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Метрология и стандартизация / Rossiyskaya metrologicheskaya entsiklopediya. Tom 1 (Okrepilov) 2015

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897

4.6.5. State Primary Standard of the Units of Volume and Mass Flow Rates of Gas GET 118-2013.
А.V. Mingaleyev, A.I. Gorchev .................................................................................................................	294
4.6.6. Measuring of Volume and Mass Flow Rates of Oil Products. R.I. Zagidullin, R.N. Gruzdev .................	298
4.6.7. Special State Primary Standard of the Units of Volume and Mass Flow Rates of Oil Products
GET 120-2010. R.I. Zagidullin, R.N. Gruzdev ........................................................................................	299
4.6.8. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Mass Flow Rate of Liquid-Gas Mixtures GET 195-2011.
A.S. Shabalin, K.A. Levin ........................................................................................................................	301
4.7. Measuring of Pressure
4.7.1. Pressure. V.N. Gorobey, A.I. Goncharov ...................................................................................................	305
4.7.2. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Pressure – Pascal GET 23-2010. Y.A. Kiselyov ..........................	314
4.7.3. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of Pressure for Differential Pressure GET 95-75.
O.S. Vitkovsky ...........................................................................................................................................	317
4.7.4. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of Pressure for Absolute Pressure
in the Range of 10–3–103 Pa GET 49-80. V.N. Gorobey ..........................................................................	319
4.7.5. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Pressure for Absolute Pressure in the Range
of 1·10–1–7·105 Pa GET 101-2011. I.V. Sadkovskaya ..............................................................................	322
4.7.6. Measuring of High Hydrostatical and Impulse Pressures. History of Development, Current State
and Development Prospects. V.M. Borovkov, S.M. Gavrilkin .................................................................	325

4.7.7.State Primary Standard of the Unit of Pressure in the range of 10–1600 MPa and Effective Area of Piston and Cylinder Units in Deadweight Pressure Gage Testers in the Range of 0.05–1 cm2

GET 43-2013. V.M. Borovkov, S.M. Gavrilkin .......................................................................................	325
4.8. Measuring of Alternating Pressures
4.8.1. Pressure. B.A. Cherepanov .......................................................................................................................	328
4.8.2. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of Pressure for Alternating Pressures GET 140-84.
B.A. Cherepanov ......................................................................................................................................	330
4.9. Physical and Chemical Measurements. L.A. Konopelko, O.G. Popov ...............................................................	332
4.9.1. State Primary Standard of the Units of Mass Fraction and Mass Concentration of Components
in Gas Mixtures GET 154-2011. L.A. Konopelko, O.G. Popov ..............................................................	336
4.9.2. Measuring of Mass Concentration of Suspended Particles in Aerodispersed Systems.
Y.A. Kustikov, B.I. Popov .........................................................................................................................	345
4.9.3. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of Mass Concentration of Particles in Aerodispersed Media
GET 164-2003. Y.A. Kustikov, B.I. Popov ...............................................................................................	346

4.9.4.State Primary Standard of the Units of Mass (Molar) Fraction and Mass (Molar) Concentration of Organic Components in Liquid and Solid Substances and Materials Based on Liquid

and Gas Chromatography-Mass-Spectrometry with Isotopic Dilution and Gravimetry GET 208-2014.

L.A. Konopelko, A.I. Krylov ....................................................................................................................	349
4.9.5. State Primary Standard of the Units of Speciﬁc Adsorption of Gases, Speciﬁc Surface,
Speciﬁc Volume and Pore Dimension of Solid Substances and Materials GET 210-2014. E.P. Sobina ...	354
4.9.6. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Mass Concentration of Oxygen and Hydrogen Diluted
in Liquid Media GET 212-2014. V.I. Dobrovolskiy, E.V. Davydova, А.А. Stakheev ...............................	359
4.9.7. Metrological Provision of Water Content Measurements in Solid Substances and Materials.
M.Y. Medvedevskikh, A.S. Zaporozhets, A.S. Sergeeva ...........................................................................	362

4.9.8.State Primary Standard of the Units of Mass Fraction and Mass (Molar) Concentration of Water in Solid and Liquid Substances and Materials GET 173-2013.

M.Y. Medvedevskikh, A.S. Zaporozhets, A.S. Sergeeva ...........................................................................	363
4.9.9. State Primary Standard of the Units of Gas Relative Humidity, Molar (Volume) Humidity Fraction,
Dew-Point/Frost Temperature GET 151-2014. O.A. Podmurnaya, M.A. Vinge .....................................	369

4.9.10.State Primary Standard of the Units of Mass (Molar) Fraction and Mass (Molar) Concentration

of Component in Liquid and Solid Substances and Materials Based on Coulometry GET 176-2013.

A.V. Sobina, V.M. Zyskin, A.Y. Shimolin, G.I. Terentev ............................................................................

371

898

4.10. Measuring Viscosity and Density
4.10.1. Methods and Instruments for Measurement of Density. A.V. Domostroev ...........................................		374
4.10.2.	State Primary Standard of the Unit of Density GET 18-2000. V.S. Snegov, A.V. Domostroev ...........	378
4.10.3.	State Primary Standard of the Unit of Kinematic Viscosity of Liquid in the Range
	of 4·10–7÷1·10–1 m2/sec GET 17-96. А.А. Demyanov, А.А. Tsurko ....................................................	380

4.11.рH–Metry and Ionometry

4.11.1.State Primary Standard Indicator of pH–Activity of hydrogen Ions in Water Solutions

GET 54-2011. S.V. Prokulin ...............................................................................................................	383
4.11.2. State Primary Standard Indicator of pX–Activity of Ions in Water Solutions GET 171-2011.
S.V. Prokulin .......................................................................................................................................	384
4.11.3. State Primary Standard of the Units of Dispersed Parameters of Aerosols, Suspended Solids
and Powder Materials GET 163-2010. M.V. Balakhanov, E.V. Lesnikov ............................................	387
4.11.4. State Primary Standard of Volumetric Density of Ionized Air Charge and Computation
Concentration of Air Ions GET 177-2010. S.V. Kolerskiy ..................................................................	389

4.11.5.Special State Primary Standard of the Units of Mass (Molar) Fraction and Mass

(Molar) Concentration of Components in Liquid and Solid Substances and Materials Based

on Spectral Methods GET 196-2011. А.V. Ivanov .............................................................................	392
4.11.6. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of Volumetric Humidity Content in Oil And Oil
Products GET 87-2011. А.М. Kornilov, А.G. Sladovsky ....................................................................	398
4.12. Conductometry. V.I. Suvorov ............................................................................................................................	401
4.12.1. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Electric Conductivity of Liquids in the Range
from 1·10–3 to 10 GET 132-99. Y.A. Ovchinnikov .............................................................................	404
4.13. Temperature and Thermophysical Measurements
4.13.1. History and Current State of Thermometry. A.I. Pokhodun ...............................................................	406
4.13.2. Heat Flow Measurements. A.I. Pokhodun ..........................................................................................	409
4.13.3. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Temperature in the Range from 0 °С GET 34-2007.
A.I. Pokhodun, M.S. Matveev ..............................................................................................................	410
4.13.4. State Primary Standard of the Unit of temperature in the Range from 0.3–273.16 K GET 35-2010.
G.A. Kytin, S.M. Osadchiy ..................................................................................................................	417
4.13.5. Calorimetry. E.N. Korchagina ............................................................................................................	418
4.13.6. State Primary Standard of the Units of Combustion Energy, Speciﬁc Combustion Energy
and Volumetric Combustion Energy GET 16-2010. E.N. Korchagina, V.P. Varganov .......................	426
4.13.7. Thermal Conductivity. N.A. Sokolov ..................................................................................................	431
4.13.8. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Thermal Conductivity of Solid Bodies GET 59-2007.
N.A. Sokolov .......................................................................................................................................	435
4.13.9. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of Thermal Conductivity of Solid Bodies in the
Temperature Range of 90–300 К GET 69-85 as of 22.06.2012. V.M. Lupanos .................................	437
4.13.10. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Thermal Conductivity of Solid Bodies GET 141-84.
V.I. Sviridenko .....................................................................................................................................	438
4.13.11. Heat Capacity. V.I Kulagin .................................................................................................................	439
4.13.12. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Speciﬁc Heat Capacity of Solid Bodies. V.I. Kulagin ...........	441
4.13.13. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of Speciﬁc Heat Capacity of Solid Bodies in the
Temperature Range from 4 to 90 K GET 79-75. V.I. Sviridenko ........................................................	442
4.13.14. Special State Primary Standard of the Units of Speciﬁc Heat Content and Speciﬁc Heat Capacity
of Solid Bodies in the Temperature Range from 700 to 1800 K. V.I. Cherepanov ............................	444
4.13.15. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of Speciﬁc Heat Capacity of Solid Bodies in the
Temperature Range of 90–273.15 K as of 22.06.2012. V.M. Lupanos ...............................................	445
4.13.16. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of Heat Quantity in the Field of Calorimetric
Measurements of Dilution and Reactions GET 133-2012. E.N. Korchagina, Y.V. Kazartsev ............	447
4.13.17. Dilatometry. T.A Kompan ...................................................................................................................	451

899

4.13.18. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Temperature Coefﬁcient of Line Expansion of Solid Bodies.
T.A. Kompan .......................................................................................................................................	457
4.13.19. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of Temperature Coefﬁcient of Line Expansion of Solid
Bodies in the Temperature Range from 4.2 to 90 K as of 01.11.2009. N.B. Ermakov .......................	461
4.13.20. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Heat Stream Surface Density GET 172-2008.
V.A. Cherpanov, V.A. Ymshanov .........................................................................................................	462

4.14.Measuring of Time and Frequency

4.14.1. State Primary Standard of the Units of Time, Frequency and National Time Scale GET 1-2012.

I.Y. Blinov, V.P. Kostromin ..................................................................................................................	463
4.15. Birth and evolution on standards base of electromagnetism.
A.S. Katkov, V.Y Shifrin, Y.P. Semenov, А.V. Ploshinskiy ..................................................................................	466
4.15.1. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Electric Current Intensity – Ampere GET 04-91.
A.S. Katkov, O.M. Pavlov ...................................................................................................................	471
4.15.2. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of Electric Current Intensity in the Frequency Range
of 20–1·106 Hz GET 88-2014. G.P. Telitchenko, V.I. Shevtsov ...........................................................	474
4.15.3. Special State Standard of the Unit of High Frequency Current Intensity in the Range
of 0.1–300 MHz GET 56-74. Y.M. Rusin ...........................................................................................	476
4.15.4. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Voltage – Volt GET 13-01. А.S. Katkov ........................................	477
4.15.5. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Electric Resistance GET 14-2014.
А.V. Ploshinskiy, I.A. Samodurov .......................................................................................................	480
4.15.6. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Inductance. Y.P. Semyonov, P.M. Egorov ...............................	482
4.15.7. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Electric Capacity – Farad GET 25-79. Y.P. Semyonov ..........	485
4.15.8. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Electric Power in the Frequency Range of 1–2500 Hz
GET 153-2012. M.S. Kazakov ...........................................................................................................	486
4.15.9. Special State Primary Standard of the Units of Scale Transformation Coefﬁcient and Phase
Deviation Angle of Industrial Frequency Electric Voltage GET 175-2009. I.P. Zubkov ...................	492
4.15.10. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Electric Quality Factor GET 139-2013. E.S. Koptev ............	494
4.15.11. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Self–Surge Impedance in Coaxial Waveguides GET 75-2011.
V.I. Evgrafov, A.V. Konyshev ...............................................................................................................	495
4.15.12. State Primary Standard of Electric Voltage of Standardized Storm and Commutation Impulses
in the Range of 1–1000 kV GET 204-2012. M.S. Kazakov ..............................................................	498
4.15.13. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of Electric Capacity in the Frequency Range
of 1–100 MHz GET 107-77. E.A. Abrosimov .....................................................................................	501
4.15.14. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Loss Angle GET 143-85. Evolution of measurements type
in Russia. M.D. Klionskiy ...................................................................................................................	502
4.15.15. State Primary Standard of the Units of Coefﬁcient and Angle of Scale Transformation of Simple
Harmonic Current GET 152-2011. Y.I. Sychyov, B.V. Zakharov, Y.I. Didik, E.V. Voronskaya ............	507
4.15.16. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of AC Industrial Frequency Voltage in the Range
of 1–500 kV GET 191-2011. V.V. Kiselev, A.V. Shchetinin .................................................................	510

4.15.17.State Primary Standard of the Unit of Phase Deviation Angle between Two Electric Signals

in the Frequency Range from 0,1 MHz to 65 GHz GET 207-2013. V.I. Evgrafov, A.V. Konyshev,

N.V. Konyshev .....................................................................................................................................	515
4.15.18. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of Voltage in the Frequency Range of 3·107–2·109 Hz.
V.V. Krestovsky ....................................................................................................................................	519
4.15.19. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of Voltage in the Frequency Range of 10–3·107 Hz
GET 89-2008. G.P. Telitchenko, V.I. Shevtsov ....................................................................................	522
4.15.20. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of DC Voltage in the Range of ± (1–500) kV
GET 181-2010. E.V. Gromochkova ......................................................................................................	525
4.15.21. Measuring Parameters of Impulse Electromagnetic Quantities. K.Y. Sakharov, A.V. Sukhov ............	527

900

4.15.22. Special State Primary Standard of the Units of Intensities of Impulse Electric and Magnetic Fields with
Impulse Front Time in the Range of 0.1–10.0 nsec GET 148-2013. K.Y. Sakharov, A.V. Sukhov ...	534
4.15.23. Special State Primary Standard of the Units of Intensities of Impulse Electric and Magnetic Fields
with Impulse Front Time up to 20 psec GET 178-2010. K.Y. Sakharov, A.V. Sukhov ........................	536
4.15.24. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Impulse Current of Lightning Discharge in the Range
from 1 to 100 kA GET 202-2012. K.Y. Sakharov, A.V. Sukhov ..........................................................	537
4.16. Magnetic Measurements. V.Y Shifrin., D.I. Belyakov ......................................................................................	539
4.16.1. State Primary Standard of the Units of Magnetic Strength, Magnetic Flow, Magnetic Moment
and Field Density Gradient GET 12-2011. V.Y Shifrin., D.I. Belyakov ..............................................	544
4.16.2. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit Of Magnetic Strength in the Range of 1–10 T
GET 82-85. A.E. Eskin .......................................................................................................................	548
4.16.3. State Primary Standard of the Units of Relative Dielectric and Magnetic Penetrability in the
Frequency Range from 1 MHz to 18 GHz GET 174-2009. S.N. Sibirtsev .........................................	548
4.16.4. State Primary Standard of the Units of Magnetic Loss Power GET 198-2011.
T.I. Maslova, S.V. Serdukov, M.A. Malygin ........................................................................................	550
4.17. Measuring of Radiotechnical Quantities
4.17.1. History, Current State and Prospects of Development. S.T. Parinov .................................................	552
4.17.2. Special State Standard of the Unit of Electrical Intensity in the Frequency Range of 0–20 kGz
GET 158-96. S.T. Parinov ..................................................................................................................	557
4.17.3. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of Power of Electromagnetic Oscillations in Waveguide
Transmission Lines in the Frequency Range of 0.03–37.5 GHz GET 26-2010. V.A. Perepelkin ......	558
4.17.4. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Depletion of Electromagnetic Oscillations in the Frequency
Range from 0 to 178 GHz GET 193-2011. V.I. Pruglo ......................................................................	559
4.17.5. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Spectral Density of Radio Emission Power in the Frequency
Range from 0.002 to 178.3 GHz GET 21-2011. R.I. Uzdin ...............................................................	559
4.17.6. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of Electrical Intensity in the Frequency Range
of 0.0003–1000 MHz GET 45-2011. V.A. Tishchenko .......................................................................	560
4.17.7. State Primary Standard of the Units of Measuring Digital Information Items Transmitted through
Internet and Telephone GET 200-2012. V.N. Shorin ..........................................................................	561
4.17.8. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Amplitude Modulation Coefﬁcient of High–Frequency
Oscillations GET 180-2010. A.V. Mylnikov ........................................................................................	562

4.17.9.State Primary Standard of the Unit of Harmonics Coefﬁcient in the Range of 0.001–100%

for Signals with the Main Harmonics in the Frequency Range of 10–200000 Hz GET 188-2010.

F.A. Platonov ......................................................................................................................................	563
4.17.10. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of Impulse Voltage GET 182-2010. L.N. Selin .............	564
4.17.11. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Power of Electromagnetic Oscillations in the Frequency
Range from 37.5 to 53.57 GHz GET 167-2005. V.A. Perepyolkin .....................................................	565
4.17.12. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of Frequency Deviation GET 166-2004. A.V. Mylnikov ...	566
4.17.13. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Electromagnetic Field Energy Flux Density
in the Frequency Range from 0.3 to 178 GHz GET 160-2006. S.A. Kolotygin .................................	566
4.18. Measuring of Acoustic and Hydroacoustic Quantities
4.18.1. Acoustic Measurements in Air Medium. A.S. Nikolaenko, A.V. Konkov ...........................................	568
4.18.2. Primary Metrological Characteristics GET 19-2010. S.F. Nekrich ....................................................	569
4.18.3. Hydroacoustic Measurements. A.S. Nikolayenko, A.V. Konkov .........................................................	570
4.18.4. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Sound Velocity in Liquid Media GET 201-2012.
S.V. Silvestrov, V.A. Belogolsky ..........................................................................................................	571
4.18.5. Special State Primary Standard of Sound Pressure in Pascal Water Medium in the Frequency
Range from 0.001 Hz to 1 MHz GET 55-2011 as of 24.01.2015. S.F. Nekrich .................................	572
4.18.6. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of Ultrasound Power in Water in the Frequency
Range from 0.5 to 12.0 MHz GET 169-2005 as of 02.02.2015. А.М. Enyakov ................................	575

901

4.18.7. State Primary Standard of the Units of Spread Velocity and Decay Coefﬁcient of Ultrasound Waves
in Solid Media GET 189-2014. P.V. Bazylev ......................................................................................	576
4.18.8. State Primary Standard of the Units of Ultrasound Shift Amplitude and Particle Velocity
of the Surface of Solid Bodies GET 194-2011. A.V. Shulatov ...........................................................	578
4.19. Optical and Optical-Physical Measurements
4.19.1. Optometry. G.N. Vishnyakov ..............................................................................................................	580
4.19.2. Measuring of Optical Constant Substances. G.N. Vishnyakov ...........................................................	582
4.19.3. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Luminous Intensity and Luminous Flux GET 5-2012.
V.I. Sapritsky .......................................................................................................................................	586
4.19.4. Special State Standard of the Units of Color and Chromaticity Coordinates GET 81-2009.
T.B. Gorshkova ...................................................................................................................................	591
4.19.5. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Optical Density in the Range from 0.01 to 6.30 B
GET 206-2013. V.L Lyaskovsky .........................................................................................................	594
4.19.6. State Primary Standard of the Units of Optical Power of Eyewear GET 205-2013. E.Y. Levina ......	598
4.19.7. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Laser Radiation Average Power GET 28-2013.
A.A. Liberman ....................................................................................................................................	600
4.19.8. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Deﬂection Complex Indicator GET 203-2012.
G.N. Vishnyakov .................................................................................................................................	603

4.19.9.State Primary Standard of the Units of Radiance Spectral Density, Irradiance Spectral Density, Radiant Intensity Spectral Density, Radiation Flux and Intensity in the Wavelength Range

of 0.001–1.600 µm GET 84-2012. S.I. Anevsky ................................................................................	604
4.19.10. State Primary Standard of the Units of Radiation Flux, Irradiance, Irradiance Spectral Density and
Radiant Exposure in the Wavelength Range of 0.4–400 nm GET 162-2012. O.A. Minayeva ...........	609
4.19.11. Special State Primary Standard of the Units of Energy, Energy Density Distribution, Impulse
Length and Wavelength of Laser Irradiation GET 187-2010. S.А. Moskalyuk ..................................	614
4.19.12. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of Chromatic Dispersion in Optical Fibre
GET 184-2010. А.K. Mityurev ...........................................................................................................	619
4.19.13. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of Polarized Modal Dispersion in Optical Fibre
GET 185-2010. А.K. Mityurev ...........................................................................................................	621

4.19.14.Special State Primary Standard Units of Length and Time of Signal Propagation in Light Conductor, Optical Radiation Wave Average Power, Damping and Length

for Fibre-Optical Information Transmission Systems GET 170-2011. S.V. Tikhomirov ....................	625
4.19.15. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Polarization Plane Rotation Angle GET 50-2008.
G.N. Vishnyakov .................................................................................................................................	630
4.19.16. Special State Standard of the Unit of Low Level Irradiance in the Wavelength Range
of 1–50.0 µm GET 157-92. S.N. Morozova .......................................................................................	633

4.19.17.State Primary Standard of the Units of Spectral Coefﬁcients of Direct Transmission

and Optical Density in the Wavelength Range from 0.2 to 20.0 µm, Diffuse and Plane Reﬂections

in the Wavelength Range from 0.2 to 2.5 µm GET 156-91. V.I. Sapritsky ........................................

634

4.19.18.State Primary Standard of the Units of Radiance Spectral Density, Radiant Intensity Spectral Density and Irradiance Spectral Density, Radiant Intensity and Irradiance

in the Wavelength Range from 0.2 to 25.0 µm GET 86-2010. V.I. Sapritsky ....................................	639
4.19.19. State Primary Standard of the Unit of Refraction Index GET 138-2010. G.N. Vishnyakov ..............	644
4.19.20. Radiometrics. I.I. Dolgikh, Y.A. Sild ..................................................................................................	647
4.19.21. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of Infra-Red Radiation GET 48-2001.
I.I. Dolgikh, Y.A. Sild ..........................................................................................................................	651
4.19.22. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of Density of Radiation Heat Flux in the Range
of 1000–5000 W/m2 GET 197-2011. A.A. Katysheva ........................................................................	655
4.19.23. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of Pulsed Laser Light Power GET 90-1985.
S.V. Tikhomirov ...................................................................................................................................	657

902

4.19.24.Special State Primary Standard of the Units of Radiance Spectral Density and Relative Spectral Distribution of Radiation Power in the Wavelength Range from 0.3 to 25.0 µm GET 179-2010.

V.I. Sapritsky .......................................................................................................................................	659
4.19.25. State Primary Standard of the Units of Absolute and Relative Quantities of Spectral Response
in the Wavelength Range from 0.25 to 14.00 µm GET 213-2014. V.I. Sapritsky ..............................	662
4.19.26. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of Low Level Luminous Intensity GET 214-2014.
T.B. Gorshkova ...................................................................................................................................	666
4.20. Measuring of Ionizing Radiation
4.20.1. Metrological Ensuring of Measuring of Ionizing Radiation.
V.I. Fominykh, I.A. Kharitinov, M.F. Yudin ........................................................................................	669
4.20.2. Measuring of Ionizing Radiation in Federal State Unitary Enterprise “VNIIFTRI”.
History, Current State, Development Prospects. V.P. Yaryna .............................................................	675
4.20.3. State Primary Standard of Kerma in the Air, Power of Kerma in The Air Exposure Dose,
Power of Exposure Dose and Energy Flux Of X-Ray and Gamma Rays GET 8-2011. A.V. Oborin ...	676
4.20.4. State Primary Standard of the Units of Electron Flow, Electron Flow Density and Electron Fluence,
Electron and Deceleration Radiation Energy Flow and Fluence GET 72-2001. I.I. Tsvetkov ...........	683
4.20.5. State Primary Standard of the Units of Neutron Flow and Density GET 10-81. N.N. Moiseyev ......	689
4.20.6. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of Radium Mass GET 7-2011. N.N. Moiseyev ..............	697
4.20.7. State Primary Standard of the Units of Radionuclide Activity, Flow and Density of Alfa-,
Beta-Particles And Photons of Radioactive Sources GET 6-95. A.E. Kochin, I.A. Kharitonov ........	703
4.20.8. State Primary Standard of the Units of Beta Rays Absorbed Dose and Power
of Absorbed Dose GET 9-82. I.A. Kharitonov ...................................................................................	709
4.20.9. State Primary Standard of the Units of Absorbed Dose of Photon and Electron Radiation
GET 38-2011. V.A. Berlyand ..............................................................................................................	709
4.20.10. State Primary Standard of the Units of Neutron Radiation Power of Absorbed Dose and Power
of Equivalent Dose GET 117-2009. P.F. Maslyaev ............................................................................	712
4.20.11. Special State Primary Standard of the Units of Neutron Flow Density and Neutron Fluence
for Nuclear Physical Plants GET 51-80. V.D. Sevastyanov ................................................................	714
4.20.12. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of Radioaerosols Volumetric Activity GET 39-2014.
S.G. Biryukov ......................................................................................................................................	715
4.20.13. Special State Primary Standard of the Unit of Activity of Nuclide Beta Rays In Beta-Active Gases
GET 20-2014. P.I. Solodskih ..............................................................................................................	717
Chapter 5. State System for Ensuring Measurement Uniformity/Traceability
5.1. Uniformity and Traceability of Measurements. Y.E. Lukashov ........................................................................	720
5.2. Ensuring Measurement Uniformity/Traceability. Y.E. Lukashov .....................................................................	721
5.3. System of Testing and Approval of Types of Standards and Measurement Instruments. Y.E. Lukashov ..........	723
5.4. Requirements for Standards. Attestation and Registration of Standard of the Units of Quantities.
Y.E. Lukashov .....................................................................................................................................................	724
5.5. Requirements for Measurement Instruments. Testing Of Measurement Instruments. Y.E. Lukashov ...............	726
5.6. Metrological Examination of Facilities and Documents. Y.E. Lukashov ...........................................................	727
5.7. Methods of Measurement, Attestation of Measurement Methods. Y.E. Lukashov ...........................................	728
5.8. Calibration of Measurement Instruments. Y.E. Lukashov ..................................................................................	730
5.9. System of Accreditation for the Right to Perform Works in the Field of Ensuring Measurement
Uniformity/Traceability. Y.E. Lukashov ..............................................................................................................	731
5.10. Information Resources in the Field of Ensuring Measurement Uniformity/Traceability. Y.E. Lukashov .........	732
5.11. Methodic Aspects of Metrological Assurance of Analytical Control Methods. O.B. Ponomaryova ...............	733

903

Chapter 6. Metrological Organizations of the Russian Federation

6.1. Federal Agency on Technical Regulating and Metrology. Rosstandart and Its Functions.
S.S. Golubev, A.P. Sebekin ..................................................................................................................................	736
6.2. National Metrological Institutes
6.2.1. D.I. Mendeleyev All-Russian Scientiﬁc Research Institute of Metrology. N.I. Khanov, K.V. Chekirda ...	738
6.2.2. All-Russian Scientiﬁc Research Institute for Optical and Physical Measurements. V.N. Krutikov .........	740
6.2.3. All-Russian Scientiﬁc Research Institute of Physico-Technical and Radio-Technical Measurements.
S.I. Donchenko, А.N. Shchipunov, M.V. Balakhanov ................................................................................	741
6.2.4. All-Russian Scientiﬁc Research Institute for Flow-Metering. V.G. Solovyov ...........................................	743
6.2.5. All-Russian Scientiﬁc Research Institute of Metrological Service. S.A. Kononogov ...............................	744
6.2.6. Ural Scientiﬁc Research Institute of Metrology. S.V. Medvedevskikh, N.L. Akselrod ..............................	753
6.2.7. Siberian Scientiﬁc Research Institute of Metrology. G.V. Shuvalov, V.Y. Cherepanov, Y.A. Palchun.......	755

6.3.State Services on Ensuring Measurement Uniformity/Traceability

6.3.1. State Service of Time, Frequency and Determination of Parameters of Motion of the Earth.

S.I. Donchenko, I.Y. Blinov, V.M. Tatarenkov, V.P. Kostromin, V.G. Palchikov ........................................	761
6.3.2. State Service of Standard Samples for Composition and Properties of Substances and Materials.
S.V. Medvedevskikh, E.V. Osintseva .........................................................................................................	762
6.3.3. State Service of Standard Reference Data. A.D. Kozlov, M.I. Lomakin, Y.V. Mamonov ...........................	766
6.4. State Regional Metrology Centers. V.N. Bas ......................................................................................................	771

Chapter 7. Legal Framework of Ensuring Measurement Uniformity/Traceability. E.A. Kuznetsova ... 777

Chapter 8. International Cooperation in the Field of Metrology
8.1. International and Regional Metrology Organizations. L.K. Isaev .......................................................................	792
8.2. Euro–Asian Cooperation of National Metrological Institutions, COOMET. V.N. Krutikov, L.K. Isaev ............	794
8.3. Agreement on the Mutual Recognition and the Key Comparison Database of the International Bureau
of Weights and Measures. L.K. Isaev .................................................................................................................	799
8.4. International Documents on the Legal Metrology. L.K. Isaev ............................................................................	807
Chapter 9. Russian Academy of Metrology. V.V. Okrepilov ............................................................................	809
Chapter 10. Economic Issues of Metrology. V.V. Matveev, V.V. Okrepilov ....................................................	815
Chapter 11. Education in the Field of Metrology. M.V. Okrepilov, B.Y. Litvinov .........................................	824
Addendum
1. Metric convention ....................................................................................................................................................	830
2. International Organization of Legal Metrology Convention .................................................................................	834
3. Federal Law for Ensuring Measurement Uniformity ............................................................................................	840
4. Strategy for Ensuring Measurement Uniformity in Russian Federation until 2025 .............................................	853
5. About State Metrological Watch ...........................................................................................................................	870
6. Metrological Academy ...........................................................................................................................................	873
7. Structure of ROSSTANDARD ..............................................................................................................................	875
8. List of abbreviations and notations ........................................................................................................................	876
9. List of Authors .......................................................................................................................................................	877

РОССИЙСКАЯ

МЕТРОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ

ЭНЦИКЛОПЕДИЯ

Том I

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Корректоры: Н.В. Выркова, Т.Н. Чебоксарова, Т.В. Шапошникова, Г.С. Якушева Подготовка макета: Н.В. Макарова, О.Ю. Кислицына, А.В. Магонова Верстка: М.А. Осипова

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