М
ИНИСТЕРСТВО
ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования
«Воронежский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет»
Л.В. Лукина рыночная экономика
MARKET ECONOMY
Учебное пособие
для студентов 1-го курса специальностей
«Экономика предприятия и организаций»,
«Менеджмент», «Бухгалтерский учет, анализ и аудит»
В
оронеж
2014
УДК 802.0(07)
ББК 85.33:81.2Англ я 7
Л647
Рецензенты:
кафедра иностранных языков Воронежского филиала
Московского гуманитарно-экономического института;
М.А. Стернина, зав. кафедрой английского языка естественнонаучных факультетов Воронежского государственного
университета, профессор, доктор филологических наук
|
Лукина, Л.В. |
Л647 |
Рыночная экономика. Market Economy: учеб. пособие / Л.В. Лукина; Воронежский ГАСУ. – Воронеж, 2013. – 84 с.
|
Данное учебное пособие составлено на основе учебной программы курса английского языка для студентов (бакалавров) экономических специальностей вузов и рассчитано на 120 аудиторных часов.
Пособие знакомит с различными экономическими вопросами, основными понятиями и терминами экономики и бизнеса. Цель пособия – развитие навыков чтения профессионально ориентированных текстов, совершенствование коммуникативных навыков устной и письменной речи на основе текстов по прикладной экономике.
В основу учебного пособия положен современный аутентичный материал, охватывающий основные направления специализации экономистов, с учетом современных требований. Материал данного пособия соответствует тематике курсов экономического образования в вузе.
Библиогр.: 14 назв.
Печатается по решению научно-методического совета
Воронежского ГАСУ
УДК 802.0(07)
Ббк 85.33:81.2 Англ я7
ISBN 978-5-89040-488-6 © Лукина Л.В., 2013
© Воронежский ГАСУ, 2014
Введение
Данное учебное пособие разработано в соответствии с учебной программой курса английского языка для студентов (бакалавров) экономических специальностей вузов. Пособие предназначено для студентов, обучающихся по специальности «Экономика предприятия и организаций», «Менеджмент», «Бухгалтерский учет, анализ и аудит».
Цель пособия состоит в том, чтобы познакомить студентов с современной информацией по экономической проблематике на английском языке, развить навыки чтения профессионально ориентированных текстов, совершенствовать коммуникативные навыки устной и письменной речи на основе текстов по экономике. Предполагается, что студент владеет английским языком в объеме средней школы. Это приблизительно соответствует уровню Intermidiate. Пособие состоит из двух частей и включает три раздела (Unit).
Каждый раздел (Unit) первой части включает в себя текст, который имеет экономическую направленность. Он предназначен для изучающего чтения в аудитории и дома. Каждый текст снабжен вокабуляром экономических терминов, необходимых для понимания и активизации данного языкового материала и умения вести беседу по проблемам современной экономики, лексическими и грамматическими упражнениями. Тексты различаются по степени сложности и ориентированы на развитие навыков понимания содержания экономических текстов, их устного и письменного перевода, реферирования, а также выполнения практических творческих заданий. Тексты сопровождаются предтекстовыми и послетекстовыми заданиями. Часть заданий снабжена ключами. Предтекстовые задания имеют целью повторить лексический и грамматический материал и снять трудности понимания. Послетекстовые коммуникативные задания предусматривают активизацию языкового материала и умение побеседовать по данной теме.
Во второй части в конце пособия приводится грамматический справочник для самостоятельного повторения английской грамматики, охватывающий ее основные разделы, и таблица неправильных глаголов.
Учебное пособие включает темы, отражающие важные аспекты современной рыночной экономики и коммерческой деятельности человека: «Экономические системы», «Формы частной собственности», «Структура предприятия», «Поиск работы», «Как составить резюме», «Интервью» и другие. Задания и упражнения позволяют развить умения и навыки чтения, перевода, разговорной речи, расширить словарный запас, развивать творческий подход к изучению английского языка. Тексты содержат большой фактический материал, представляющий интерес и связанный с будущей профессией обучающихся.
UNIT 1
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
There are three basic economic systems.
They are:
Traditional Economies
Command Economies
Market Economies
Вспомните, что вам известно, об экономических системах разных стран. Какова экономическая система в России, США, Великобритании?
1.1. DIFFERENT ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
Задание 1. Догадайтесь о значении слов с интернациональными корнями:
economic system, control, basic resources, services, nation, traditional, command, mixed, principal element, efficient
Задание 2. Познакомьтесь со словами и словосочетаниями, которые помогут вам понять текст:
1. traditional economy – традиционная система экономики
2. command economy – командная система
3. market economy – рыночная экономика
4. to own – владеть
5. owner – владелец, собственник
6. to produce – производить
7. goods – товары
8. a decision – решение
9. to make decisions – принимать решения
10. a developed country – развитая страна
11. wealth – богатство
12. production – производство
13. labour – труд
14. efficient – эффективный
15. output – выпуск
1
6.
ownership
17. proprietorship собственность
18. property
Задание 3. Прочтите и переведите текст.
Every country has an economic system – that is a way of making economic choices and decisions. Which system a country follows depends on:
a) who owns and controls the basic resources needed to produce goods and services;
b) who makes the basic economic decisions. No nation in the world uses one of three basic economic systems (traditional, command, market). Almost every developed country: the United States, Russia, Canada, Britain has a mixed economic system.
In 1776 «the father of Economics» Adam Smith described the principal elements of the economic system. In Smith’s view, a nation’s wealth was dependent upon production. How much it produced, depended upon how well it combined labour and the other factors of production. The more efficient is the combination, the greater the output and the greater the nation’s wealth.
Задание 4. Не путайте два прилагательных:
efficient / effective: оба слова обозначают кого-то или что-то, что работает хорошо.
Посмотрите разницу и вставьте нужное слово в предложение:
efficient, working quickly and effectively in an organised way
The city’s transport system is one of the most efficient in Europe.
effective, something produces the results that it was intended to; or a skilled person
It’s a very effective cure for a headache. She’s a very effective teacher.
1. We need someone really … who can organise the office.
2. She is in … control of the office. She’s not officially our boss.
3. Mrs. Lee is the most … personal assistant I’ve ever had - she knows where
everything is.
4. Inflation is down from eight per cent to less that two per cent so the
government’s measures have been …
5. After a very . . . marketing campaign sales were up by 15 per cent.
6. Our sales department is very …: orders are sent off the same day as they’re
received.
Задание 5. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. What does it mean an economic system?
2. What are there basic economic systems?
3. Which economic system does Russia have?
4. Which economic system did the USSR have?
5. What does an economic system of a country depend on?
6. Who was «the father of Economics»?
7. What is Adam Smith famous for?
Check your grammar: Simple Tenses
Задание 6. Вставьте правильную форму глагола.
I often (to go) to the Ministry of Foreign Trade.
He (to read) the Financial Times tomorrow.
She (to attend) the lecture on Economics yesterday.
Задание 7. Переведите предложения с английского на русский язык.
The more books you read, the more you know.
The sooner they do this work, the better.
The higher the demand for our goods, the more profit we will obtain.
1.2. TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC SYSTEM
Задание 1. Догадайтесь о значении слов с интернациональными корнями:
human, investment, machinery, stable, individuals, base, equipment
Задание 2. Познакомьтесь со словами, которые помогут вам понять текст:
1. land – земля
2. equipment – оборудование
3. growth – рост
4. investment – капиталовложение
5. advantage – преимущество
6. disadvantage – недостаток
7. stable – устойчивый, постоянный
8. choice – выбор
Задание 3. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
For the most of human history, people have used the traditional economy. In a traditional economy things are done the way they have always been done. Tools, land and equipment are owned by families and tribes. The basic decisions were made in the distant past. Goods and services are produced according to habits and customs. In a traditional economy, the son usually does what his father did.
There is a little or no economic growth in such a system. There is no investment in new or more efficient machinery. Traditional economy has both advantages and disadvantages. The advantages are:
1) a traditional economy is very stable and people know what to expect;
2) everyone has a place in the economy. Nо one is left out.
Here are some disadvantages:
1) individuals don’t have much choice in the type of work they do. Their roles are based on customs; 2) change comes very slowly.
Today, traditional economies are common only among agricultural societies in Latin America, Asia, and Africa.
Задание 4. Выберите нужное слово из числа данных в правой колонке и вставьте его в предложение:
1. Tools, land and equipment ... by families. a. services
2. Goods and ...are produced according to b. has
customs.
3. There is little economic growth in.... c. are owned
4. The traditional economy … advantages and d. the traditional economy
disadvantages.
Задание 5. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. What does it mean the traditional economic system?
2. Who owns land and equipment in a traditional economy?
3. Who makes the basic decisions?
4. Is there any economic growth in such a system?
5. What are the advantages of the traditional economy?
6. What are the disadvantages of the traditional economy?
7. Where are traditional economies common today?
Check your grammar: Continuous Tenses
Задание 6. Вставьте правильную форму глагола.
The coffee (to boil). Turn it off.
She (to write) a report the whole everything yesterday.
What this manager (to do)?
We (to have) lunch at 3 o’clock tomorrow.
1.3. THE COMMAND ECONOMY
Задание 1. Догадайтесь о значении слов с интернациональными корнями:
civilization, protect, control, planner, ideas, bureaucracy, dictator
Задание 2. Познакомьтесь со словами, которые помогут вам понять текст:
1. a ruler – правитель
2. to increase – увеличивать
3. supply – запасы
4. food – продовольствие
5. trade – торговля
6. to promote – содействовать (продвижению товара на рынок)
7. as well as – так же, как
8. a central authority – центральная власть
9. capital goods - основные средства (производственные здания, машины,
оборудование)
10. to distribute – распределять
11. to encourage – поощрять
12. to abuse – злоупотреблять
13. benefit – польза, выгода
14. own – собственный
Задание 3. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
As the civilization grew up in Egypt, in China, and in other places, their rulers wanted to increase their wealth. To do this, they needed to protect their people’s food supply, to promote trade and growth, to defend themselves and to make war on other countries. So they took control of the economy as well as the government of their state. An economic system in which the decisions are made by a central authority like a king, a dictator, or a powerful political party is called a command economy.
In a command economy, land and capital goods are owned and controlled by the central authority. The central decision-makers, called planners, decide what will be produced, how it will be produced, how much will be produced and how it will be distributed. Individuals follow the decisions of the central planners. An example of a command economy in an industrial society was the Soviet Union (the USSR).
The needs of the entire country can be considered by the central planners. All the changes in what is produced can be made fairly quickly.
Here are some disadvantages of the command economy:
1) individuals are not encouraged to develop new ideas and to work hard; 2) day-to-day decision-making is sometimes very slow because a large number of people, called a bureaucracy, are involved in making decisions; 3) power is in the hands of a few people – nobles or a single powerful political party – who often abuse the power for their own benefits.
Задание 4. Выберите нужное слово из числа данных в правой колонке и вставьте его в предложение.
1. In ... land and capital goods are owned by the central a. controlled
authority.
2. In the Soviet Union the Communist party... the economy. b. decisions
3. An economic system in which the decisions are made
by … is called a command economy. c. a command economy
4. Individuals follow ... of the planners. d. changes
5. ....can be made quickly. e. a central authority
Задание 5. Соедините глагол и существительное в левой и в правой колонке,
чтобы получилось словосочетание:
1. to promote a) economy
2. to control b) capital goods
3. to make c) the power
4. to own d) new ideas
5. to abuse e) trade
6. to develop f) decisions
Задание 6. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. What economic system is called the command economy?
2. Who owns and controls land and capital goods in a command economy?
3. Economy of what countries are examples of a command economy?
4. What are advantages and disadvantages of a command economy?
Check your grammar: Perfect Tenses
Задание 7. Вставьте правильную форму глагола.
She just (to go) out.
When they (to enter) the hall, the performance already (to begin).
By the time we (to come) to see him he (to return) home.
We (to translate) the article by 6 o’clock.
1.4. THE MARKET ECONOMY
Задание 1. Догадайтесь о значении слов с интернациональными корнями:
private, result, traditionally, satisfy, rent, invest, business
Задание 2. Познакомьтесь со словами, которые помогут вам понять текст:
1. to buy (bought) – покупать
2. to sell (sold) – продавать
3. to run (ran, run) – управлять, руководить
4. to exchange – обменивать
5 an entrepreneur – предприниматель, владелец предприятия
6. wage – заработная плата
7. interest – (банковские) проценты
8. profit – прибыль
9. payment – плата
10. flexible – гибкий
11. to subject – подвергать
12. a resource market – сырьевой рынок
13. a product market – товарный рынок
14. to produce – производить
15. to make up – состоять
Задание 3. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
The market economy (also called capitalism or the private enterprise system) is the result of millions of buying and selling decisions made by millions of individuals. No one runs the market economy. It runs itself. Most modern-day economies are market economies. Traditionally, a market is the place where people buy and sell things. But for economists, the word "market" means something slightly different. It refers to the actions of buying and selling, not just to the place where things are bought and sold. A market is made up of people and actions. In any market place (a grocery store, a gas station, a shoe repair shop) buyers exchange money for a product or service. Economic decisions in a pure market economy are made by buyers and sellers.
Land and capital goods - factories, tools - are privately owned.
The idea of a market economy started about 200 years ago, during the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century England. Goods began to be made in factories with large machines instead of being made by hand. Individuals (inventors, industrialists, entrepreneurs) became wealthy and more powerful in government. They were not satisfied with an economic system that was benefited to nobles. They wanted an economic system that would benefit them.
A market economy is made up of two markets: a resource market and a product market. In each of these two markets, something is exchanged between producers and individuals.
In the resource market, the resources that producers need (labour, land, capital goods) are exchanged for money (wages, rent, interest, profits). Individuals provide resources to producers. Producers in turn provide money to individuals. Producers pay: a) wages in exchange for labour; b) rent in exchange for land; c) interest on borrowed money; d) profits to individuals who invest money.
In the product market, products and services are exchanged for money. Producers provide products and services to individuals. Individuals in turn provide money to producers in payment for the products or services.
A market economy has a number of advantages: 1) a lot of people are involved in making economic decisions; 2) individuals are free to work for their own best interests; 3) producers are free to produce what they wish; 4) individuals are encouraged to develop new ideas. This helps to create a wide variety of goods and services. 5) the economy is flexible and able to meet people’s needs; 6) consumers are free to buy the goods and services they choose.
Its disadvantages are that: 1) individuals who are unable to work (who are too young, too old or ill) have no way of meeting their own needs; 2) individuals cannot succeed in their business; 3) if individuals work only for their own interests, the good of society may suffer. Air and water pollution are examples. 4) the economy is subject to ups and downs called business cycles. The down parts of cycles hurt everyone. 5) the market economy exploits labour.
Задание 4. Выберите нужное слово из числа данных в правой колонке и вставьте его в предложение:
1. In a market buyers ... money for a product. | a. privately
2. Land and capital goods are ... owned. | b. pay
3. A market economy is made up of two . . . . | c. exchange
4. Producers ... wages in exchange for labour. | d. buy and sell
5. A market is the place where people ... things. | e. markets
Задание 5. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. What are the most modern-day economies?
2. What does it mean the market economy?
3. What is a market made up?
4. Who owns land and capital goods in the market economy?
5. Who makes economic decisions?
6. When did a market economy start?
7. What is the difference between a resource market and a product market?
8. What are advantages of the market economy?
9. What are disadvantages of the market economy?
Check your grammar: Perfect Continuous Tenses
Задание 6. Вставьте правильную форму глагола.
All the roads were blocked: it (to snow) all night long.
She fell ill because she (to work) very hard.
I (to wait) for you since 5 o’clock.
It (to rain) since Sunday.
How long you (to study) English?
You look tied. – Yes, I (to work) at my project.
Next year I (to study) for 4 years.
1.5. THE MIXED ECONOMIC SYSTEM
Задание 1. Познакомьтесь со словами и словосочетаниями, которые помогут
вам понять текст:
1. public utilities – коммунальные услуги
2. to be publicly owned – быть в общественной собственности
3. to be privately owned – быть в частной собственности
4. welfare – благосостояние
5. mixed economy – смешанная экономика
Задание 2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Socialist ideas are part of the economic system in several Western European countries today. Sweden and Great Britain are two examples. In these countries public utilities, transportation, and medical services are nationalized. They are publicly owned and operated by the government. However, most industry in Britain and Sweden is privately owned just as in other capitalist countries. The government controls part of the economy to protect welfare of all its citizens. These countries are called capitalist - welfare states.
In the industrial countries command and pure market economies do not exist today. All industrial countries now have combinations of market and command economies called mixed economies.
The United States has a mixed economic system. It has the basic features of a market economy, but it is not a pure market system. Government regulates some parts of the economy. Almost every developed country has a mixed economic system.
Задание З. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. What is it a mixed economic system?
2. What countries have a mixed economic system?
3. Why does the government control some part of the economy (railroads, airlines,
hydroelectric power)?
Check your grammar: Future Tenses
Задание 4. Выберите правильную форму глагола.
Don’t phone me tonight. I (will study; will be studying; study) for my Economics exam.
By the time we arrive home, she (will have finished; is going to finish; will have been finishing) cooking.
Now that I’ve got a job, I (will buy; am going to buy; am buying) a car.
The train (leaves; is leaving; will leave) Moscow at nine o’clock.
By the end of the day, she (will be working; will have worked; will have been working) for ten hours.
Next week we (will lie; will have been lying; will be lying) on the beach.
(Will I; Would I; Shall I) help you with the shopping, Mum?
UNIT 2
TYPES OF PROPRIETORSHIP
A business may be privately owned in three important forms:
Sole proprietorship Partnership Corporation
Какие формы собственности существуют в странах с рыночной экономикой?
2.1. SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP
Задание 1. Догадайтесь о значении существительных с интернациональными корнями:
firm, business, corporation, service industry, restaurant
Задание 2. Познакомьтесь со словами и словосочетаниями, которые помогут вам понять текст:
i ndividual proprietorship (амер.) индивидуальное частное
sole proprietorship (англ.) - предпринимательство
2 . a proprietor
an owner - собственник, владелец
3. partnership – товарищество, партнерство
4 . corporation (амер.)
company (англ.) - корпорация, компания, фирма
5. volume – объем, количество
6. receipt – денежные поступления
7. service industry – сфера услуг
8. to account for – насчитывать
9. a repair shop – мастерская
10. profit – прибыль
11. to bear the loss – нести потери (убытки)
12. to start the business – начать дело
13. to go into business – заниматься бизнесом
Задание 3. Подберите к русским словам и словосочетаниям соответствующие английские эквиваленты:
1) быть в частой собственности; 2) самый обычный, 3) очевидно, что …
4) прежде всего; 5) в различных формах; 6) сфера обслуживания;
7) косметический салон; 8) прачечная
________________________________________________________________
1) it is evident that … ; 2) first of all; 3) to be privately owned; 4) service industry;
5) in different forms; 6) a beauty shop; 7) a laundry; 8) the most common
Задание 4. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
The simplest form of business organization is the sole proprietorship (or individual proprietorship). This is "one-man business". One person provides the capital (the money needed to start the business), has complete control of the business, keeps all the profit (or bears the loss). This person can start or stop his business whenever he likes. He need not consult a lawyer to form the business. And he can start the business with a small amount of capital. A sole proprietor decides upon his vacation, working hours, salary, hiring and firing.
But there is some risk. The proprietor has unlimited liability. It means that he is responsible for all debts. So if the business fails, he has to declare personal bankruptcy and can lose his personal assets.
It is difficult to compete with large firms and to raise money for expansion. Sole proprietorships also cannot get tax benefits.
The sole proprietorship is the most common form in American business. More than 80 percent of all businesses in the United States are sole proprietorships. But it is evident that they do not do the greatest volume of business. They account for less than 18 percent of all business receipts.
The examples of this form of owning business are small shops, service industries such as laundries, beauty shops, repair shops and restaurants.
Задание 5. Познакомьтесь со словами, относящимися к данной теме:
1. to consult a lawyer – консультироваться у юриста
2. to hire – нанимать
3. to fire – увольнять
4. to decide upon vacation, working hours, salary, hiring and firing – решать
вопросы, связанные с отпуском, продолжительностью рабочего дня,
зарплатой, наймом, увольнением
5. to have unlimited liability – нести неограниченную юридическую
ответственность
6. to be responsible for all debts – нести ответственность за долги
7. to fail – потерпеть неудачу
8. to declare personal bankruptcy – объявить личное банкротство
9. personal assets – личная собственность
10. tax benefits – льготы по налогообложению
11. to get tax benefits – получать льготы по налогообложению
12. an accountant – специалист по финансам (налогам)
13. a book-keeper – бухгалтер
14. to do books – вести бухгалтерский учет
15. to compete – конкурировать
Задание 6. Выберите нужное слово из числа данных в правой колонке и вставьте его в предложение:
1. Sole proprietorships … a small part of all business a. bankruptcy
receipts.
2. Our bank is not publicly owned, it is ... owned. b. account for
3. The … industries do not manufacture products. c. forms
4. If the business fails, the sole proprietor declares personal… d. privately
5. A sole trader need not consult … e. businesses
6. Small … are very often service industries. f. corporations
7. Less than 20 percent of European businesses are g. a lawyer
partnerships and ... h. service
8. There are three … of business ownership.
Задание 7. Переведите предложения.
1. Я сам контролирую прибыль своего предприятия .
2. Если вы занимаетесь бизнесом oдин, это называется индивидуальным
частным предпринимательством.
3. Вам не нужно обращаться к юристу.
4. Директор решает вопросы, связанные с наймом и увольнением.
5. Наша фирма несет полную юридическую ответственность.
6. Нам нужно нанять бухгалтера.
7. Частный предприниматель отвечает за все долги.
8. Я хочу начать свое собственное дело.
9. Корпорации приносят большие прибыли.
10. Компания получает льготы по налогообложению.
Задание 8. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. What are the three ways that a business may be privately owned?
2. Who owns the sole proprietorship?
3. What does the unlimited liability mean?
4. Do sole proprietorships have the greatest volume of business?
5. What are the advantages of this form of business?
6. What are the disadvantages of the sole proprietorship?
7. List some businesses which are likely to be sole proprietorships?
Задание 9. Обсудите проблемы с партнерами.
You are going to start your own business.
1. Are you thinking of starting your own business?
2. What business do you want to start?
3. How do we call the business if you go into it alone?
4. Do you need a lawyer if you want to start a sole proprietorship?
5. How many employees are you going to hire for your business? In what сases will
you fire them?
6. What will you do if your business fails?
7. Can you do your books yourself?
8. Are you going to hire an accountant?
Задание 10. Расскажите о самой простой форме частной собственности - индивидуальном предпринимательстве, используя фразы:
I am going to speak about…
Now just a few words about…
In conclusion I’d like to say that…
Check your grammar: Modal Verbs
Задание 11. Выберите правильную форму глагола.
He (must; could; can’t) be rich. He never has any money.
Where is Ann? She (could; might; ought to) be here by now.
(Might; May; Must) I speak to the manager, please?
(Shall; Could; Must) you lend me some money, please?
You (should; can’t; mustn’t) walk on the grass.
2.2. PARTNERSHIPS
unlimited partnership limited partnership
general partnership
Какие существуют разновидности товарищества (партнерства) и в чем их отличие?
Задание 1. Догадайтесь о значении слов с интернациональными корнями:
существительные: association, person, partner, public, firm, management, form, medicine, industry, capital;
глагол: to form;
прилагательные: general, secret, professional
Задание 2. Познакомьтесь со словами и словосочетаниями, которые помогут вам понять текст:
1. partnership – партнерство, товарищество
2
.
unlimited
partnership
(англ.)
general partnership (амер.) - полное товарищество (партнерство)
3. limited partnership – товарищество с ограниченной ответственностью
4. to carry on a business – вести дело, заниматься бизнесом
5. a general partner – общий партнер (несущий полную юридическую
ответственность за дело)
6. a limited partner – партнер с ограниченной юридической ответственностью
7. a silent partner – партнер без права голоса
8. a secret partner – секретный партнер (с правом голоса, но неизвестный общественности как партнер)
9. law – юриспруденция
10. insurance – страхование
11. stockbrokerage – биржевое маклерство
12. real estate – недвижимость
13. oil prospecting – добыча нефти
14. quarrying industries – добывающие отрасли промышленности
15. to be legally responsible – быть юридически ответственным
Задание 3. Подберите к русским словам и словосочетаниям соответствующие английские эквиваленты:
1) заниматься бизнесом; 2) лицо, известное как…; 3) противоположное;
4) принимать участие; 5) определенные недостатки; 6) также;
7) получать налоговые льготы; 8) не соглашаться; 9) долги
________________________________________________________________
1) debts; 2) the reverse; 3) to carry on a business; 4) to take part in; 5) to get tax benefits; 6) to disagree; 7) as well; 8) a person who is known as; 9) certain disadvantages
Задание 4. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
A business may be operated as a partnership. A partnership is an association of two or more people to carry on a business for profit. People who run a business together and share the profits are partners. When the owners of a partnership have unlimited liability, they are called general partners. If they have limited liability, they are called limited partners. There may be a silent partner as well - a person who is known to the public as a member of the firm but without authority in management. The reverse of the silent partner is the secret partner - a person who takes part in management but who is not known to the public.
Any business may have the form of a partnership. There are partnerships in professional fields such as medicine, law, accounting, insurance and stockbrokerage. Limited partnerships are a common form of ownership in real estate, oil prospecting, quarrying industries, etc.
Partnerships have more advantages than sole proprietorships if one needs multiply sources of capital or diversified management. They are easy to form, and often get tax benefits from the government. Partners should not invest the same amount of capital, they can combine their resources. A partner can contribute services or skills, sometimes just a name. All partners share in the profits of the business. The size of each share depends on how much money or property each contributes and on the amount of work each partner is to do. Each partner is liable for all debts and is legally responsible for the whole business and can lose personal assets. This is the main disadvantage in case the partners have unlimited liability. The partners may disagree with each other.
Задание 5. Познакомьтесь со словами, относящимися к данной теме:
1. to run a business – руководить коммерческим предприятием (фирмой)
2. to get on well – ладить друг с другом
3. accounting – бухгалтерский учет
4. to put an amount of money into business – вложить сумму денег в бизнес
5. to contribute services and skills – вкладывать умения и навыки
6. to distribute profits and losses – распределять прибыли и убытки
7. a deal – сделка
8. a joint venture – совместное предприятие
9. to be busy with – заниматься чем-либо
Задание 6. Выберите нужное слово из числа данных в правой колонке и вставьте его в предложение.
1
.
… is known to the public as a member of the firm, but
a. capital
has no authority.
2. A secret partner takes part in … . b. unlimited
3. You should form a partnership in case you need multiply c. advantages
sources of … .
4. Partnerships often receive tax … from the government. d. a silent partner
5. Limited partnership is a common form of ownership in … e. benefits
6. General partners are the partners with … liability. f. management
7. A partnership can bring much ... to the partners. g. profit
8. Partnerships have many ..., one is that they get tax h. real estate
benefits from the government.
Задание 7. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Партнерство имеет много преимуществ.
2. Я хочу заняться бизнесом с друзьями.
3. Мы хорошо ладим с партнером.
4. Они вкладывают большой капитал в совместное предприятие.
5. Это дело приносит много прибыли.
6. Партнерство часто получает налоговые льготы от правительства.
7. Он хочет вложить деньги в недвижимость.
8. Секретный партнер принимает участие в управлении, но он не известен
общественности.
9. Партнер без права голоса не имеет реальной власти.
Задание 8. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. What types of partnership are there?
2. What is a partnership?
3. Who are the owners of a partnership?
4. What is an important deference between a general partnership and a limited one?
5. What does it mean a general partner (a limited partner; a silent partner; a secret
partner)?
6. What are some fields in which partnerships are found?
7. In what way do the partners share the profits of the business?
8. What are the advantages of a partnership?
9. What are the disadvantages of this form of business ownership?
Задание 9. Обсудите следующие проблемы с партнерами.
1. What form of business ownership do you prefer: a sole proprietorship or a
partnership?
2. Do you want to go into business alone or with a partner?
3. What partner do you get on well with?
4. Do you need to consult a lawyer when starting the business?
5. What resources, services and skills can you contribute in your business? (money;
skills; experience; knowledge; education; personal characteristics; new ideas;
well-known name)?
6. What kind of partner would you like to be: a general partner or a limited partner?
7. How will you distribute profits and losses in your partnership?
Check your grammar: Passive Voice
Задание 10. Выберите правильную форму глагола.
Numerous innovations (are being tried; are tried; are trying) now by business firms in Europe and the United States to combat the increasing dissatisfaction of employees at every level with the quality of their lives.
As the population on the island (grew; was growing; grow), the forests (were destroyed; destroyed; destroy).
In a most spectacular manifestation of computer crime, the defendant (has alleged; alleged; is alleged) to have stolen forty-seven million dollars from banks and security firms.
Popular papers (are used; use; used) large headlines and (are concerned; concern; concerned) especially with events commonly termed front-page news.
The construction of a new plant in another place (is negotiating; negotiates; is being negotiated) with the local authorities.
He found that three economists (could be recognized; can recognize; will be recognized) by the way how they had described some facts in the economy of the country.
Most performances (have run; are run; is being run) with the assistance of many technical specialists under the supervision of a state manager.
It’s difficult to say exactly what technological changes (are made; will make; will be made) in economy in the future.
There is nothing more annoying than (interrupt; has been interrupted; being interrupted) when you (are spoken; are speaking; spoke).
This American car was the finest vehicle that (was ever appeared; ever appeared; had ever appeared) in the world.
Задание 11. Переделайте предложения из активного залога в страдательный.
Merchants buy and sell a lot of goods from each other.
Instead of making payments every day to each other, they write down accounts.
You measure the value in terms of money.
You may keep money with you as long as you wish.
At the end of every month they make a small amount of payment to the creditor.
2 .3. CORPORATIONS
a public limited company a private limited company
Что вам известно об акционерных формах собственности?
Задание 1. Догадайтесь о значении слов с интернациональными корнями:
существительные: company, certificate, capital, management, risk, factor, service, dividends;
глагол: to result, to determine;
прилагательные: total, financial
Задание 2. Познакомьтесь со словами и словосочетаниями, которые помогут вам понять текст:
1. a corporation (амер.)
a company (англ.) – корпорация, фирма
2. a private limited company (LTD) – закрытая акционерная компания с
ограниченной ответственностью (ЗАО)
3. a public limited company (PLC) – открытая акционерная компания (АО)
4. to establish – учреждать
5. a stock certificate – акция, сертификат акции
6. a stockholder (shareholder) – акционер, держатель акций
7. tо own property – владеть собственностью
8. to incorporate –объединяться, соединяться
9. to attract financial resources – привлекать финансовые ресурсы
10. to offer high salaries – предлагать высокие зарплаты
11. to attract a large amount of capital – привлекать большой капитал
12. educational, religious, charitable institutions – образовательные, религиозные, благотворительные учреждения
13. to issue stock – выпускать акции
14. to invest – вкладывать деньги
15. to reinvest – вкладывать деньги повторно
16. nonprofit – неприбыльный
17. to obtain a charter – получать патент
18. capital stock – основной капитал
Задание 3. Подберите к русским словам и словосочетаниям соответствующие английские эквиваленты:
1) с целью извлечения прибыли; 2) доли собственности; 3) владеть акциями;
4) акционерная форма собственности; 5) следующий; 6) таким образом;
7) городские коммунальные сооружения; 8) специальные агентства;
9) неприбыльный
__________________________________________________________________
1) nonprofit; 2) a corporate form of ownership; 3) shares of ownership; 4) special agencies; 5) city owned utilities; 6) to own stock certificates; 7) for the purpose of making profit; 8) the next; 9) thus
Задание 4. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
A corporation is an institution formed by people who obtain a charter giving them legal rights. A corporation can own property, buy and sell and manufacture products.
Business corporations are the most common type of corporations established for the purpose of making profit. In the United States they make up only about 15 per cent of all business enterprises but they account for more than 75 per cent of all business assets. A business corporation is operated by individuals whose shares of ownership are represented by stock certificates. People owning stock certificates are called stockholders or shareholders.
The corporate form of ownership has several advantages. The first is its ability to attract resources. The next advantage is that if the corporation attracts a large amount of capital, it can invest it in plants, equipment and research. A third is - that a corporation can offer high salaries and thus attract talented managers and specialists. And the main advantage is that the owners (the stockholders) have limited liability. If the corporation fails they can lose only their investments, but not the personal assets.
Business corporations may be public or private. The public corporation (PLC) obtains funds by selling ownership shares, called capital stock, to large number of investors. A PLC has at least two members but since it offers its shares for sale to the public it may have hundreds of thousands of shareholders, who have one vote for each share they own. A person who succeeds in buying 51 per cent of the shares can gain control of a PLC. Shareholders can sell their shares to the people who wish to buy on the Stock Exchange. The price of shares will go up if the PLC is making good profits and will go down if it is not doing so well.
Private limited companies (LTD) have a limited number of owners usually not more than fifty members, who provide the capital which is divided into shares. Shares cannot be offered for sale to the public. Some private corporations are large firms. But most are small companies.
The business corporation is one type of corporation. Educational, religious and charitable institutions can also incorporate. Usually this type of corporation does not issue stock and is nonprofit. If there is a profit, it is reinvested in the institution rather than distributed to private stockholders. Nonprofit corporations provide community services. They consist of members instead of stockholders and provide no dividends.
There are governmental corporations which may be established by cities, states, the federal government. Governmental corporations are state universities, state hospitals and city owned utilities. They are nonprofit and usually do not issue stock certificates.
Задание 5. Познакомьтесь со словами, относящимися к данной теме:
1. to expand – расширяться (о производстве)
2. to follow a legal procedure – следовать юридической процедуре
3. to apply for a corporate charter – подавать заявление на корпоративный патент
4. to issue and sell stock – выпускать и продавать акции
5. in exchange for investment capital – взамен на вложенный капитал
6. to hold a meeting – проводить собрание
7. to elect a board of directors – избирать совет директоров
8. to have a final authority – иметь решающее слово
9. management – руководство, управление
10. to vote – голосовать
11. an annual meeting – ежегодное coбpaние
12. to supervise – осуществлять
13. a common stock – обыкновенная акция
14. a preferred stock – привилегированная акция
2.4. A legal procedure
If you want to form a corporation you should apply for a Corporate Charter. The stockholders hold a meeting to organize a corporation. They elect the Board of Directors. The stockholders have the final authority in management. And the company’s officers supervise daily management. Stockholders vote at the annual meeting.
There are two varieties of stock: preferred and common. The common stock gives stockholders voting rights. The preferred stock does not extend voting rights to stockholders but gives holders the first claim on the company’s assets after the debts are paid. Corporations give stockholders their part of the profits. These payments are called dividends.
Задание 6. Выберите нужное слово из числа данных в правой колонке и вставьте
его в предложение:
1. The Red Cross is an international . . . organization. |
a. a big amount of capital |
2. Gas, water and electric power companies are … . |
b. investment |
3. The University is a … corporation. |
c. stock |
4. A corporation has an opportunity to attract … . |
d. nonprofit |
5. What kind of ... is better: buying stock or buying real estate. |
e. charitable |
6. To attract greater financial resources the company … . |
f. financial resources |
7. The partners didn’t put the same … into business. |
g. public utilities |
8. The group of people from different countries are going ... . |
h. issues stock i. to establish a joint |
9. I want to buy some ... in IBM and General Motors. |
venture |
10. An educational … usually reinvests all its money. |
j. institution |
Задание 7. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Корпорация может выпускать и продавать акции.
2. Корпорация может предлагать более высокую заработную плату.
3. Каждый год акционеры проводят собрание.
4. Корпорация имеет много возможностей для вовлечения финансовых
ресурсов.
5. Образовательные, благотворительные, религиозные учреждения могут быть
корпорациями. Они, как правило, не приносят прибыль.
6. Сначала вы должны подать заявление на корпоративный патент.
7. Акционеры имеют решающее слово в управлении корпорацией.
8. Владельцы акций проводят ежегодное собрание и выбирают совет директоров.
Задание 8. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. What is a corporation?
2. What is a business corporation?
3. Who are the owners of a business corporation?
4. Is a corporation larger than a sole proprietorship?
5. What are the advantages of the corporate form of ownership?
6. What can you say about the disadvantages of the corporation?
7. Explain the difference between preferred and common stock?
8. Whom can the shareholders sell their stock to?
9. A business corporation generally issues stock, doesn’t it?
10. What types of corporations are there?
Задание 9. Обсудите следующие проблемы с партнером.
1. What world - known corporations do you know?
2. What legal procedure do you have to follow if you want to form a corporation?
3. Who has the final authority in the management of a corporation?
4. How often do the stockholders hold the meeting?
5. The stockholders have unlimited liability, don’t they?
6. In what corporation would you invest money?
Check your grammar: The Infinitive
Задание 10. Выберите правильную форму.
He was said (to be; be) a man who could always (to defeat; defeat) any opposition.
She asked the chief (let; to let) her (go; to go) to conference but he didn’t want (to listen; listen) to her.
I persuaded Sales Manager not (to buy; buy; to have bought) that expensive goods.
The city council agreed (to accept; accept; to be accepted) the architect’s proposed design for a new market.
The customs officer opened the suitcase (to see; see; to be seen) if anything illegal was being brought into the country.
REVISION
Задание 1. Все слова в задании связаны с различными формами собственностями. Выберите и вставьте нужное слово из числа данных в правой колонке.
1. The money shareholders invest into a company to buy 1. silent
property and equipment.
2. One of the owners of a partnership. 2. to invest
3. Usually people carry on a business to gain it. 3. capital
4. One of the forms of owning business. 4. partnership
5. These kinds of corporation are usually nonprofit. 5. liability
6. To put money into a business or a bank account so that it 6. debt
will make a profit.
7. The sole (only) owner of a business. 7. partner
8. Something belonging to a person or a business which can 8. asset
be sold.
9. A partner who is known to the public, but without 9. charitable
authority in management.
10. One of the owners of a corporation. 10. firm
11. Your legal duty to other people. 11. profit
12. If a sole proprietorship or a partnership fails, the owners 12. shareholder
will go …
13. You can only buy and sell shares in a … limited 13. dividend
company if the other shareholders agree.
14. The part of business. 14. proprietor
15. A person you owe money to. 15. bankrupt
16. The shares in a ... limited company can be bought and 16. stock
sold freely.
17. Another name for a business. 17. creditor
18. Income of a shareholder. 18. secret
19. A partner which is not known to the public. 19. public
20. Money you owe to another person. 20. share
21. Shares in a public limited company may be bought and 21. private
sold at a … exchange.
Answers: 1-3; 2-7; 3-11; 4-4; 5-9; 6-2; 7-14; 8-8; 9-1; 10-12; 11-5; 12-15; 13-21; 14-20; 15-17; 16-19; 17-10; 18-13, 19-18; 20-6; 21-16.
Задание 2. После того как вы изучили основные формы организации частной собственности, вы сможете разобраться в таблице. Закройте правую часть, заполните, а потом проверьте себя.
THE FORMS OF BUSINESS OWNERSHIP
Types of business |
Sole proprietorship |
Partnership |
Private Limited Company (LTD) |
Public Limited Company (PLC) |
Number of members |
one |
two or more |
at least two, usually up to fifty |
at least two, not maximum |
Source of Capital |
provided by owner |
the partners |
private shareholders |
shares sold to public |
Profit |
kept by owner |
shared among the partners |
distributed to shareholders |
dividends distributed to the shareholders |
Control |
controlled by owner |
the partners |
board of Directors, elected by shareholders |
board of Directors, elected by shareholders |
Liability |
unlimited |
unlimited/ limited |
limited |
limited |
Examples |
small shops, service industries |
law, accounting, insurance, mining and quarrying industries |
both large and small companies |
large companies |
Задание 3. Проанализируйте статистические данные и ответьте на вопросы.
(Statistical Data about Business Organizations)
The table below summarizes: 1) the number of proprietorships, partnerships,
and corporations in the United Stales in 1991 and 2) their total receipts.
Number and Total Receipts by Type of Business |
|||
|
Number |
Receipts |
|
|
(thousands) |
Percent |
Percent |
Proprietorships |
13, 091 |
71,3 |
6,0 |
Partnerships |
1,648 |
9,0 |
4,0 |
Corporations |
3,612 |
19,7 |
90,0 |
Total |
18,351 |
100,0 |
100,0 |
1. Rank order the business types in terms of their number.
2. Rank order the business types in terms of the total value of their receipts.
3. Which form of business organization is most likely to be a small business?
4. Which would most likely be a large business?
UNIT 3
BUSINESS STRUCTURE
Business structure includes line and staff structure.
Как вы представляете организационную структуру любого предприятия?
3.1. THE FUNCTIONS OF AN EXECUTIVE
Задание 1. Догадайтесь о значении слов с интернациональными корнями:
staff, manager, nature, position, department
Задание 2. Познакомьтесь со словами и словосочетаниями, которые помогут вам понять текст:
1. an executive – руководитель
2. a manager – управляющий
3. a vice president – вице-президент
4. a head of department – руководитель отдела
5. a foreman – мастер, руководитель
6. a position – должность
7. to set objectives – ставить цели
8. to delegate authority – распределить обязанности
9. staff – штат, персонал
10. to make careful decisions – принимать тщательно продуманные решения
11. to appoint – назначать
12. an employee – служащий, работающий по найму
13. a personnel department – отдел кадров
14. a research department – отдел разработки новой продукции
Задание 3. Соотнесите описание работы, данное в правой колонке с должностью, указанной в левой:
1. Managing Director
2. Secretary
3. Finance Director
4. Chief Accountant
5. Human Resources
6. Purchasing Manager
7. Assistant General Manager
8. Director of Research and Development
9. Production Manager
10. Marketing Director
11. Sales Director
12. Public Relations Manager
A. He/she makes the product which the company sells.
В. Не/she buys all the things that the company needs.
С. His/her job is to make sure that the company has a good image.
D. His/her job is to find and test new products.
E. He/she is responsible for everything when the boss or Director is away.
F. She/he types letters, files papers, makes appointments for the boss.
G. He/she has general responsibility for the whole company.
H. His/her job is to make sure that the company produces goods which people want to buy.
I. He/she does the books and prepares the balance sheets.
J. He/she is the company’s people manager.
K. He/she is in charge of people who sell the products.
L. He/she looks after the company’s money.
Answers: 1-G, 2-F, 3-L, 4-I, 5-J, 6-B, 7-E, 8-D, 9-A, 10-H, 11-K, 12-C.
Задание 4. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Each company has its business structure. An organization has a number of positions and some people have more authority than others.
Top Management of a corporation consists of the board of directors and the executive officers. The board of directors determines the basic company policies and appoints the executive officers. These officers include a chairman of the board, a president and a number of vice presidents. They are responsible for carrying out the decisions of the board of directors and the stockholders. The executive officers select the managers (or the heads) of the various departments of the corporation. The Managing Director (sometimes called the Chief Executive or the President in Russia and the USA) is the head of the company.
The number of departments in a corporation depends on the size of the company and on the nature of the goods and services that it provides. A corporation with many employees may need a personnel department. A manufacturing firm may need a research department to study ways of developing new products. Most corporations have departments that handle three basic business activities - production, finance and marketing.
The Production department consists of several divisions: Production, Packaging, Distribution, Quality and Maintenance.
The Marketing department plans how to sell new products and may include Advertising division.
The Finance department connects with customer accounts, wages and salaries, financial services, taxation, investment and cash management. Personnel department hires new employees and organizes training courses. These departments are headed by managers who report to the Director. The Director makes a lot of important decisions. He sets objectives, coordinates work, delegates authority, makes hiring and firing. It’s evident that making careful decisions is the basis of good management.
Creating the suitable business structure including all necessary specialists may be one of the parts of the business success.
Задание 5. He путайте слова: salary, wage, income, earnings. Поймите разницу и вставьте нужное слово в предложение.
1. Salary – money paid monthly directly into a bank account, normally to professional people and office workers.
2. Wages – money paid weekly and usually in cash, normally to manual workers.
3. Income – money we receive from work, investments, etc. It can be earned income (wages or salary) or unearned income (money from dividends, interest, etc.)
4. Earnings – the total sums earned by an employee during a regular pay period.
1. How much … did you earn on your shares last year?
2. The machine operators have asked for another rise in their weekly … .
3. My total … this year, including salary, dividends should exceed S 300,000.
Задание 6. Выберите нужный отдел из приведенного списка:
Wages and Salaries, Purchasing, Distribution, Maintenance, Advertising, Customers Accounts
Which department or division:
sends the products to the customers?(Distribution)
runs advertising campaign? (Advertising)
buys supplies? (Purchasing)
pays the staff? (Wages and Salaries)
sends invoices to the customers? (Customers Accounts)
takes care of the machines? (Maintenance)
Задание 7. Познакомьтесь со словами и скажите, какими качествами должен обладать руководитель:
1. to be competent – быть компетентным
2. to be clever – быть умным
3. to be experienced – быть опытным
4. to be well-educated – быть хорошо образованным
5. to be honest – быть честным
6. to be with a sense of humour – быть с чувством юмора
7. to be creative – быть с творческим отношением к делу
8. tо be well-organized – быть хорошо организованным
9. tо be punctual – быть пунктуальным
10. to be enthusiastic – быть энтузиастом
11. to keep fit – держать себя в форме
12. to obey the rules – подчиняться правилам
13. to be tough – быть жестким
14. to be ambitious – быть честолюбивым
15. to be a risk-taker – уметь рисковать
An executive should ….
Задание 8. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Компания имеет ряд должностей.
2. Некоторые люди имеют больше власти, чем другие.
3. Управляющий должен принимать тщательно продуманные решения.
4. Совет директоров ставит цели, координирует работу.
5. Руководитель должен быть компетентным.
Задание 9. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What working position is the best for you?
2. Do you want to be an executive or a manager of the company? What should you do
for it?
3. What qualities do you need to be an executive of a big company?
4. What does it mean to be a competent manager?
Задание 10. Обсудите с партнером:
What is it you hope to achieve by starting a business? You should …
Why do it?
Money
Type of work
Working hours
Experience
Excitement
Independence
Satisfaction
Power
Personal relations
Ask yourself:
Why do I want my own business?
Do I have time?
Do I have money?
What is my product or service?
Who is my market?
Where will I sell it?
How will I sell it?
Do I need a partner(s)?
Can I do it?
To succeed in your business you need:
idea (i.e. product or service)
goal (i.e. your company’s objective)
market (i.e. potential customers)
competitive spirit (i.e. can you compete with rival business?)
strategy (i.e. advertising, promotion, sales, etc.)
cost and price (i.e. how much to charge)
plan of operation (i.e. location, materials, supplies, distribution)
employees and partners (i.e. do you need, how many, cost)
financing (i.e. money, loans, investments)
Statistics for young businessmen
What is required to succeed:
Hard work 52 %
Intelligence 21 %
Better product 10%
Experience 9 %
Personality 8%
Why businesses fail (due to…):
Bad management 33%
Capital 21%
Lack of experience 16%
Economic circumstances 13%
Poor money management 11%
Other 16%
Start-ups: Who, When, Why:
Average age of first self-employment 28 years
Males 27 years
Females 30 years
Started business before age 40 82%
Males 85%
Females 78%
Reasons for self-employment:
Financial gain 3%
Independence 63%
Other 33%
Money for start-up (from):
Personal savings 41%
Bank loans 31%
Friends and relatives 28%
Check your grammar: Participles I and II
Задание 11. Выберите правильный вариант.
Have you had this article (typed; typing; type)?
We will not be able to catch the train (left; leaving; having been left) at five.
The letter (receiving; having received; received) yesterday was most welcome.
(Finished; Being finished; Having finished) his report, the clerk started writing down the latest figures.
(Being very tired; Very tired; Having tired) they fell asleep immediately.
They should have had their windows (clean; cleaned; cleaning).
(Writing; Having written) articles for her course paper, she began (earning; to earn) money as a journalist while she was attending college.
While (crossing; being crossed; having been crossed) the street in the wrong place, the boy was stopped by the policeman.
Задание 12. Сократите предложения, не изменяя смысла.
Nobody likes prices, which are constantly rising. – Nobody likes constantly rising prices.
John is a person who works very hard.
We must develop a policy, which fixes prices better.
An economy, which is rapidly expanding can get out of control.
The quantity, which we require is 500 units.
Ours is a company, which is managed well.
An economy, which is poorly run, leads to problems in society.
3.2. WHERE AND HOW TO HIRE AN EMPLOYEE
Задание 1. Познакомьтесь со словами и словосочетаниями, которые помогут вам понять текст:
1. an option – выбор
2. an employer – наниматель, работодатель
3. an employee – служащий, работающий по найму
4. to consider – рассматривать, принимать во внимание
5. to be suitable for the position – соответствовать должности
6. a personnel office (department) – отдел кадров
7. an applicant – кандидат на должность
8. a valuable source – ценный источник
9. an employment agency – агентство по найму
10. a consulting firm – консультационная фирма
11. to advertise – рекламировать, помещать объявление
12. a resume (CV) – резюме
13. two sets of qualifications – два вида характеристик
14. experience - (рабочий) опыт
15. to evaluate through interviews – оценивать через интервью (собеседование)
16. to find out – выяснить, узнать
Задание 2. Не путайте слова: personal, personnel
Personal (adj.) means belonging to a particular person.
Personnel (noun) means people employed in a company.
Вставьте нужное слово в предложение:
1. Does your Managing Director have a … assistant?
2. Does your company have a … Department?
3. We weren’t able to offer the new service because we hadn’t got enough trained….
4. Do you agree that you shouldn’t mix your … and professional life?
Задание 3. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Аn employer has to consider several options when he wants to hire a new employee. First of all, he may look within his own company. If there is a personnel office in the company, he can ask them to help him to find a qualified applicant. But if he can’t find anybody suitable for the position he will have to look outside the company. The employer сan also use another valuable source, for example, employment agencies, consulting firms, professional societies. He can also advertise in a newspaper or in a magazine and request candidates to send in a resume or CV (Curriculum Vitae).
Most employers consider several applicants for each job opening. Thus, the employer has to consider two sets of qualifications if he wants to choose from among the applicants: professional qualifications and personal characteristics. A candidate’s education, experience and skills are included in the professional qualifications. These can be listed in a resume or summary of your background. Personal characteristics are evaluated through interviews. The interview helps the employer to find out if you are the best person to hire for the job.
Задание 4. Выберите нужное слово из числа данных в правой колонке и вставьте в предложение.
1. We are going to interview three ... for the position. 1. advertise
2. If you need an applicant for this position, … in the 2. resume
special section of the local newspaper.
3. A personnel office will help you to find a new … . 3. employee
4. All the information about the staff of the firm can be 4. applicants
found in… .
5. She has a good … for the position: a college degree, 5. a personnel office
good experience.
6. I want to find a new secretary, so I’ll call an 6. qualification
employment … .
7. If you are an applicant for the position, you have to 7. agency
write your … .
8. Don’t ask him … questions, it will be impolite. 8. personal
Задание 5. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Нашей компании нужно нанять нового служащего.
2. Его должность в компании очень важна.
3. Если вам нужно найти нового служащего, дайте объявление в газету.
4. Этот руководитель с большим опытом.
5. Управляющий должен рассматривать два вида характеристик.
6. Кандидат на должность должен послать резюме.
7. Всю информацию о персонале фирмы вы найдете в отделе кадров.
8. Наниматель должен обратиться в агентство по найму или в консультационную фирму.
9. Мы ищем бухгалтера, который соответствовал бы должности.
Задание 6. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. Which options should an employer first consider when he wants to hire a new
employee?
2. What service does a personnel department provide?
3. How can new employees be found outside the company?
4. What qualifications does an employer consider choosing a new employee?
5. What is included in professional qualifications?
6. What is meant by personal characteristics?
Задание 7. Прочитайте объявления и постарайтесь понять их.
Advertisements
You are dreaming of a job that must, of course, correspond to your education, professional experience and interests. No doubt, the salary is not the last question too.
At first, you must investigate carefully the advertisements printed in special magazines and newspapers. Pay attention to the vocabulary of the advertisements.
1. The well-known words have specific meanings. For example, head – director, headquarters – administration, sound – reasonable, aggressive – energetic, key – essential, drive – energy, team – staff, ref. – refer, reference, etc.
2. Many abbreviations, e.g. ad – advertisement; CV – curriculum vitae; pa – per annum; Q – question; inc. – including, incorporated, income; PC – personal computer; LM – London Market; etc.
An example of advertisement taken from the «Financial Times»
International Trade Positions
Tower Group International, a progressive logistics services provider and customs broker, has excellent opportunities available for individuals interested in or continuing a career in these fields.
As a subsidiary of the McGraw - Hill Companies, we offer a comprehensive compensation and benefits package. Please send resume and salary requirements to:
Tower Group International
A Subsidiary of The McGraw - Hill Companies
Tower Group International 1114 Tower Lane
Bensenville, 1L 60 106
Attn: Human Resources
Here is a fragment of an advertisement. Fill in the blanks using the following words:
programs, skills, experience, company, salary, benefits, individual
Leading food processing … is looking for an … who has … in Microsoft Word and Excel - PC based … . Must have good accounting, math … . Excellent … and … include medical, dental, visual instuition and health club benefits.
Задание 8. Познакомьтесь с документами, которые необходимы при приеме на работу.
3.3. Applying for a Job
If you decide to apply for a job, you will probably need to form two documents a cover letter (a letter of application, a letter of interest) and a resume. It is important to know how to write a good resume. Most applicants for white-collar jobs get in touch with employers by mail. A good resume and a cover letter are neat, well-organised and easy to read. Most are about one or two pages long.
Here is an example of an Application letter
Dear Mrs. Hughes,
I would like to apply for the position of Sales Representative (Northern Europe) advertised in yesterday’s Standard.
I am 32 years old and was educated at Oxford. I have been a sales representative for Allights for five years and I have traveled extensively in Europe. I speak English and French fluently in addition to my mother tongue German.
I am familiar with all types of lighting and sound controls used on the Continent and regularly read papers and journals on the subject.
I hope this information will be sufficient for you to consider my application. I should be grateful if you could send me a job description.
Yours sincerely,
Hans Strauss
CV is an abbreviation for two Latin words - Curriculum Vitae that means a brief account of the main events of a person’s life. In the USA it’s called Resume.
In CV you must answer the following questions:
Name: .......; Age: .......; Date of birth .......; Nationality: ....... (sometimes);
Home address: .......; Tel. No.: .......;
Marital Status: ....... (single, married, divorced, children);
Education: ....... (secondary, higher);
Qualifications: (ordinary): ……; (advanced): …….;
Experience: ……. (all your jobs);
Interest: …… .
Here is an example of such
Curriculum Vitae
Name John Edward HARVEY
Address 27 South Street, Stoke Ripton Birnshire, XY 19 5 LM
Telephone No. (49675) 223926
Date of birth 7th August 1968
Place of birth Bath
Marital Status Single/divorced (married, three daughters, aged 8, 9, 12)
Education
1979 - 1987 Ripton Country School
1987 - 1988 Grant College of Further Education
1985 Examinations passed:
«0» Level in Mathematics, English Language, French,
German, History, Music
1987 «A» Level in French, German, History
1988 Certificate in Business Studies
Languages Fluent French, German
Experience
1987 and 1988 Summer job working at a local supermarket
Interests Swimming, tennis, hockey, music
This is the CV that you must fill in about yourself.
Name
Address
Tel:
Date and place of birth
Nationality
Marital Status
Education
Experience
Interest
A resume should look professional and attractive. Avoid putting too much information, and it’s better to use key words but not whole sentences. Employers spend only 30 minutes looking at one resume.
The resume should consist of seven parts:
1. name / address / phone number
2. objective /career goal: the position that you are applying for
3. education: list courses, research papers, college degree that are linked to the job
4. work experience: put it in chronological order, starting from your last position; write the name of the company you worked for, your responsibilities, and the dates of your working there. Never include your salary. If you think your work experience is more impressive than your education, it would be better to put work experience before education.
5. extracurricular activities: your motivation is important for the employer. He wants a person who loves his job.
6. awards and honors
7. references: it would be better for you to have a couple of references from your previous employers. You can bring your references to an interview.
Marina Orlova
123 California St.
San Francisco, California 94000
(415)1234567
Objective: financial analyst assistant
Experience: Commercial Bank, Moscow, Russia
1990-1998 manager of credit department
1985-1990 Sales company, Moscow, Russia
sales representative
19.. - 19.. ……………………
Education:
1982-1987 Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
Economic Department
Bachelor of Economics
Extracurricular Fluently speak Russian, English
Activities: Can operate a computer
References are available upon request.
Задание 9. Прочитайте информацию о том, как правильно проходить интервью.
An interview
Statistics say that personal characteristics are often more important than professional qualifications. Decide what qualities about yourself you want to sell and demonstrate to them. Show willingness to study and work and show loyalty to the company. Dress appropriately, speak loudly and emphasize important aspects of your education and work experience.
How to Create a Good Impression at your First Interview:
1. Find out as much as you can about the job beforehand.
2. Choose your interview clothing with care: no one is going to employ you if you look as though you’ve wandered out of a disco.
3. Make sure you know where the interview office is and how to get there.
4. Be on time, or better, a few minutes early.
5. Bring with you certificates, samples of your work and letters of recommendation.
6. Bring a pen; you will probably be asked to fill in an application form. Answer all the questions and write neatly.
7. Answer every question the interviewer asks. Be clear. Never answer «Yes» or «No».
8. You should be ready for questions like: «How do you see your future duties? », «What are your strong points? », «What are your weak points? »
9. Never shake hands with an interviewer.
10. Never smoke or sit down until you are invited to.
Interviews
First interview
Interviewer: Good morning, Miss …
Candidate: Miss Jones.
Interviewer: Miss Jones, yes, right.
Um … now, you’d like to join our team.
Candidate: Yes, I would like.
Interviewer: That’s … that’s very good. Er … I’d like to know a little bit
about you. Perhaps you could tell me … perhaps we could
start … if you could tell me a little bit about your education.
Candidate: Oh, yes, right. Well, I left school at 18 and for the first two
I went to Gibson, you might know them, they’re an
engineering firm. Um … and after that, I wanted to do a course, so I’d … a one-year full-time as a PA to the Export Director. I stayed there for two years … and then moved on to my present company. Um ... that’s Europe Marketing … um … Mr. Adair, the Marketing Director, offered me a job because Gibson had … had worked quite a lot with Europe Marketing. And I’ve been with them for three years now … um … first working with the Marketing Director and … and now I’m with the Sales Director.
Interviewer: That’s all very interesting, Miss Jones. Um … I … I’d like to know, what did you enjoy most at school? What was the course that yоu enjoyed most?
Candidate: Ah … foreign language I liked best. We did French and German. Yes.
Interviewer: Mhm. And are you quite fluent in those now or …?
Candidate: Yes, a bit rusty now, but … um … obviously the more travel I can do the more I can use language and I’d like to learn another language. I’d like to add Italian as well.
Interviewer: Italian?
Candidate: Yes.
Interviewer: Very good, very good, that … that might be very useful. Now … er … tell me a bit about … er …the work you’re doing at present.
Candidate: Um … well … er … Europe Marketing is a marketing and public relation company and they do consultancy work for companies operating in the UK and European markets. Er … our clients come from all over the world … um … we deal with some of them by … post, but most of them come to our offices and at least once during a project. I assist the Sales Director to arranging these visits, setting up meetings and presentations and I … I deal with correspondence.
I’ve not been able to go with her on any ... on any of her trips abroad, but ... I’ve been to firms in this country, several times on my own ... um ... to make these arrangements.
Interviewer: It sounds as if you’re very happy there, Miss Jones. I’m curious why you’d like to leave them and join our company.
Candidate: Well... um ... I know the reputation of Anglo - European Co and it has a very good reputation. And I feel that I would have more scope and opportunity in your company and that the work will be more challenging for me. I might be able to possibly travel and use my languages because at the moment most of my work is ... is rather routine secretarial - type work and I like the idea of more ... um ... challenges in my life really…
Second interview
Interviewer ... yes, well, your CV seems pretty
well up to scratch. Now, I wonder,
can you tell me about yourself.
Candidate: Um ... well, I ...
Interviewer: Yes?
Candidate: I... I’m ... I think I’m serious ... serious-minded, I... calm...
Interviewer: You’re calm?
Candidate: Yes, well, yes, I like a joke, though, good sense of humour.
I don’t panic in a crises and I ... I enjoy working with all
kinds of people. I ... even like ... um ... p ... people who
are, you know, bad tempered or something like that.
Interviewer: Yes, but wh ... where do you see yourself in, let’s say, five
years’ time?
Candidate: Um ... well, I ... sort of a long - range thing. Well, I see
myself in the public relations and ... er ... one day I must
admit \ would rather like to open my own consultancy in
my home town.
Interviewer Mhm, what is specifically about Anglo - European PR
(public relations) that attracted you?
Candidate: Can I just ask you this question ... cough ... excuse me ..
I’d like to know if I get this job with Anglo - European,
would I be able to ... um ... work abroad in one of your overseas branches?
Interviewer: Oh yes, certainly. Um ... our staff regularly do six - month
placements in other branches. So I’m sure you might ...
Candidate: Six ... oh well, that’s good ... um ... that’s what I’m interested in.
Interviewer: Mhm. Can I ... d ... I know we’re all human beings here and I’d like to know wh ... what you consider your strengths and your weaknesses.
Candidate: Um ... strengths and weaknesses? Haha. Well, I ... mentioned before, I think my sense of humour ... er ... and my ability to work with all types of people is a particular strength.
Interviewer: Yes.
Candidate: My weakness? I don’t know, I suppose I’m a bit of a
perfectionist .... I ... I’m quite often dissatisfied with what I’ve done. I always think I can do it better or, you know, in a different way.
Interviewer: Right, well ... um ... time is pressing on, I’m afraid, so
thank you very much for coming to see me and we’ll be in touch with you before the end of the week.
Candidate: Good. Well, thank you for seeing me.
Interviewer: Goodbye.
Candidate: Goodbye.
Задание 10. Составьте свое письмо в компанию и резюме.
Check your grammar: Conditionals
Задание 11. Выберите правильный вариант.
If there (will be; would be; were) high demand overseas we (would increase; increased; be increased) the Export Sales team.
We (shall replace; replaced; will replace) faulty goods, if the customer (will return; would return; returns) them in an unused condition together with proof of purchase.
We (have reconsidered; will reconsider; would have reconsidered) our prices if you (asked; will ask; had asked) us.
If I (spoke; had spoken; speak) to my colleague yesterday, I (would learn; would have learned; will learn).
If she (hadn’t been wearing; hadn’t wear; doesn’t wear) her seat belt, she couldn’t have been badly injured.
You (will have to; have to; would have to) pay interest if you (hadn’t settled; won’t have settled; didn’t settle) the bill within sixty days.
They (wouldn’t have been missing; wouldn’t have missed; missed) the train if they (left; leave; had left) their house earlier.
3.4. LINE AND STAFF POSITIONS
Задание 1. Познакомьтесь со словами и словосочетаниями, которые помогут вам понять текст:
1. relationship – взаимоотношение
2. to hold a position – занимать должность
3. an organization structure – организационная структура
4. level – уровень
5. a sales manager – управляющий по торговле (маркетингу, сбыту)
6. to have direct authority over smb. – иметь прямую власть над кем-либо
7. to give orders – отдавать приказы
8. to take orders – принимать приказы
9. a line department – линейный отдел (имеющий непосредственное отношение к конечному продукту)
10. a staff department – штабной отдел (не имеющий прямого отношения к
производству, но его обслуживающий)
11. to be tied in with the company product – иметь отношение к конечному
продукту.
12. complex – сложный
13. a sales representative - торговый представитель
Задание 2. Выберите одно слово для каждой группы, образовав словосочетание и переведите их: business, staff, company
1. well - trained_____
to hire_____
a_____department
2. to run_a____
_____opportunities
successful_____
3. a private_____
to found a_____
_____activity
Задание 3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:
In business, organization structure means the relationship between positions and people who hold the positions. Organization structure is very important because it provides an efficient work system as well as a system of communication.
Historically, line structure is the oldest type of organization structure. The main idea of it is direct vertical relationships between the positions and tasks of each level, and the positions and tasks above and below each level. For example, a sales manager may be in a line position between a vice president of marketing and a sales representative. Thus, a vice president of marketing has direct authority over a sales manager. A sales manager in his turn has direct authority over a sales representative. This chain of command simplifies the problems of giving and taking orders.
When a business grows in size and becomes more complex, there is a need for specialists. Administrators may organize staff departments and add staff specialists to do specific work. These people are usually busy with services; they are not tied in with the company product. The activities of the staff departments include an accounting, personnel, credit and advertising. Generally they do not give orders to other departments.
Задание 4. Выберите нужное слово из числа данных в правой колонке и вставьте его в предложение.
1
.
Organization structure shows … between each position 1. holds a
position
and positions above and below.
2. A sales manager has direct … over a sales representative. 2. relationships
3. As a rule … does not give orders to other departments. 3. authority
4 . When a business gets more … there is a need for staff 4. complex
departments.
5. My friend … of a sales manager. 5. the task
6. … of staff departments is to do different services. 6. a line department
7. My friend works in ..., he is responsible for the company 7. a staff department
product.
Задание 5. Познакомьтесь со словами, относящимися к данной теме:
1. an organizational chart – организационная схема
2. chain of command – структура подчинения
3. a credit department – кредитный отдел
4. span of control – сфера непосредственного подчинения
5. a vice president of production – вице-президент по производству
6. a vice president of marketing – вице-президент по сбыту
7. a financial controller – главный финансист
Задание 6. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Организационная структура нашей компании сложная.
2. Я работаю в линейном отделе.
3. Штабные отделы не связаны с конечным продуктом.
4. В сферу непосредственного подчинения президента компании входят вице-
президент по производству, вице-президент по сбыту и главный финансист.
5. Управляющий отдает приказы служащим.
6. Штабные отделы обслуживают линейные отделы.
Задание 7. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What does the organization structure mean?
2. What does the organization structure provide?
3. What is historically the oldest type of organization structure?
4. What is the difference between line and staff departments?
Задание 8. Обсудите следующие проблемы с партнером.
1. What do you like more: to give orders or to receive orders?
2. Do you want to work in a staff department or in a line department? Give your reasons.
3. What position in the company do you want to hold?
Задание 9. Вы - руководитель фирмы, схема которой представлена на рисунке.
Расскажите о своей фирме, ответив на вопросы.
1. How many departments are there at the company?
2. What managers work at the company?
3. Who is the head of the company?
4. Dо you think it is a large company?
5. Has the company got line and staff structures?
6. What are line departments?
7. What are staff departments?
8. What managers are included in the President’s span of control?
The organizational chart of the company:
Задание 10. Следу
Пять функций являются основными в работе любого менеджера:
Planning;
b) Organizing;
c) Staffing;
d) Directing;
e) Controlling
Вы менеджер отдела, расскажите о своей работе.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR