •Departments
- •History Early examples
- •Roman Empire
- •Medieval Islamic world
- •Medieval Europe
- •Colonial America
- •Modern era
- •Criticism
- •Funding
- •Buildings Architecture
- •See also
- •References
- •Bibliography
- •External links
- •Medical education
- •Entry-level education
- •Postgraduate education
- •Continuing medical education
- •Online learning
- •Example of medical education systems
- •Medical Education Journals
- •See also
- •References
- •External links
- •Medical ethics
- •History
- •Values in medical ethics
- •Autonomy
- •Beneficence
- •Non-Maleficence
- •Double effect
- •Conflicts between autonomy and beneficence/non-maleficence
- •Euthanasia
- •Informed consent
- •Confidentiality
- •Criticisms of orthodox medical ethics
- •Importance of communication
- •Control and resolution
- •Guidelines
- •Ethics committees
- •Medical ethics in an online world
- •Cultural concerns
- •Truth-telling
- •Online business practices
- •Conflicts of interest
- •Referral
- •Vendor relationships
- •Treatment of family members
- •Sexual relationships
- •Futility
- •Sources and references
- •External links
- •Medical psychology
- •Behavioral medicine
- •Certifications
- •References
- •See also
- •External links
- •Institutions
- •Branches
- •Basic sciences
- •'Medicine' as a specialty
- •Diagnostic specialties
- •Other major specialties
- •Interdisciplinary fields
- •Education
- •Medical ethics
- •Legal controls
- •Criticism of modern medicine
- •Honors and awards
- •History
- •Ancient world
- •Middle ages
- •Patron saints
- •Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- •Background
- •Nomination and selection
- •Diplomas
- •Award money
- •Ceremony and banquet
- •Laureates
- •Time factor and death
- •Controversial inclusions and exclusions
- •Limits on number of awardees
- •Years without awards
- •References
- •Bibliography
- •[Edit] External links
- •Online pharmacy
- •Home delivery
- •Risks and concerns
- •Discussion
- •International consumers
- •U.S. Consumers
- •Overseas online pharmacies and u.S. Law
- •Enforcement
- •Mail fraud
- •Uk consumers
- •See also
- •References
- •External links
- •Pharmacist
- •Nature of the work
- •Education and credentialing
- •Practice specialization
- •Training and practice by country
- •Australia
- •Japan History
- •Contemporary
- •Tanzania
- •United Kingdom
- •Education and registration
- •Vietnam
- •United States
- •Pharmacy School Accreditation
- •Education
- •Specialization and credentialing
- •Earnings and wages
- •Noted people who were pharmacists
- •See also
- •References
- •Further reading
- •External links
- •Pharmacognosy
- •Introduction
- •Issues in phytotherapy
- •Constituents and drug synergysm
- •Herb and drug interactions
- •Natural products chemistry
- •Loss of biodiversity
- •Sustainable sources of plant and animal drugs
- •Acceptance in the United States
- •External links
- •References
- •Pharmacology
- •Divisions
- •Environmental pharmacology
- •Scientific background
- •Medicine development and safety testing
- •Drug legislation and safety
- •Education
- •See also
- •Footnotes
- •[Edit] External links
- •Pharmacopoeia
- •Etymology
- •History
- •City pharmacopoeia
- •National pharmacopoeia
- •International pharmacopoeia
- •Medical preparations, uses and dosages
- •See also
- •References
- •External links
- •Pharmacy automation
- •History
- •Chronology
- •Global variations
- •Current state of the industry
- •Technological changes and design improvements
- •Other pharmacy-dispensing concerns besides counting
- •Future development
- •Liquid Oral doses (Childs, aging, oncology...)
- •Repackaging process and stability data
- •See also
- •References
- •External links
- •Videos of robots in action
- •Pharmacy technician
- •See also
- •References
- •External links
- •Pharmacy
- •Disciplines
- •Professionals
- •Pharmacists
- •Pharmacy technicians
- •History
- •Types of pharmacy practice areas
- •Community pharmacy
- •Hospital pharmacy
- •Clinical pharmacy
- •Ambulatory care pharmacy
- •Compounding pharmacy
- •Consultant pharmacy
- •Internet pharmacy
- •Veterinary pharmacy
- •Nuclear pharmacy
- •Military pharmacy
- •Pharmacy informatics
- •Issues in pharmacy Separation of prescribing from dispensing
- •The future of pharmacy
- •Pharmacy journals
- •See also
- •Symbols
- •References
- •External links
- •Philosophy of healthcare
- •Ethics of healthcare
- •Medical ethics
- •Nursing ethics
- •Business ethics
- •Political philosophy of healthcare
- •Patients' Bill of Rights
- •Health insurance
- •Research and scholarship
- •Clinical trials
- •Quality assurance
- •Birth and death Reproductive rights
- •Birth and living
- •Death and dying
- •Role development
- •See also
- •References
- •External links
Sources and references
^ Berlant, Jeffrey (1975). Profession and Monopoly: a study of medicine in the United States and Great Britain. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02734-5. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1081816.
^ Percival, Thomas (1849). Medical ethics. John Henry Parker. pp. 49–57 esp section 8 pg.52. http://books.google.com/?id=yVUEAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=medical+ethics.
^ Walter, Klein eds. The Story of Bioethics: From seminal works to contemporary explorations.
^ Lakhan SE, Hamlat E, McNamee T, Laird C (2009). "Time for a unified approach to medical ethics". Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine 4 (3): 13. doi:10.1186/1747-5341-4-13. PMC 2745426. PMID 19737406. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2745426/.
^ Gillon, R (1994). "Medical ethics: four principles plus attention to scope". British Medical Journal 309 (184). doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6948.184.
^ Autonomy and paternalism in medicine. [Med J Aust. 1993 Dec 6-20] - PubMed Result
^ Ryan CJ. Ethical issues, part 2: ethics, psychiatry, and end-of-life issues. Psychiatr Times. 2010;27(6):26-27.
^ Medical.Webends.com > Double effect Retrieved September 2010
^ Page 424 in:Tefferi, Ayalew (2001). Primary hematology. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. ISBN 0-89603-664-2. [1]
^ TheFreeDictionary > double effect Citing: McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine. 2002
^ http://www.ncsl.org/IssuesResearch/Health/AbortionLaws/tabid/14401/Default.aspx#parent
^ National Conference of State Legislatures > Abortion Laws > Parental Involvement in Minors' Abortions
^ Appel, JM. Must My Doctor Tell My Partner? Rethinking Confidentiality In the HIV Era, Medicine and Health Rhode Island, Jun 2006
^ Tassano, Fabian. The Power of Life or Death: Medical Coercion and the Euthanasia Debate. Foreword by Thomas Szasz, MD. London: Duckworth, 1995. Oxford: Oxford Forum, 1999.
^ Kimmelman, J.; Weijer, C; Meslin, E (2009). "Helsinki discords: FDA, ethics, and international drug trials". The Lancet 373 (9657): 13–4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61936-4. PMID 19121708.
^ Eysenbach G, Till JE (2001). "Ethical issues in qualitative research on internet communities". BMJ 323 (7321): 1103–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7321.1103. PMC 59687. PMID 11701577. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC59687/.
^ a b Bruckman A (2002). "Studying the amateur artist: A perspective on disguising data collected in human subjects research on the Internet". Ethics and Information Technology 4 (3): 217–31. doi:10.1023/A:1021316409277.
^ Turkle S (1994). "Constructions and Reconstructions of Self in Virtual Reality". Mind, Culture, and Activity 1 (3): 158–167.
^ Turkle S (1997). "Multiple subjectivity and virtual community at the end of the Freudian century". Sociological Inquiry 67 (1): 72–84. doi:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1997.tb00430.x.
^ Masters, K. (2010). "Non-disclosure in Internet-based research: the risks explored through a case study". The Internet Journal of Medical Informatics 5 (2). http://www.ispub.com/journal/the_internet_journal_of_medical_informatics/volume_5_number_2_51/article/non-disclosure-in-internet-based-research-the-risks-explored-through-a-case-study.html.
^ http://www.prnewsnow.com/Public_Release/Managed_Care_And_HMO/209319.html PRNewsNow.com; Priest, ER (2007). "Physicians Competing for TopTen Search Engine Placements Find Success Inexpensive". JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association 267 (13): 1810–2. doi:10.1001/jama.267.13.1810. PMID 1545466.
^ Bekelman JE, Li Y, Gross CP (2003). "Scope and impact of financial conflicts of interest in biomedical research: a systematic review". JAMA 289 (4): 454–65. doi:10.1001/jama.289.4.454. PMID 12533125.
^ Ross JS, Lackner JE, Lurie P, Gross CP, Wolfe S, Krumholz HM (2007). "Pharmaceutical company payments to physicians: early experiences with disclosure laws in Vermont and Minnesota". JAMA 297 (11): 1216–23. doi:10.1001/jama.297.11.1216. PMID 17374816.
^ Swedlow A, Johnson G, Smithline N, Milstein A (1992). "Increased costs and rates of use in the California workers' compensation system as a result of self-referral by physicians". N Engl J Med 327 (21): 1502–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM199211193272107. PMID 1406882.
^ Jordan, M. C. (1998). "Ethics manual. Fourth edition. American College of Physicians". Ann Intern Med 128 (7): 576–94. doi:10.1001/archinte.128.4.576. PMID 9518406. http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/128/7/576.
^ Güldal D, Semin S (2000). "The influences of drug companies' advertising programs on physicians". Int J Health Serv 30 (3): 585–95. doi:10.2190/GYW9-XUMQ-M3K2-T31C. PMID 11109183.
^ Wazana A (2000). "Physicians and the pharmaceutical industry: is a gift ever just a gift?". JAMA 283 (3): 373–80. doi:10.1001/jama.283.3.373. PMID 10647801.
^ Blake R, Early E (1995). "Patients' attitudes about gifts to physicians from pharmaceutical companies". J Am Board Fam Pract 8 (6): 457–64. PMID 8585404.
^ LA Times, "Drug money withdrawals: Medical schools review rules on pharmaceutical freebies", posted 2/12/07, accessed 3/6/07
^ JH Medicine Policy on Interaction with Industry effective date July 1, 2009, accessed July 20, 2011
^ La Puma J, Stocking C, La Voie D, Darling C (1991). "When physicians treat members of their own families. Practices in a community hospital". N Engl J Med 325 (18): 1290–4. doi:10.1056/NEJM199110313251806. PMID 1922224.
^ La Puma J, Priest E (1992). "Is there a doctor in the house? An analysis of the practice of physicians' treating their own families". JAMA 267 (13): 1810–2. doi:10.1001/jama.267.13.1810. PMID 1545466.
^ Gartrell N, Milliken N, Goodson W, Thiemann S, Lo B (1992). "Physician-patient sexual contact. Prevalence and problems". West J Med 157 (2): 139–43. PMC 1011231. PMID 1441462. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1011231/.
^ JM Appel. May Physicians Date Their Patients’ Relatives? Rethinking Sexual Misconduct & Disclosure After Long v. Ostroff, Medicine & Health, Rhode Island, May 2004
Beauchamp, Tom L., and Childress, James F. 2001. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bioethics introduction
Brody, Baruch A. 1988. Life and Death Decision Making. New York: Oxford University Press.
Curran, Charles E. "The Catholic Moral Tradition in Bioethics" in Walter and Klein (below).
Epstein, Steven (2009). Inclusion: The Politics of Difference in Medical Research. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-21310-1.
Fletcher, Joseph F. 1954. Morals and Medicine: The Moral Problems of: The Patient's Right to Know the Truth, Contraception, Artificial Insemination, Sterilization, Euthanasia. Boston: Beacon.
The Hastings Center's Bibliography of Ethics, Biomedicine, and Professional Responsibility.
Kelly, David. The Emergence of Roman Catholic Medical Ethics in North America. New York: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1979. See especially chapter 1, "Historical background to the discipline."
Sherwin, Susan. 1992. No Longer Patient: Feminist Ethics and Health Care. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Veatch, Robert M. 1988. A Theory of Medical Ethics. New York: Basic Books.
Walter, Jennifer and Eran P. Klein eds. The Story of Bioethics: From seminal works to contemporary explorations Georgetown University Press, 2003
Tauber, Alfred I (1999). Confessions of a Medicine Man. Cambridge: MIT Press
Tauber, Alfred I (2005). Patient Autonomy and the Ethics of Responsibility. Cambridge: MIT Press