Страдательный залог. The Passive Voice

Времена страдательного залога (Passive Voice) образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be (в соответствующей временной форме) и причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle): is locked/is being locked и т.д.

Таблица всех времен в страдательном залоге

	Present	Past	Future
Simple	The book is taken every day.	The book was taken yesterday.	The book will be taken tomorrow.
Continuous	The book is being taken now.	The book was being taken at 7 o’clock yesterday.	не используется
Perfect	The book hasalready been taken.	The book had been taken by 7 o’clock yesterday.	The book will have been taken by 7 o’clock tomorrow.
Perfect Continuous	не используется	не используется	не используется

При образовании вопросительной формы страдательного залога вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим: Is the book taken? Would the book be taken? При образовании отрицательной формы страдательного залога частичка not ставится после вспомогательного глагола: The book is not taken. The book  would not be taken.

Сравните предложения в действительном и страдательном залоге и обратите внимание на то, что дополнение в глаголе-сказуемом в действительном залоге (the room) становится подлежащим в страдательном залоге.

Примеры:Active Voice: Someone cleans the room every day. Кто-то убирает комнату каждый день. Passive Voice: The room is cleaned every day. Комнату убирают каждый день.

Употребление страдательного залога (the passive voice)

1. Страдательный залог употребляется, когда в центре внимания говорящего находится лицо/предмет, который подвергается действию.

My key has ben stolen by him.

2. Страдательный залог употребляется, если лицо/предмет, совершившее действие, неизвестно или не находится в центре внимания.

Примеры:The shirts have just been ironed. – Рубашки только что погладили (неизвестно кто именно погладил рубашки).

Если в страдательном обороте указывается лицо, совершающее действие, тогда употребляется предлог by, а если указывается орудие/инструмент/средство/вещество, совершающее действие, тогда употребляется предлог with.

Примеры:I was hit by my sister. -Меня ударила моя сестра. (лицо) I was hit with a ball. – Меня ударили мячом. (орудие)

1. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present, Pastили Future Simple Passive.

1. Bread (to eat) every day. 2. The letter (to receive) yesterday. 3. Nick (to send) to Moscow next week. 4. I (to ask) at the lesson yesterday. 5.I (to give) a very interesting book at the library last Friday. 6. Many houses (to build) in our town every year. 7. This work (to do) tomorrow. 8. This text (to translate) at the last lesson. 9. These trees (to plant) last autumn. 10. Many interesting games always (to play) at our PT lessons. 11. This bone (to give) to my dog tomorrow. 12. We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday. 13. My question (to answer) yesterday. 14. Hockey (to play) in winter. 15. Mushrooms (to gather) in autumn. 16. Many houses (to burn) during the Great Fire of London. 17. His new book (to finish) next year. 18. Flowers (to sell) in shops and in the streets. 19. St. Petersburg (to found) in 1703.

2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Active илиPassive Voice, переведите предложения.

1. Nobody (to see) him yesterday. 2. The telegram (to receive) tomorrow. 3. He (to give) me this book next week. 4. The answer to this question can (to find) in the encyclopedia. 5. We (to show) the historical monuments of the capital to the delegation. 6. You can (to find) interesting information about the life in the USA in this book. 7. Budapest (to divide) into two parts: Buda and Pest. 8. Yuri Dolgoruki (to found) Moscow in 1147. 9. Moscow University (to found) by Lomonosov. 10. We (to call) Zhukovski the father of Russian aviation.

3. Выберите правильный ответ.

1. Last year my friends and I ... to take part in a TV programme. invited invite were invited are invited 2. Some new metro stations ... in Moscow now. will be built are building are being built are built

3. I think the article ... tomorrow in the evening. will be translated will be translating have been translated will translate

4. How many cars ... in the accidents on this road so far? have damaged had been damaged had damaged have been damaged

5. John ... his ankle while he was playing football. has sprained sprained has been sprained was sprained

6. 1,000 children ... every year in this city. are born will be born were born born

7. This recipe ... for several centuries. was known has been known had been known is known

8. This man ... five people before the building exploded. saved has saved had been saved had saved

9. This phenomenon ... for five years and now they publish their book. has been studied has been studying was being studied was studied

10. When we entered the wall ... bright yellow. was painted was been painted was painting was being painted

4. Замените активную форму глагола на эквивалентную ей пассивную Пример: We made some suggestions - Some suggestions to improve the project to improve the project were made.

1.   Skin- divers don't wear heavy breathing apparatus.

2.   Navy engineers will raise the wreck tomorrow.

3.   The bill includes service.

4.   Somebody accused me of stealing the money.

5.   They made a decision to reduce export orders.

5. Переделайте предложения из страдательного в действительный залог

1    Her excuse may not be believed by her parents. 2    The painting has been valued by an expert. 3    He likes being given presents. 4    The bill must be paid immediately. 5    Hot water is provided by the hotel 24 hours a day. 6    Our newspaper is delivered by a boy every morning. 7   The meeting was attended by several important art critics. 9    Preparations are being made by the event organisers.