Учебное пособие 290

2. Complete the sentences according to the text:

1. Fashion design is the art of … 2. Fashion designers must at times anticipate changes…. 3. Some designers sketch their ideas on paper, while others…. 4. …. makes the finished, working version of the pattern out of card or via a computerized system. 5. A sample garment is made up and tested on a model to make sure…. 6. Unusual garments are usually sought …

3.Fill in the gaps with the following words:

Accessories, changes, wear, the fit, beauty, a garment

1. Fashion design is the art of applying natural … to clothing and its accessories. 2. Fashion designers work in designing clothing and … such as bracelets and necklaces. 3. Designers must anticipate to consumer tastes. 4. When a designer is completely satisfied with … of the toile, he will consult a professional pattern maker. 5. They consider who is likely to wear … and the situations in which it will be worn. 6. Though most clothing worn for everyday

TYPES OF FASHION

The garments produced by clothing manufacturers fall into three main categories, although these may be split up into additional, more specific categories

Haute couture until the 1950s, fashion clothing was predominately designed and manufactured on a made-to-measure or haute couture basis (French for highsewing), with each garment being created for a specific client. A couture garment is made to order for an individual customer, and is usually made from high-quality, expensive fabric, sewn with extreme attention to detail and finish, often using timeconsuming, hand-executed techniques. Look and fit take priority over the cost of materials and the time it takes to make. Due to the high cost of each garment, haute couture makes little direct profit for the fashion houses, but is important for prestige and publicity.

Ready-to-wear, or prêt-à-porter, clothes are a cross between haute couture and mass market. They are not made for individual customers, but great care is taken in the choice and cut of the fabric. Clothes are made in small quantities to guarantee exclusivity, so they are rather expensive. Ready-to-wear collections are usually presented by fashion houses each season during a period known as Fashion Week. This takes place on a citywide basis and occurs twice a year. The main seasons of Fashion Week include: spring/summer, fall/winter, resort, swim, and bridal.

Half-way garments are intentionally unfinished pieces of clothing that encourages co-design between the "primary designer" of the garment, and what would usually be considered, the passive "consumer". This differs from ready-to-wear fashion, as the consumer is able to participate in the process of making and co-designing their clothing.

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Mass market Currently, the fashion industry relies more on mass-market sales. The mass market caters for a wide range of customers, producing ready-to-wear garments using trends set by the famous names in fashion. They often wait around a season to make sure a style is going to catch on before producing their versions of the original look. To save money and time, they use cheaper fabrics and simpler production techniques which can easily be done by machines. The end product can, therefore, be sold much more cheaply.

There is a type of design called "kutch" originated from the German word kitschig, meaning "trashy" or "not aesthetically pleasing". Kitsch can also refer to "wearing or displaying something that is therefore no longer in fashion".

WORK ON THE VOCABULARY

1.Find the English equivalents in the text:

Предметы одежды, высококачественный, дорогая ткань, трудоемкий, выполненный вручную, внешний вид и подгонка, прибыль, кроить ткань, общегородская основа, курорт, свадьба, преднамеренно, поощряет совместное проектирование.

2. Complete the sentences according to the text:

1. Haute couture garment is made to order for… 2. …. take priority over the cost of materials and the time it takes to make. 3. Haute couture makes little direct profit for the fashion houses because of … 4. … are a cross between haute couture and mass market. 5. Clothes are rather expensive because…. 6. Ready-to-wear collections are usually presented as ….which occurs….. 7. Half-way garments encourage codesign between… 8. The mass market caters for a wide range of customers using…. 9. They use cheaper fabrics and simpler production techniques to…

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UNIT V

INDUSTRIAL DESIGH

INDUSTRIAL DESIGN

Industrial design is a process of design applied to products that are to be manufactured through techniques of mass production. A key characteristic is that design precedes manufacture: the creative act of determining and defining a product's form and features takes place in advance of the physical act of making a product, which consists purely of repeated, often automated, replication. This distinguishes industrial design from craft-based design, where the form of the product is determined by the product's creator largely concurrent with the act of its creation.

All manufactured products are the result of a design process, but the nature of this process can take many forms. It can be conducted by an individual or a team, and such a team could include people with varied expertise (e.g. industrial designers, engineers, business experts, etc.). It can emphasize intuitive creativity or calculated scientific decision-making, and often emphasizes both. It can be influenced by factors as varied as materials, production processes, business strategy, and prevailing social, commercial, or aesthetic attitudes. Industrial design, as an applied art, most often focuses on a combination of aesthetics and user-focused considerations, but also often provides solutions for problems of form, function, physical ergonomics, marketing, brand development, sustainability, and sales.[8]

Industrial design studies function and form—and the connection between product, user, and environment. Generally, industrial design professionals work in small scale design, rather than overall design of complex systems such as buildings or ships. Industrial designers don't usually design motors, electrical circuits, or gearing that make machines move, but they may affect technical aspects through usability design and form relationships. Usually, they work with other professionals such as engineers who focus on the mechanical and other functional aspects of the product, assuring functionality and manufacturability, and with marketers to identify and fulfill customer needs and expectations.

Design, itself, is often difficult to describe to non-designers, because the meaning accepted by the design community is not made of words. Instead, the definition is created as a result of acquiring a critical framework for the analysis and creation of artifacts. One of the many accepted (but intentionally unspecific) definitions of design originates from Carnegie Mellon's School of Design, "Design is the process of taking something from its existing state and moving it to a preferred state" (Simon, Herbert A. "The sciences of the artificial." Cambridge, MA (1969, 1981, 1996)). This applies to new artifacts, whose existing state is undefined, and previously created artifacts, whose state stands to be improved.

Industrial design can overlap significantly with engineering design, and in different countries the boundaries of the two concepts can vary, but in gen-

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eral engineering focuses principally on functionality or utility of products, whereas industrial design focuses principally on aesthetic and user-interface aspects of products. In many jurisdictions this distinction is effectively defined by credentials and/or licensure required to engage in the practice of engineering. "Industrial design" as such does not overlap much with the engineering sub-discipline of industrial engineering, except for the latter's sub-specialty of ergonomics.

At the 29th General Assembly in Gwangju, South Korea, 2015, the Professional Practise Committee unveiled a renewed definition of industrial design as follows: "Industrial Design is a strategic problem-solving process that drives innovation, builds business success and leads to a better quality of life through innovative products, systems, services and experiences." An extended version of this definition is as follows: "Industrial Design is a strategic problem-solving process that drives innovation, builds business success and leads to a better quality of life through innovative products, systems, services and experiences. Industrial Design bridges the gap between what is and what’s possible. It is a trans-disciplinary profession that harnesses creativity to resolve problems and co-create solutions with the intent of making a product, system, service, experience or a business, better. At its heart, Industrial Design provides a more optimistic way of looking at the future by reframing problems as opportunities. It links innovation, technology, research, business and customers to provide new value and competitive advantage across economic, social and environmental spheres. Industrial Designers place the human in the centre of the process. They acquire a deep understanding of user needs through empathy and apply a pragmatic, user centric problem solving process to design products, systems, services and experiences. They are strategic stakeholders in the innovation process and are uniquely positioned to bridge varied professional disciplines and business interests. They value the economic, social and environmental impact of their work and their contribution towards co-creating a better quality of life. "

Industrial Design is an applied art whereby the aesthetics it improves usability of products. Design aspects specified by the industrial designer may include the overall shape of the object, the location of details with respect to one another, colour, texture, sounds, and aspects concerning the use of the product ergonomics. Additionally, the industrial designer may specify aspects concerning the production process, choice of materials and the presentation of a product to the consumer at the point of sale. Industrial designers make exclusive the visual design of objects. An industrial design consists of the creation of a shape, configuration or composition of pattern or colour, or combination of pattern and colour in three-dimensional form containing aesthetic value.

The use of industrial designers in a product development process improves usability, lowers production costs and leads to the appearance of more appealing products. It is important that in order to be an Industrial Design the product has to be produced in an industrial way, for example, an artisan cannot be considered an industrial designer, although he may challenge the same aspects of a product.

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Some industrial designs are viewed as classic pieces that can be regarded as much as work of art as works of engineering.

Industrial design has a focus on concepts, products and processes. In addition to aesthetics, usability and ergonomics, it can also include the engineering of objects, usefulness as well as usability, market placement and other concerns.

Product Design and Industrial Design can overlap into the fields of interface design, information design and interaction design. Various schools of Industrial Design and/or Product Design may specialize in one of these aspects, ranging from pure art colleges (product styling) to mixed programmes of Engineering and Design, to related disciplines like exhibit design and interior design.

Definition of Industrial Design. According to the ICSID (International Council of Societies of Industrial Design): “Design is a creative activity whose aim is to establish the multi-faced qualities of objects, processes, services and their systems in whole life-cycles. Therefore, design is the central factor of innovative humanization of technologies and the crucial factor of cultural and economic exchange”.

Dictionary:

artisan – кустарь, мастеровой, ремесленник to specify – точно определять, устанавливать concerning – касательно, относительно

to challenge – 1) ставить под вопрос, оспаривать; 2) бросать вызов, вызывать; провоцировать

usability – пригодность, применимость to overlap – частично совпадать

WORK ON THE VOCABULARY

1. Find the English equivalents in the text:

Прикладное искусство, форма объекта, расположение, производственный процесс, потребитель, пространственный (трехмерный), рисунок (узор), производственные цены, произведение инженерного искусства, концентрируется на (обращает внимание на), творческая деятельность, жизненные циклы.

2. True or false?

1.Industrial design can help to improve usability of products.

2.Industrial design has no aesthetic value.

3.There are not any works of art among industrial designs.

4.Industrial design pays much attention to the aesthetic value of products.

5.Pure art colleges usually do not have any specialized programme for industrial design.

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3.Answer the questions to the text:

1.What is industrial design? What does it deal with?

2.What does industrial design help to improve?

3.What aspects does an industrial designer usually pay attention to?

4.What does industrial design have focus on?

5.Does industrial design concentrate only on aesthetic, usability and ergonomics?

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UNIT VI

WEB DESIGH

WEB DESIGN

Web design encompasses many different skills and disciplines in the production and maintenance of websites. The different areas of web design include web graphic design; interface design; authoring, including standardized code and proprietary software; user experience design; and search engine optimization. The term "web design" is normally used to describe the design process relating to the front-end (client side) design of a website including writing markup.

Web designers use a variety of different tools depending on what part of the production process they are involved in. These tools are updated over time by newer standards and software but the principles behind them remain the same. Web designers use both vector and raster graphics editors to create web-formatted imagery or design prototypes.

There are two primary jobs involved in creating a website: the web designer and web developer, who often work closely together on a website. The web designers are responsible for the visual aspect, which includes the layout, coloring and typography of a web page. Web designers will also have a working knowledge of markup languages such as HTML and CSS, although the extent of their knowledge will differ from one web designer to another. Particularly in smaller organizations, one person will need the necessary skills for designing and programming the full web page, while larger organizations may have a web designer responsible for the visual aspect alone.

WORK ON THE VOCABULARY

1.Answer the questions to the text:

2.What sort of skills does web design encompass?

3.What areas of web design do you know?

4.What is the term "web design" normally used to describe?

5.What tools do web designers use to create web-formatted imagery or design prototypes?

6.What are the web designers responsible for?

2. Complete the sentences according to the text:

1.The different areas of web design include… 2. The term "web design" describes…

3.A variety of different tools of web designers depends on… 4. Web designers use both…. to create web-formatted imagery or design prototypes. 5. The web designers are responsible for…

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Design and Computer Technologies

Computers

One of the greatest advances in modern technology has been the invention of computers. They are already widely used in industry and in universities and the time may come when it will not be possible to live without computers. These machines can be put to various uses.

People used computers to be informed about weather conditions. With the help of computers drivers are able to avoid traffic jams by taking a different road. Computers are also used in hospitals. By providing a machine with a patient’s symptoms, a doctor is able to diagnose his illness.

Computers are the most efficient servants of man.

Computer Graphics

There have been complaints that mathematics is too abstract a subject for the majority of children to understand. Professional mathematicians contend that all maths has a visual basis and offer as proof the diagrams.

Now, Art and Mathematics are drawing closer together as computer graphics are being used to designer room, things using the computers.

Computer programs allow the designer students to develop the abilities to create building interiors.

The Interior Design students are introduced to the basic elements and theories of design, color and spatial composition that form the foundation of creative design for both residential and commercial properties.

Dictionary: advance – прогресс various – различные

weather condition – погодные условия traffic jam – дорожная пробка

to provide – обеспечивать efficient – эффективный a complaint – жалоба

to content – содержать

visual basis – зрительная основа drawing closer – сближаться basic – основные

spatial – пространственная foundation – формировать residential – жилой

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