46. British Renaissance science. Attitude to a human

The era of the European Renaissance covers the period of 14-16th centuries. this is a return to the values of the ancient world. During this period, there is a revival of great interest in antiquity. Renaissance figures humanists believed that they form a new era, with a new way of life and revived values of the ancient world. Science in the Renaissance becomes active, creative. Humanists perceived creativity as one of the main purposes of the person. So, Leon Batista Alberti (1404-1472) is a writer, architect, art theorist , argued that in his life practice, a person must reveal the inherent abilities. This is the main purpose of its existence.

An outstanding mathematician and engineer Simon Stevin defined the conditions of equilibrium on an inclined plane and proved the law of Archimedes. Research in the field of optics held Francesco Maurolico. They were presented with an explanation of the causes of myopia and farsightedness.

The humanism of the Renaissance contributed to the establishment in Europe of religious tolerance, respect for the individual, the principles of openness and freedom of scientific research. This affected the development of the Humanities. There were utopian concepts of T. Mora and T. Campanella .The first designs of telescopes were invented by Galileo, Kepler, Newton.

47. International policy during Elizabethan times

The reign of Elizabeth was a great age of English exploration. This expansion led eventually to the foundation of the British Empire in the 17 and 18 centuries, but it brought England into conflict with Spain. The later years of Elizabeth's reign also saw a long and expensive war in Ireland.

1. To 1586

● In the early years of Elizabeth's reign, England was still militarily engaged in Scotland and France (Le Havre). But thereafter, Elizabeth was eager to avoid war.

● Relations between England and Scotland were generally good after the overthrow of Mary, Queen of Scots

6 July 1586: The Treaty of Berwick formalized a mutual defense pact between England and Scotland (a secret appendix granted James VI a pension of £4,000 per annum).

● Enmity with Spain grew steadily. Elizabeth's financial support for the Dutch rebels (many of whom were Protestants) angered Philip II. In 1580, Philip also became king of Portugal and so controlled its great seaborne empire, but English seamen and merchants continually infringed his rights in the New World.

The Treaties of Tordesillas (1494) and Zaragoza (1529) carved up Asia and the Americas between the Spanish and Portuguese. English colonies in Newfoundland and Virginia, and Drake's claim of California for the English crown, were regarded by Philip as illegal trespass.

● The assassination in 1584 of William the Silent (the leader of the Dutch rebels) increased the risk that Spain might defeat the rebellion, especially as in 1585 France fell under the control of the Catholic League. This zealously anti-Protestant alliance, led by Henry, 3rd Duke of Guise was closely allied with and dependent on Philip II.